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Simplified Syntax: The simpler doctype declaration is just one of the many
novelties in HTML5. Now you need to write only: <!doctype html> and this is it.
New <section> and <article> Elements: Again, HTML5 has adopted the popular
web standard. <Section> and <article> allows you to mark specific areas of your
layout as such.
New <menu> and <figure> Elements: <menu> can be used for your main menu,
but it can also be used for toolbars and context menus. The <figure> element is
another way to arrange text and images.
New <audio> and <video> Elements: Embedded audio and video has never
been easier. There are also some new multimedia elements and attributes, such as
<track>, that provides text tracks for the video element. With these additions
HTML5 is definitely getting more and more Web 2.0-friendly.
New Forms: the new <form> and <forminput> elements are looking good. If you
do much with forms, you may want to take a look at what these have to offer.
Offline Browsing CSS can store web applications locally with the help of an offline cache.
Using of this, we can view offline websites. The cache also ensures faster loading and better
overall performance of the website.
Platform Independence The Script offer consistent platform independence and can
support latest browsers as well.
CSS VERSIONS:
Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (CSS1) was came out of W3C as a recommendation in
December 1996. This version describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual
formatting model for all the HTML tags.
CSS2 was became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version
adds support for media-specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices, downloadable
fonts, element positioning and tables.
CSS3 was became a W3C recommendation in June 1999 and builds on older versions CSS. It
has divided into documentations is called as Modules and here each module having new
extension features defined in CSS2.
Rule
First normal
form (1NF)
of data.
Second normal
form (2NF)
Third normal
form (3NF)
DENORMALIZATION
From a purist point of view you want to normalize your data structures as much as
possible, but from a practical point of view you will find that you need to 'back out" of
some of your normalizations for performance reasons. This is called "de-normalization".
Q6. How long a session will retain after a login? What default value is
set for session start ()?
Answer: It depends on the server configuration or the relevant directives
(session.gc_maxlifetime) in php.ini. Typically the default is 24 minutes (1440 seconds),
but webhost may have altered the default to something else. To change default settings is
pretty easy. First, set session.gc_maxlifetime to the desired session timeout, in seconds.
E.g. if you want your sessions to timeout after 30 minutes, set session.gc_maxlifetime to
1800 (60 seconds in a minute * 30 minutes = 1,800 seconds).
Q7. What are the different joins in MYSQL? What join is used in this
project to join two tables?
Answer: JOIN is an SQL keyword used to query data from two or more related tables.
A well-designed database will provide a number of tables containing related data. A very
simple example would be users (students) and course enrollments:
user table:
id
name
course
Alice
Bob
Caroline
David
Emma
(NULL)
name
HTML5
CSS3
JavaScript
PHP
MySQL
The most frequently used clause is INNER JOIN. This produces a set of records which
match in both the user and course tables, i.e. all users who are enrolled on a course:
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `user`
INNER JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id;
Result:
LEFT JOIN
user.name
course.name
Alice
HTML5
Bob
HTML5
Carline
CSS3
David
MySQL
A LEFT JOIN produces a set of records which matches every entry in the left table (user)
regardless of any matching entry in the right table (course):
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `user`
LEFT JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id;
Result:
user.name
course.name
Alice
HTML5
Bob
HTML5
Carline
CSS3
David
MySQL
Emma
(NULL)
RIGHT JOIN
A RIGHT JOIN produces a set of records which matches every entry in the right table
(course) regardless of any matching entry in the left table (user):
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `user`
RIGHT JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id;
Result:
user.name
course.name
Alice
HTML5
Bob
HTML5
Carline
CSS3
(NULL)
JavaScript
(NULL)
PHP
David
MySQL
RIGHT JOINs are rarely used since you can express the same result using a LEFT JOIN.
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `course`
LEFT JOIN `user` on user.course = course.id;
For example, count the number of students enrolled on each course:
SELECT course.name, COUNT(user.name)
FROM `course`
LEFT JOIN `user` ON user.course = course.id
GROUP BY course.id;
Result:
course.name
count()
HTML5
CSS3
JavaScript
PHP
MySQL
OUTER JOIN which returns all records in both tables regardless of any match. Where no
match exists, the missing side will contain NULL. OUTER JOIN is less useful than
INNER, LEFT or RIGHT and its not implemented in MySQL. However, you can work
around this restriction using the UNION of a LEFT and RIGHT JOIN, e.g.
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `user`
LEFT JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id
UNION
SELECT user.name, course.name
FROM `user`
RIGHT JOIN `course` on user.course = course.id;
Result:
user.name
course.name
Alice
HTML5
Bob
HTML5
Carline
CSS3
David
MySQL
Emma
(NULL)
(NULL)
JavaScript
(NULL)
PHP
Before the browser sends the information, it encodes it using a scheme called URL
encoding. In this scheme, name/value pairs are joined with equal signs and different pairs
are separated by the ampersand. Spaces are removed and replaced with the + character
and any other no alphanumeric characters are replaced with a hexadecimal values. After
the information is encoded it is sent to the server.
The GET Method
The GET method sends the encoded user information appended to the page request. The
page and the encoded information are separated by the ? Character.
The GET method produces a long string that appears in your server logs, in the browser's
Location: box.
Never use GET method if you have password or other sensitive information to be
sent to the server.
GET can't be used to send binary data, like images or word documents, to the
server.
The PHP provides $_GET associative array to access all the sent information
using GET method.
The POST method does not have any restriction on data size to be sent.
The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary data.
The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header so security depends on
HTTP protocol. By using Secure HTTP you can make sure that your information
is secure.
The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access all the sent information
using POST method.
This is a behaviour similar to the include () statement, with the only difference being that
if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again. As the
name suggests, it will be included just once include_once.
PERSONAL DETAILS