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81
AVIATION INSURANCE
BY
B A R B A R A H. WOODWARD
According to the United States Bureau of Air Commerce figures there were only 9,152 licensed aircraft in the United States
as of January 1, 1938 and of this number the scheduled airlines
operated 386. The values of these planes range from less than
one thousand dollars up to three-quarters of a million dollars,
while the uses to which the aircraft are put are numerous and
varied. Furthermore, conditions in airplane design and operation
are changing so rapidly that it is impossible to keep up with
developments. For these reasons it can be seen that the time for
placing aircraft insurance on an actuarial basis has not yet arrived.
Therefore this paper will not be concerned with possible ratemaking formulae but will confine itself to a brief review of the
aviation rate-making picture as it exists today with particular
emphasis on the main casualty coverages.
AVIATION INSURANCE CARRIERS
Aviation risks have been classified into five main classes according to the use of the aircraft. These classes are:
1. Private Pleasure
All planes used for private pleasure and personal business purposes exclusively.
82
AVIATIONIN SURANCF..
2. Industrial Aid
Planes used for transportation of executives and employees and
for sales promotion purposes and owned by a business organization
not otherwise connected with the aviation business.
3. Commercial--Flying Services
Planes operated for hire in connection with passenger and cargo
carrying, charter flights, photography, sales demonstration, either
including or excluding student instruction.
AVIATIONINSURANCE
83
84
AVIATION INSURANCE
Fire A . . . . . . . . . .
Fire B ...................
Fire C ...................
Fire D ...................
Crash ( 1 0 % Ded.)* .......
W i n d s t o r m ( 5 % Ded.) .....
Pleasure
2%
2~
3
4
12 or 12
Commercial
Industrial
Aid
Excluding
Instruction
Including
Instruction
2%
2%
3~
4
3~
3~
5
18
or~
%
2 or 2
4
12 or 13%
3~4
14 or 15
2 or2
or%
~4
* Crash rates quoted contemplate a pilot with over 500 hours' flying experience.
AVIATION INSUP~NCE
85
T h e above rates are subject to 100% co-insurance and are applicable only to a new plane insured for the full retail list price.
Where a new or used aircraft is insured for less than the retail
price the basic rates are loaded in order to p a y partial losses in
full. T h e formula used is as follows:
Loaded Premium
Where X =
Y =
r =
I ~
= [X r] + [(Y -- X) X l'l
Amount of insurance
retail list price
basic rate
loading rate
.oo
o.,o...o.
Loading
o.o.
.~og
o,6
Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windstorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Land Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rate
40
40
60
40
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Coverages
Public Liability . . . . . I
Property Damage . . . i
Passenger Liability ]i
Minimum per plane ~
Pleasure
Industrial
Aid
$5o
50
30
50
$6O
60
55
'/5
Private
Excluding
Instruction
$ 75
70
75
100
Including
Instruction
$ 80 or $85
75 or
75
100
80
86
AVIATION INSURANCE
For private pleasure risks where the pilot has less than 250
hours' flying experience the rates are:
E x p e r ~ ce of PJ]ct
Public
Liab.
ProD.
Dam.
$65
7O
80
85
$60
65
75
80
The above rates are for $5,000/$10,000 limits for Public Liability, $5,000 per passenger seat for Passenger Liability and $1,000
for Property Damage. Increased limits tables are used to obtain
premiums for higher limits. The upper limit for passenger liability is the limit per passenger seat times the number of seats
insured.
P~.ATING OF SCHEDULED AIRLINES
5/10 Limits
1000 Limit
5000 Limit
AVIATIONINSURANCE
87
The casualty rates for the major airlines are lower than the
rates given above and are not uniform.
A minimumannual deposit premium is charged and the earned
premium adjusted on audit.
Rates for all hull coverages except crash offer no particular difficulty and are approximately the same as the advisory hull rates
for the commercial classification. Rates for Crash are on a fiat
or flying hour basis with various deductible plans.
ADMITTED PASSENGERLIABILITY
1.66
1.36
Difference is
.30
$166.50
$666.00
88
AVIA~ION INSU~.ANC~.
X4
89
AVIATION INSURANCE
as the case may be is paid, while for total disability weekly indemnity is paid for twenty-six or fifty-two weeks. The policy
may be written to cover only while the insured is riding on a
scheduled airline or it may cover while the insured is riding on
any "C" or "NC" licensed aircraft.
The annual rates are approximately as follows, depending on
the nature of the risk:
Death and Dismemberment
Scheduled Airlines . . . . . . . . .
$L80 per thousand
Non-Scheduled . . . . . . . . . . . .
$15-$35 per thousand
Each $5 per week of Weekly Indemnity
For 26 Weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25% of D & D rate
For 52 Weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35% of D & D rate
The Bureau of Air Commerce figures show that in 1937, the
scheduled airlines flew 1,267,580 passengers and there were 51
passenger fatalities. No one knows exactly how many of these
passengers flew more than once but the Air Transport Association
of America estimates that during 1937 approximately 200,000
people flew once and for the first time. This leaves 1,067,580
passengers to represent repeaters who flew on an average of 2 ~
to 3 times: which means that 355,860 to 427,032 persons represent repeaters. Assuming therefore that 400,000 persons were
repeaters, then approximately 600,000 different persons were passengers in 1937 of which 51 were killed. The death rate therefore was one in 11,765.
From this death rate it would appear that the scheduled airline rate of $1.80 per thousand is too high or else that very few
people buy accident insurance which results in a lack of spread.
This is probably the case because the countrywide experience of
the Board of Aviation Underwriters for individual personal accident insurance, on both schedule and non-schedule flying combined, is as follows:
Policy Year
P r e m i u m s Writteu
Losses I n c u r r e d
LonRat|o
1935
1936
1937
$107,389
151,462
72,790
$331,641
$251,874
18,102
71,505
$341,481
234.5%
12.0
98.2
103.0%
3 Years
90
AVIATION INSURANCE
EXPERIENCE
9I
AVIATION I N S U R A N C E
BOARD
OF AVIATION
COUNTRYWIDE
EXPERIENCE
PUBLIC
CLAB8
OF
Rm~
UNDERWRITERS
LIABILITY
~Po~-tc~
YEAS Premiums
Written i lnourred
I.,osseB
Scheduled
Air Lines
PROPERTY DAMAGll
Loss
Premiums i Losses
Ratio
19321 34,162
1933 I 51,492
1934j 61,856
1935] 51,116
1936 51,506
19371 32,162
14,096
4,538
2,619
9,825
2,266
91
43.9
282,294
34,335
Total . . . . . . . i
31, 1937
AS OF DECEMBER
Written
19321
1933 i
1934
1935
22,033
17,193
14,428
15,522
5,506
1936
17,112
60
..
1937
26,341
..
1,587
112,629 i
rota].
7,153
32,046
41,760
35,851
38,423
50,401
5,217
3,046
7,197
5,922
7.3
21.6
18.7
11.8
0.3
32,242
3,940
12.2
12.2
230,723
25.0
7,756
3 3 , 0 7 8 14.3
II:()
0.4
..
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
27,362
17,501!
16,591 i
27,098
30,126
23,8521
6.4
total .....
142,530
9.5
76.4
26.3
16.5
0.2
18.0
29,139
20.4
,
5.3
13,538
12,162 i
13,236
21,442
551
153
1,779
1,584
535
4.1
1.2
14.6
12.0
2.5
88,562
5,427
8,704 I
10,105
ii
o'.i
7,537
9,514
204
..
2.7
1935
11936
1937
9,760
14,755
..
..
Total . . . . . .
60,375
f
Private
Pleasure
'
24,485
14,776
16,920
23,962
20,703
13,925
114,771
.I
24.1
r
215
0.4
44,356
1,951
4.4
4.7
4.1
.
19,698
20,612
17,901
21,648
2,197
184
350
1,247
11.2
0.9
2.0
5.8
27,329
329
1.2
. .
. .
40,325
..
38,532 '
188,102
~5
2,441
6.~
30,295
1.3
0.6
0.2
7.8
0.6
6.3
9.0
15,040
3o,,~6
All Classes
1932132,615
Combined t1933 156,020
1934 124,162
1935 134,148
1936 147,036
1937 137,435
831,416
3
24,283
19,114
8,766
14,364
2,386
4,373
73,286
..
884
137,483
n
rotal . . . . . . .
27,628
-
I- .
1937
;1933,
15.9
47.0
18.8
5.8
31.1
41.5
1,186
1,190
.
Unclassified ~1932 I
3,886
6,948
3,186
1,392
6,441
5,775
41
11
498
42
516
843
25,314
29,283
23,750
30,898
rotal... ....
6.1
I
6,875
6,694
6,395
6,762
8,219
9,411
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
"'1
1932
1933
1934
Manufacturers
825
12,717 i
. .
2,595
13,372
4,356
4,479
55
4,282
'
15,467
I]
Flying
Services
16.3
8.8
4.2
19.2
0.4
. t
Industrial
Aid
Low
Inourred Ratio
2.9
5,191
~
3.8
t
..
7,756
15,154
1,367
1,235
17.6
8.1
18.3
12.3
7.1
10.7
1.6
3.2
106,327
112,534
89,784
102,957
122,854
104,349
13,533
11,975
11,943
11,657
15,347
11,422
12.7
10.6
13.3
11.3
12.5
~1.0
8.81 638,805
75,877
11.9
92
AVIATION I N S U R A N C E
BOARD OF AVIATIONUNDERWRITERS
COUNTRYWIDE EXPERIENCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1937
C~.~SB
OF
RIsK
]cheduled
Air Lines
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936!
1937
303,746
466,718
405,323
598,660
791,929
532,176
237,538
373,466
307,616
509,121
690,022
467,772
,1:
1932J
1933
1934 !
19351
1936
1937
57,290
26,558
22,762
39,231
41,249
41,946
Manufacturers
1932!
1933
1934
1935 !
19361
1937:
:rotal . . . . . . . .
Pleasure
~ :
1933
i1934
1935
1936 I
19371
Total . . . . . . .
9,044
9,967
5,677
6,223
6,217
8,632
"
15,963
21,904
I9,531
26,047
39,633
34,887
157,965
Unclassified 1932
1933!
1,786
6,805
All Classes
1932
Combined 1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
351,877
488,715
388,691
608,666
804,000
594,321
Total . . . . . . .
279,873
__
18,291
56,273
90,291
92,078!
79,723
122.2
486,337
g
13".6
26,3~
305".6
,1:
6,881
10.2
1,021
1.3
1,975 I 3.3
6,295 i 11.3
1,584
2.8
535
0.6
4.5
109,137
58,835
845
I : - -
20,236
18.5
90,341 ! 153.5
29,977 53.3
82,773 91.7
40,218 I 43.7
73,095 .l 91.7
336,640169.2
.I
24,6231
26,766
19,609
22,499 I
24,196
32,798
I:
41 I
0.2
22
0.1
702 : 3.6
887 ~ 3.9
516
2.1
27,226 83.0
59.5
I
"
.-u
27,228
I
67,756
80,746
60,250 I
55,728 i
57,227
88,867
....
....
45,760
I=
Private
257,583 84.8
129,840 27.8
561,326 138.5
480,035 80.2
818,535 103.4
466,900 87.7
2.7! 410,574
I
I:
"B
13,755 24.1
70,021 263.7
22,435 98.6
76,902 196.0
33,722 81.8
63,038 150.3
i 229,036
I
5,711
I~
1932,
19331
1934~
19351
1936 ~
1937 !
Total.
"
550
1.8
470
0.9
235
0.7
4,456
15.9
....
....
30,256
50,015
33,105
28,044
26,879
41,084
209,383
total...
Flying
Services
237,370 99.9
122,256 ] 32.7
550,951 179.1
463,013 90.9
810,347 117.4
462,869 99.0
LZA.BZ't.,IT'r
Total . . . . . .
industrial
Aid
l.
PASS~UZRLLtB/LI~T
POLICY
.
Y'~ARI Premiums Losses Loss
i Written
Incurred Ratio
19.5
It
l ~:
741
12,330
20,000
0.4
19.1
2.8
31.1
57.3
60,975
71,799
61,I82 I
78,593
108,460 i
102,541
1,988
13,279
20,329
2.5
12.2
19.8
37,261
23.6
433,550
44,893
9.3
386'
77
3,727
F.... . .
252,061
192,824
577,348
545,957
856,399
572,290
3,236,27-"--""~2,9.96,879
2.4
..
3,769
1,451
4,077
6.2
2.0
6.7
24,582 1,238
1,3671 !2.4?
./ 52, 5
71.6 I
590,819
39.5 757,269
148.5 602,637
89.7 845,771
106.5 1,073,890
96.3 836,105
66.8
J~V A ~ A J.U~i
AP4 ~ I ~ % 2 q
O0
BOARD OF AVIATIONUNDERWRITERS
ALL I-IuLL LINES COMBINED
COUNTRYWIDEEXPERIENCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1937
CLASS
or
Rm~
Premiums
Written
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
568,495
345,428
356,448
497,397
462,048
537,495
409,715
127,662
160,633
95,394
350,844
55,465
19.2
75.9
10.3
2,767,311
1,199,713
43.4
68,165
60,463
58,478
119,723
98,979
166,226
29,135
32,185
49,555
93,943
46,168
34,317
42.7
53.2
84.7
78.5
46.6
20.6
572,034
285,303
49.9
119,711
104,240
145,700
98,726
109,597
215,079
69,447
41,786
32,938
37,458
51,586
96,706
58.0
40.1
22.6
37.9
47.1
45.0
793,053
329,921
41.6
140,486
163,966
169,172
222,117
313,066
307,893
110,815
81,488
58,053
104,376
156,659
34,063
78.9
49.7
34.3
47.0
50.0
11.i
1,316,700
545,454
41.4
64,071
68,620
76,147
94,114
178,986
69,607
12,079
46,373
33,698
100,879
25,902
108.6
17.6
60.9
35.8
68.2
14.5
629,826
288,538
45.8
Total.
Industrial Aid
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total.
Flying Services
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total.
Manufacturers
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total.
Private Pleasure
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total . . . . . . .
147,888
Losses
Incurred
Unclassified
1932
1933
13,539
15,223
17,225
4,852
All Classes
Combined
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
974,467
757,940
805,945
1,032,077
1,131,578
1,405,679
705,944
300,052
34~552
364,869
706,136
24~453
6t107,686
2,671,006
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loss
Po~c-r
YIA
Ratio
72.1
37.0
45.1
[
:
127.2
31.9
72.4
39.6
43.1
35.4
62.4
17.5
43.7
94
AVIATION
BOARD
INSURANC~
OF A V Z A T r O N U N D E R W R I T E R S
POLTC~
RISK
IY E A R
Premiums
Losses
Incurred
Written
Scheduled
Air Lines
1932 1
1933
1934
1935 I
1936
.1937
Total . . . . . . .
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total . . . . . . . :
Flying
Services
36,133 '
32,233
30,344
48,680
41,229
63,963
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
11937 i.
43,361
37,631
47,195
48,007
58,968
79,139
Manufaeturers
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total . . . . . . .
Losses
Loss
Written
Inourred
Ratio
287,280
132,024
181,673
245,726
246,769
302,590
278,940
67,017
60,246
71,467
293,335
4,882
97.1
50.8
33.2
29.1
118.9
1.6
775,887
55.6
21,984 ~ 16,693
19,729
19,189
19,979
9,877
57,046
33,861
44,772
3,089
73,929
7,199
75.9
97.3
49.4
59.4
6.9
9.7
90,120 40.3
56,607 31.0
96,149 74.2
19,537
9.8
51,984 32.0
37,091 ~ 21.7
6,250 I--~3.3 ~
9,96930.9
2,349 I 7.7
41,963 ' 86.2
42,425 102.9
27,018 42.2
146,214
i
31,292
27,446
30,956
32,132
48,473
37,899
50,326
6,241
23,281
28,663
24,510
16,016
1932
1933
6,750
8,083
,,
122,215
180,652
246,124
252,975
II
16,250 240.71
2,965 36.7 I
5,309
5,717
11,073
2,703
14,211
1,674
1,091
8,796
115.9
33.5
98.2
30.5
3.8
33.2
39,548
42.6
i
334
1,576
6.3
27.6
All Classes
1932 383,584
Combined 1933 334,971
1934 288,313
1935 396,527
1936 400,554
1937 465,343
191,254
85,600
135,048
110,120
142,641
135,197
49.9
25.6
46.8
27.8
35.6
29.1
Total . . . . . . .
799,860
2,269,292
484,635
347,268
419,702
526,868
599,480
765,237
51.7
T
107.9
64.0
46.7
57.4
62.1
11.9
531,572
I
36.2 I 92,806
i
42.1
i-
106,388
81,488
57,091
103,701
152,793
30,111
117.9
9,556
13.2
8,067
46.4
14,472
41.5
5,492
27.4 I 28,754
1 4 . 1 26,465
149,037
[
159,077
1.9 [,027,832
I
66.9
46.0
21.0
35.3
74.7
34.3
98,622
127,244
0".7
0.5
89,908 , 37.9
41,389
25,054
17,104
13,378
24,710
37,442
378,025
li
3,932
I
412,053
i
46.5
i
224
255
....
1932
42,674
1 9 3 3 47,265
1934
50,214
1935
69,016
1936
89,532
1937 113,352
Total . . . . . . .
61,884
54,487
81,363
37,952
33,061
109,278
3,453
11.0
....
208,198
I
Private
Pleasure
Premiums
24,855
57.3
9,818'26.1
13,269 28.1
19,733 41.1
23,467 39.8
55,072 69.6
~ 314,301
i
Loss
Ratio
Total . . . . . . .
Unclassified
223,374 '
182,313
129,604
198,692
162,352
170,990
1,067,325
Industrial
Aid
PERILS oF Am
454,817 93.8
197,027' 56.7
158,529 37.8
224,081! 42.5
475,018:79.2
88,430 l 11.6
AVIATION INSURANCE
95
BOARD OF A V I A T I O N U N D E R W R I T E R S
C O U N T R Y W I D E E X P E R I E N C E AS OF D E C E M B E R
WINDSTORM
CLASS
31,
1937
LA~D DAMACR
o~
POLI~
RISK
YEAR
Scheduled
Air Lines
Premiums
Written
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total . . . . . . .
Losses
Incurred
31,794
22,939
24,993
33,037
27,581
35,488
175,832
Industrial
Aid
2,396
3,027
4,175
33,9Sl s14.0
6,287
5,884
11,649
18,119 288.2
....
....
'
7,990
7,655
8,269 :
6,308 i
8,787
11,6111
38,623
2,022
~
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
6,132
7,192
3,714 :
8,986
12,474
13,468!
8,241
3,125
2,551
2,453
2,560
863
Total . . . . . . .
51,966 i
I
1932
1933
All Classes
1932
Combined 1 9 3 3
1934
1935
1936
1937
Total . . . . . . . 'i
'
889
728
57,829
48,084
49,908
59,390
62,172
79,796
357,179
o:s
2i0
100
5~6
1.0
26,447
34.3
....
....
45i
15.~
1,074
36
26,377
15.4
0.6
1,561
I
8,858
3,467
3,782
5,365
8,170
9,697
5.9
i - -
991
29.5
5,92i 156.6
821
3,119
19
33,839
15.3
38.2
0.2
1 0 , 8 7 1 32.1
I
213
487
135,357 37.9
9,715
6,302
84.0
25.4
78.3
43.5
8.1
5.9
i - -
1 , 1 5 0 25.1
2,866 100.3
1,782 37.9
256
6.8
2,676 50.0
985 ! 13.9
2,872
6,976
52.9
43.3
68.7
27.3
20.5
6.4
....
....
3,938 i 14.9
I
48,561
12,201
39,058
25,820
5,045
4,672
i~
3,495
3,274
3,458
14,793 28.5
~
2,152
28,342
5.2
i : - -
3,611 118.8
4,577
4,225
10,352
4,574
2,857
4,696
3,772
5,352
7,091
12,492 24.7
1.7
27.5
14.0
12.8
28.8
1.6
1 0 , 0 5 5 11.3
23.0
52.9
0.2
44.1
7.5
27.1
Loss
Ratio
375
1,364
1,612
1,623
4,747
334
8,040
2,101 I
5,421
974 18.0
4,647 . . . . .
8,757 i
....
4,772!
7,446
1,048 l i . i
7,580 I
....
Total . . . . . . .
I
1,836
4,048
16
2,782
659
3,151
50,620
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
42.8
61.5
57,523 149.3
I
Total . . . . . . .
Unclassified
I[
1935
1936
1937
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
Private
Pleasure
88,751
38,521
Manufacturers
4 8 , 5 2 7 27.6
5,603
4,923
I - - I
Losses
Incurred
22,992
4,956
11,546
12,679
16,472
21,006
1932
1933
Total . . . . . . .
Premiums
Written
40,114 1 2 6 . 2
2,001
8.7
2,510 1 0 . 0
2,466
7.5
778
2.8
658
1.9
I
1934
Flying
Services
! Lo~
Ratio
l - -
641 300.9
....
36,772 i- 6,768
17,142 i 4,230
25,634
9,332
29,265
3,151
41,195 11,826
54,448 I
1,474
18.4
24.7
36.4
10.8
28.7
2.7
96
AVIATION INSURANCE
BOARD OF AVIATIONUNDERWRFrER8
COUNTRYWIDEEXPERIENCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1937
THEIT
CLASS
MOORINO
Po~c'r
YzA~ Premiuma Lo~e~
Written
Incurred
O~
Rzs,~
Scheduled
Air Lines
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
3,955
3,196
7,567
6,246
6,989
5,760
Total . . . . . . . ,
Industrial
Aid
166
4.2
673 21.1
116
1.5
301
4.8
....
....
12,500
222.1
769
3,2ii
418".3
185
13.2
lii
IO'.8
1937
4,424
~i
3:~
1,441
1,023
1,909
3.1
5,142
11,903
I.
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
,
1932
1933
1934
1935 I
1,656!
1,355 I
1,491
1,300.
lO36
3,o63
2,036
Total . . . . . .
i
1932i
1933 I
1934
1935!
1936
1937]
3,590
69.8
11.4
767
216
74
15
33".9
9.2
3.3
0.4
3,843
.8"9
7,270
1,134
15.6
..
2,295
389
962
41:9
162
3.~
....
102
I
373 36".5
....
I
....
....
..
10,9011
:l
....
217
1.4,495 ~ . 1.,289
1937 I
==
370
I
1,902
1,610
2,265
2,350
2,251
4,117
Total . . . . . . . It
Private
Pleasure
5,628
1,405
1,477
1,059
1,692
....
::
752".6
1932
1933
1934
1935
1,846
::
12,566
3.7
-'~
1,o6g
Lo~
Ratio
1,017
1,885
1,661
1,256 ,
Total . . . . . . .
Manufacturers
Premiums Lo~e8
Written
Incurred
33,713 ,
1936
Flying
Services
Loss
Ratio
0.9
]
1,9i2
337
....
1,093 32i.3
1,178
ii
984
1,101
1,387 141~()
3,916 355.7
4,769!
1~i
6,265
131.4
2,351
2,629
2,641
3,200
4,177
5,415
3,976 169.1
10
0.4
409 15.5
87
2.7
75
1.8
208 I. 3.8
2,055
4,781
10,589
69,524 1,454~2
....
20,413 ]
4,765 i 23.3
18,749
69,524 1370.8
.,
rotal . . . . . . . .
378
208
....
311:150.0
11,647
10,475
15,023
14,788
18,326
21,752
4,544 i 30.0
4.1
1.8
1.0
5,239
9,851
19,103
1,093
20.9
71,284 723.6
1 6 , 4 5 7 86.2
1 92~011
87093. . . . 8.8
41,558
93,013 . 223.8
All Classes
1932
Combined 1933
1934
1935
1936
~1937
rotal . . . . . . . 'i
994
1,406
604
322
223
0.5
9.4
.i: . . . . ::. .
7,3~5
.. ;
4,179
::
5d.~