Geometric Tolerances

DIMENSIONAL
ENGINEERING
Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and
Tolerancing Standard
Tolerances
of Form
Straightness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)
Flatness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)
Circularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
Cylindricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
Extreme Variations of Form

Allowed By Size Tolerance
25.1
25
25
(MMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25.1
(LMC)
Internal Feature of Size

25
24.9
24.9
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
External Feature of Size
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
0.5 Tolerance
Straightness is the condition where an element of a

surface or an axis is a straight line
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone
24.75 min
25.25 max
0.1 Tolerance Zone
In this example each line element of the surface must lie

within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each
view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the applicable straightness limit.
The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line
Straightness
(Surface Elements)
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC
0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC
0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC
In this example each longitudinal element of the surface must

lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value. The feature must
be within the limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at
MMC. Any barreling or waisting of the feature must not
exceed the size limits of the feature.
Straightness
(RFS)
0.1
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
MMC
Outer Boundary
(Max)
Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness

Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual
local size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder
whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value
regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the
feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the
boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the
maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter.
Straightness (MMC)
15
14.85
0.1
15
(MMC)
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
15.1 Virtual Condition

14.85
(LMC)
0.25 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
15.1 Virtual Condition

Virtual Condition = MMC Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element
of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder is
allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local
MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the
specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC
can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone
24.75 min
25.25 max
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance

zone defined by two parallel planes separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the flatness limit.
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The
flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
Circularity
(Roundness)
0.1
90
0.1
90
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the
specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the circularity limit.
Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the

surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common
axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance
must be less than the size tolerance
Cylindricity
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone
MMC
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the cylindricity limit.
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which

all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a
composite control of form which includes circularity
(roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
Form Control Quiz

Questions #1-5 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
1. The four form controls are ____________, ________,

___________, and ____________.
2. Rule #1 states that unless otherwise specified a feature of
size must have ____________at MMC.
3. ____________ and ___________ are individual line or circular
element (2-D) controls.
4. ________ and ____________are surface (3-D) controls.

5. Circularity can be applied to both ________and _______ cylindrical
parts.
straightness
straight
perfect form
cylindricity
angularity
flatness
tapered
profile
circularity
true position
Answer questions #6-10 True or False
6. Form controls require a datum reference.

7. Form controls do not directly control a features size.
8. A features form tolerance must be less than its size
tolerance.
9. Flatness controls the orientation of a feature.

10. Size limits implicitly control a features form.
Tolerances of
Orientation
Angularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2)
Perpendicularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)
Parallelism
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)
Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A
30
A
19.5 min
20.5 max
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is defined

by two parallel planes oriented at the
specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum
reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
60
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a

cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference
plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie
within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at
the specified angle to the datum reference axis.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis,
within the specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity
0.3 A
A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is

defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference
plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

surface at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within
the specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone

to feature at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 C

defined by a cylinder equal to the length of
the feature, oriented perpendicular to the
datum reference plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a

right angle to the datum reference plane, within the
specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference axis.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a

right angle to the datum reference axis, within the specified
tolerance zone.
Parallelism
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
A
25.5 max
24.5 min
The tolerance zone in this example

is defined by two parallel planes
oriented parallel to the datum
reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

equidistant at all points from the datum reference plane,
within the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
NOTE: The specified tolerance
does not apply to the orientation of
the feature axis in this direction

to feature at RFS
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this example

is defined by two parallel planes
oriented parallel to the datum
reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

along its length from the datum reference plane, within the
specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Surfaces)
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
B
to feature at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A B

defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented parallel
to the datum reference planes.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

along its length from the two datum reference planes, within
the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented parallel
to the datum reference axis.
to feature at RFS
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.1 A
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along

its length from the datum reference axis, within the specified
tolerance zone.
Orientation Control Quiz

1. The three orientation controls are __________, ___________,

and ________________.
2. A _______________ is always required when applying any of
the orientation controls.
3. ________________ is the appropriate geometric tolerance when

controlling the orientation of a feature at right angles to a datum
reference.
4. Mathematically all three orientation tolerances are _________.

5. Orientation tolerances do not control the ________ of a feature.
perpendicularity
datum feature
angularity
datum target
location
identical
datum reference
parallelism
profile
6. Orientation tolerances indirectly control a features form.

7. Orientation tolerance zones can be cylindrical.
8. To apply a perpendicularity tolerance the desired angle
must be indicated as a basic dimension.
9. Parallelism tolerances do not apply to features of size.

10. To apply an angularity tolerance the desired angle must
be indicated as a basic dimension.
Tolerances
of Runout
Circular Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1)
Total Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
Features Applicable
to Runout Tolerancing
Internal surfaces
constructed around a
datum axis
External surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Datum axis (established
from datum feature
Datum feature
Angled surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a
datum axis
Circular Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Circular runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
0
Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
Full Part
Rotation
Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position
along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently
allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation).
Circular Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Full Indicator
Movement
)
-
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for any individual circular
element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
Collet or Chuck
When measuring circular

runout, the indicator must
be reset when repositioned
along the feature surface.
Datum axis A
360 o Part
Rotation
Single circular
element
NOTE: Circular runout in this example only

controls the 2-dimensional circular elements
(circularity and coaxiality) of the angled feature
surface not the entire angled feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Single circular
element
The tolerance zone for any individual circular

element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
-
360 o Part
Rotation
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be

reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Datum axis A
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will
only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the planar surface (wobble
and waviness) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
When measuring circular runout,

the indicator must be reset when
repositioned along the feature
surface.
Single circular element

360 o Part
Rotation
Datum axis A

circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A-B
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Machine
center

surface.

Datum axis A-B
360 o Part
Rotation
Machine
center
circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
A
0.75 A B
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator
fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is located against the datum
surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The
tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual
measuring position along the feature surface.
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
360 o Part
Rotation
Stop collar
-
Collet or Chuck
Datum axis B

surface.
Datum plane A
Total Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Total runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
Indicator
Path
Full Part
Rotation
When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface
while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by
evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the
part is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire
surface, the indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this
example, total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble
(overall orientation).
Total Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
Means This:
When measuring total runout, the
indicator must not be reset when
surface.
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric
shape of the feature surface when the part is
rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is
moved along the entire length of the feature
surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
(applies to the entire feature surface)
Collet or Chuck
Full Part
Rotation
Datum axis A
NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout

will provide 3-dimensional composite control of the
cumulative variations of circularity, coaxiality,
angularity, taper and profile of the angled surface
Total Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
10
35
50 +/-0.25
Means This:
10
35
Full Part
Rotation
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface

indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis
and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature
surface within the area described by the basic dimensions.
+
+
When measuring total runout, the indicator

must not be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.

(applies to portion of feature surface indicated)
Datum axis A
NOTE: The use of total runout in this example
will provide composite control of the cumulative
variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and
flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature
surface.
Runout Control Quiz

1. Total runout is a 2-dimensional
control.
2. Runout tolerances are used on rotating parts.

3. Circular runout tolerances apply to single elements .
4. Total runout tolerances should be applied at MMC.
5. Runout tolerances can be applied to surfaces at right
angles to the datum reference.
6. Circular runout tolerances are used to control an entire

feature surface.
7. Runout tolerances always require a datum reference.

8. Circular runout and total runout both control axis to
surface relationships.
9. Circular runout can be applied to control taper of a part.

10. Total runout tolerances are an appropriate way to limit
wobble of a rotating surface.
11. Runout tolerances are used to control a features size.

12. Total runout can control circularity, straightness, taper,
coaxiality, angularity and any other surface variation.
Tolerances
of Profile
Profile of a
(ASME Line
Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)
Profile of a Surface
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)
Profile of a Line
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
17 +/- 1
A
1 Wide Profile
Tolerance Zone
2 Wide Size
Tolerance Zone
18 Max
16 Min.
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two

parallel lines oriented with respect to the datum reference
frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to float within the
larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and
orientation of any individual line element along the entire
surface.
Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a
part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as
a single entity is not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the line
element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the
drawing.
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
2 A B C
23.5
2 Wide Tolerance Zone

Size, Form and Orientation
23.5
Nominal
Location
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel

planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile
tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part
surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature.
Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to

a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface
as a single entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire surface
and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation of a
feature surface.
(Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
C
50
1 Wide Total
Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.5 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes

oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile
surface to vary equally about the true profile of the trim.
Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
bilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone allows the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to be on both sides of the true profile. The tolerance
applies to the entire edge surface.
(Unilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5 A B C
C
50
0.5 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
50
Nominal Location

oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance
zone is located and aligned in a way that allows the trim surface to vary
from the true profile only in the inboard direction.
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
unilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone limits the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to one side of the true profile. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.
(Unequal Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5
1.2 A B C
C
50
1.2 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.7 Outboard
50
Nominal Location

oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile
surface to vary from the true profile more in one direction (outboard)
than in the other (inboard).
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. Typically when
unequal values are specified, the tolerance zone will represent the actual
measured trim edge variation and/or locational error. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.
0.5 A
0.1
Location &
Orientation
Form Only
25
A
25.25
24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar

Surfaces w/o Orientation Refinement
0.5 A
0.1 A
Location
Form & Orientation
25
A
25.25
24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar

Surfaces With Orientation Refinement
Profile Control Quiz

1. Profile tolerances always require a datum reference.

2. Profile of a surface tolerance is a 2-dimensional control.
3. Profile of a surface tolerance should be used to control
trim edges on sheet metal parts.
4. Profile of a line tolerances should be applied at MMC.

5. Profile tolerances can be applied to features of size.
6. Profile tolerances can be combined with other geometric
controls such as flatness to control a feature.
7. Profile of a line tolerances apply to an entire surface.

8. Profile of a line controls apply to individual line elements.
9. Profile tolerances only control the location of a surface.
10. Composite profile controls should be avoided because
they are more restrictive and very difficult to check.
11. Profile tolerances can be applied either bilateral or

unilateral to a feature.
12. Profile tolerances can be applied in both freestate and

restrained datum conditions.
13. Tolerances shown in the lower segment of a composite

profile feature control frame control the location of a
feature to the specified datums.

1. The two types of profile tolerances are _________________,

and ____________________.
2. Profile tolerances can be used to control the ________, ____,
___________ , and sometimes size of a feature.
3. Profile tolerances can be applied _________ or __________.
4. _________________ tolerances are 2-dimensional controls.
5. ____________________ tolerances are 3-dimensional controls.
6. _________________ can be used when different tolerances are
required for location and form and/or orientation.
7. When using profile tolerances to control the location and/or orientation of

a feature, a _______________ must be included
in the feature control frame.
8. When using profile tolerances to control form only, a ______

__________ is not required in the feature control frame.
9. In composite profile applications, the tolerance shown in the upper
segment of the feature control frame applies only to the ________ of
the feature.
composite profile
bilateral
virtual condition
profile of a surface
primary datum orientation
datum reference
unilateral
profile of a line
location
true geometric counterpart
form
Tolerances
of Location
True Position
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Concentricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12)
Symmetry
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13)
Notes
Coordinate vs Geometric
Tolerancing Methods
8.5 +/- 0.1
1.4 A B C
8.5 +/- 0.1
Circular Tolerance
Zone
Rectangular
Tolerance Zone
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
Coordinate Dimensioning
Geometric Dimensioning
+/- 0.5
1.4
+/- 0.5
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Increased Effective Tolerance
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
Feature axis actual

location (measured)
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
Feature axis true

position (designed)
Formula to determine the actual radial

position of a feature using measured
coordinate values (RFS)
Z=
Z
X2 + Y2
positional tolerance /2
Z = total radial deviation

X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Feature axis actual
location (measured)
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
Feature axis true

position (designed)
Formula to determine the actual radial

position of a feature using measured
coordinate values (MMC)
X2 + Y2
+( actual - MMC)
Z
2
= positional tolerance
Z = total radial deviation
X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
Z =
Bi-directional True Position

Rectangular Coordinate Method
1.5 A B C
2X
2X
0.5 A B C
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
True Position Related
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame

Multiple Single-Segment Method
2X
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
Means This:
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame

Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept)
2X 13 +/-0.25
1.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
2X 6 +/-0.25
0.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
5.75 MMC length of slot

-0.50 Position tolerance
5.25 maximum boundary
Means This:
Both holes must be within the size limits and no
portion of their surfaces may lie within the area
described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum
boundaries when the part is positioned with
respect to the datum reference frame. The
boundary concept can only be applied on an
MMC basis.
12.75 MMC width of slot

-1.50 Position tolerance
11.25 Maximum boundary
True position boundary related

to datum reference frame
C
90 o
10
10
35
Composite True Position

Without Pattern Orientation Control
2X
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
1.5 Pattern-Locating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
0.5 Feature-Relating
pattern location relative

to Datums A, B, and C
pattern orientation relative to

Datum A only (perpendicularity)
10
B
10
35

to Datum Reference
Frame
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
Composite True Position

With Pattern Orientation Control
2X
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
1.5 Pattern-Locating

to Datum Reference
Frame
pattern location relative

to Datums A, B, and C
10
B
10
35
0.5 Feature-Relating
pattern orientation relative to
Datums A and B
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Axis of Datum
Feature A
0.5 Coaxial
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median Points of

Diametrically Opposed Elements
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
diametrically opposed elements must lie within a
0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of
datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis.
Location (Symmetry)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Center Plane of
Datum Feature A
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median
Points
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median
points of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes
equally disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only
be applied on an RFS basis.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerances are applied to individual or patterns

of features of size.
2. Cylindrical tolerance zones more closely represent the

functional requirements of a pattern of clearance holes.
3. True position tolerance values are used to calculate the

minimum size of a feature required for assembly.
4. True position tolerances can control a features size.

5. Positional tolerances are applied on an MMC, LMC, or
RFS basis.
6. Composite true position tolerances should be avoided

because it is overly restrictive and difficult to check.
7. Composite true position tolerances can only be applied

to patterns of related features.
8. The tolerance value shown in the upper segment of a

composite true position feature control frame applies
to the location of a pattern of features to the specified
datums.
9. The tolerance value shown in the lower segment of a

datums.
10. Positional tolerances can be used to control circularity

11. True position tolerances can be used to control center
distance relationships between features of size.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerance zones can be ___________, ___________,

or spherical
2. ________________ are used to establish the true (theoretically

exact) position of a feature from specified datums.
3. Positional tolerancing is a _____________ control.

4. Positional tolerance can apply to the ____ or ________________
of a feature.
5. _____ and ________ fastener equations are used to determine

appropriate clearance hole sizes for mating details
6. _________ tolerance zones are recommended to prevent fastener

interference in mating details.
7. The tolerance shown in the upper segment of a composite true

position feature control frame is called the ________________
tolerance zone.
8. The tolerance shown in the lower segment of a composite true

position feature control frame is called the ________________
tolerance zone.
9. Functional gaging principles can be applied when __________

________ condition is specified
surface boundary
floating
feature-relating
pattern-locating
rectangular
cylindrical
3-dimensional
basic dimensions
projected
location
maximum material
fixed
axis
Notes
Notes
Fixed and
Floating
Fastener
Exercises
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference
fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
General Equation Applies to

Each Part Individually
H= Min. diameter of clearance hole

F= Maximum diameter of fastener
T= Positional tolerance diameter
10.50 +/- 0.25

?.? M
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size =
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = 10.25 -10
T = ______
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
10.25
10
??.?? +/- 0.25

0.5 M
remember: the size tolerance must be

added to the calculated MMC hole size to
obtain the correct nominal value.
H = F +T
T = Positional Tolerance =
H = 10 + 0.50
H = ______
10
0.50
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference
fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
General Equation Applies to

Each Part Individually

10.50 +/- 0.25

0.25 M
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
T = 10.25 -10
T = 0.25
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
10.25
10
10.75 +/- 0.25

0.5 M

H = F +T
H=
H=
10 + .5
10.5 Minimum
REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC
10
0.5
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate
the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required
to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the
features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in
this example the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Used When

Positional Tolerances Are Equal
10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
??.?? +/- 0.25

0.8 M
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10
remember: the size tolerance

must be added to the calculated
MMC size to obtain the correct
nominal value.

H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = _____
B
10.00
0.80
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
10

Calculate Required
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10

nominal value.

10.00
0.80
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.60 Minimum
B
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
10

Calculate Required
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10

nominal value.

H = 10 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.6 Minimum
B
10
0.8
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where two mating details are assembled, and one part has
restrained fasteners, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate appropriate hole sizes and/or positional tolerances required to ensure
assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are
at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note: in this example the
resultant positional tolerance is applied to both parts equally.)

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

2x
11.25 +/- 0.25

0.5 M
T = (H - F)/2
2X M10 X 1.5
0.5 M P 10
Nominal Size
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance .
(Both Parts)

T = (11 - 10)/2
T = 0.50
B
11
10
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances
required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when
the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in
this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5

Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
(Reference)
10
H=F+(T1 + T2)
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole

F = Maximum diameter of fastener
T1= Positional tolerance (Part A)
T2= Positional tolerance (Part B)
Calculate Required
2x
??.??
0.5 M
+/- 0.25
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size

H=F+(T1 + T2)
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
0.50 T2 = Positional Tol. (B)
1
H = 10+ (0.5 + 1)
H = ____
10
=
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances
required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when
the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in
this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5

Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
(Reference)
H= F+(T1 + T2)
10
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole

F = Maximum diameter of fastener
Calculate Required
2x
11.75
0.5 M
+/- 0.25
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size

H=F+(T1 + T2)
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
T2 = Positional Tol. (B) =
H = 10 + (0.5 + 1)
H = 11.5 Minimum
B
10
0.5
1
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is
necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size
combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing
the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure
assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are
at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x

F= Maximum diameter of pin
D= Min. depth of pin (Part A)
P= Maximum projection of pin
??.?? +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x

H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
F = Max. pin size

T1 = Positional Tol. (A)
T2 = Positional Tol. (B)
= Min. pin depth
= Max. pin projection
= 10
=
0.5
=
0.5 D
= 20. P
= 15
H = 10.00 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20))

H=
__________
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is
necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size
combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing
the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure
assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are
at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x

F= Maximum diameter of pin
D= Min. depth of pin (Part A)
P= Maximum projection of pin
12 +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))

H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
F = Max. pin size

T1 = Positional tol. (A)
T2 = Positional tol. (B)
= Min. pin depth
= Max. pin projection
= 10
=
0.5
=
0.5 D
=
20 P
=
15
H = 10 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20))

H=
11.75 Minimum
Answers to Quizzes
and Exercises
Rules and Definitions Quiz

Questions #1-12 True or False
1.
Tight tolerances ensure high quality and performance.
FALSE
2.
The use of GD&T improves productivity.
TRUE
3.
Size tolerances control both orientation and position.
FALSE
4.
Unless otherwise specified size tolerances control form.
TRUE
5.
A material modifier symbol is not required for RFS.
TRUE
6.
A material modifier symbol is not required for MMC.
FALSE
7.
Title block default tolerances apply to basic dimensions.
FALSE
8.
A surface on a part is considered a feature.
TRUE
9.
Bilateral tolerances allow variation in two directions.
TRUE
10.
A free state modifier can only be applied to a tolerance.
FALSE
11.
A free state datum modifier applies to assists & rests.
TRUE
12.
Virtual condition applies regardless of feature size.
FALSE
Material Condition Quiz

Fill in blanks
Internal Features
MMC
LMC
10.75
11
23.45 +0.05/-0.25
23.2
23.5
123. 5 +/-0.1
123.4
123.6
.890
.895
10.75 +0.25/-0
.895
.890
External Features
MMC
10.75 +0/-0.25
10.75
10.5
23.5
23.2
23.45 +0.05/-0.25
123. 5 +/-0.1
.890
.885
LMC
123.6
123.4
.890
.885
Calculate appropriate values
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-12 True or False
1.
Datum target areas are theoretically exact.
FALSE
2.
Datum features are imaginary.
FALSE
3.
Primary datums have only three points of contact.
FALSE
4.
The 6 Degrees of Freedom are U/D, F/A, & C/C.
FALSE
5.
Datum simulators are part of the gage or tool.
TRUE
6.
Datum simulators are used to represent datums.
TRUE
7.
Datums are actual part features.
FALSE
8.
All datum features must be dimensionally stable.
TRUE
9.
Datum planes constrain degrees of freedom.
TRUE
10.
Tertiary datums are not always required.
TRUE
11.
All tooling locators (CDs) are used as datums.
FALSE
12.
Datums should represent functional features.
TRUE
Datum Quiz
1. The three planes that make up a basic datum reference

frame are called primary, secondary, and tertiary.
2. An unrestrained part will exhibit 3-linear and 3-rotational degrees

of freedom.
3. A planar primary datum plane will restrain 1-linear and 2-rotational

degrees of freedom.
4. The primary and secondary datum planes together will restrain five
degrees of freedom.
5. The primary, secondary and tertiary datum planes together will

restrain all six degrees of freedom.
6. The purpose of a datum reference frame is to restrain movement

of a part in a gage or tool.
7. A datum must be functional, repeatable, and coordinated.

8. A datum feature is an actual feature on a part.
9. A datum is a theoretically exact point, axis or plane.
10. A datum simulator is a precise surface used to establish a
simulated datum.
restrain movement five coordinated repeatable

tertiary two 3-rotational primary 2-rotational
three functional one datum simulator 1-linear
datum feature datum secondary 3-linear
six
Form Control Quiz

1. The four form controls are straightness, flatness,

circularity, and cylindricity.
2. Rule #1 states that unless otherwise specified a feature of

size must have perfect form at MMC.
3. Straightness and circularity are individual line or circular

element (2-D) controls.
4. Flatness and cylindricity are surface (3-D) controls.

5. Circularity can be applied to both straight and tapered cylindrical
parts.
straightness
straight
perfect form
cylindricity
angularity
flatness
tapered
profile
circularity
true position
6. Form controls require a datum reference.
FALSE
7. Form controls do not directly control a features size.
TRUE
8. A features form tolerance must be less than its size
TRUE
tolerance.
9. Flatness controls the orientation of a feature.

10. Size limits implicitly control a features form.
FALSE
TRUE
Orientation Control Quiz

1. The three orientation controls are angularity, parallelism,

and perpendicularity.
2. A datum reference is always required when applying any of

the orientation controls.
3. Perpendicularity is the appropriate geometric tolerance when

controlling the orientation of a feature at right angles to a datum
reference.
4. Mathematically all three orientation tolerances are identical.

5. Orientation tolerances do not control the location of a feature.
perpendicularity
datum feature
angularity
datum target
location
identical
datum reference
parallelism
profile
6. Orientation tolerances indirectly control a features form.
TRUE
7. Orientation tolerance zones can be cylindrical.
TRUE
8. To apply a perpendicularity tolerance the desired angle
FALSE
9. Parallelism tolerances do not apply to features of size.
FALSE
10. To apply an angularity tolerance the desired angle must
TRUE
must be indicated as a basic dimension.
be indicated as a basic dimension.
Runout Control Quiz

1. Total runout is a 2-dimensional
control.
FALSE
2. Runout tolerances are used on rotating parts.
TRUE
3. Circular runout tolerances apply to single elements .
TRUE
4. Total runout tolerances should be applied at MMC.
FALSE
5. Runout tolerances can be applied to surfaces at right
TRUE
angles to the datum reference.
6. Circular runout tolerances are used to control an entire
FALSE
feature surface.
7. Runout tolerances always require a datum reference.
TRUE
8. Circular runout and total runout both control axis to
TRUE
9. Circular runout can be applied to control taper of a part.
FALSE
surface relationships.
10. Total runout tolerances are an appropriate way to limit
TRUE
11. Runout tolerances are used to control a features size.
FALSE
12. Total runout can control circularity, straightness, taper,
TRUE
wobble of a rotating surface.
coaxiality, angularity and any other surface variation.

1. The two types of profile tolerances are profile of a line, and

profile of a surface.
2. Profile tolerances can be used to control the location, form,
orientation, and sometimes size of a feature.
3. Profile tolerances can be applied bilateral or unilateral.

4. Profile of a line tolerances are 2-dimensional controls.
5. Profile of a surface tolerances are 3-dimensional controls.
6. Composite Profile can be used when different tolerances are
required for location and form and/or orientation.
7. When using profile tolerances to control the location and/or orientation of

a feature, a datum reference must be included in the feature control
frame.
8. When using profile tolerances to control form only, a datum

reference is not required in the feature control frame.
9. In composite profile applications, the tolerance shown in the upper
segment of the feature control frame applies only to the location of the
feature.
composite profile
bilateral
virtual condition
profile of a surface
primary datum orientation
datum reference
unilateral
profile of a line
location
true geometric counterpart
form
Profile Control
Quiz
1. Profile tolerances always require a datum reference.
FALSE
2. of a surface tolerance is a 2-dimensional control.

Profile
FALSE
Profile
3. of a surface tolerance should be used to control
trim edges on sheet metal parts.
TRUE
4. Profile of a line tolerances should be applied at
FALSE
MMC.
Profile
5. tolerances can be applied to features of size.
TRUE
Profile
6. tolerances can be combined with other geometric
controls such as flatness to control a feature.
TRUE
Profile
7. of a line tolerances apply to an entire surface.
FALSE
Profile
8. of a line controls apply to individual line elements.
TRUE
Profile
9. tolerances only control the location of a surface.
FALSE
Composite
profile controls should be avoided because
10.
they are more restrictive and very difficult to check.
FALSE
Profile
11. tolerances can be applied either bilateral or
unilateral to a feature.
TRUE
Profile
12. tolerances can be applied in both freestate and
restrained datum conditions.
TRUE
13. Tolerances shown in the lower segment of a composite FALSE

profile feature control frame control the location of a
feature to the specified datums.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerances are applied to individual or
patterns
of features of size.
2.
Cylindrical
tolerance zones more closely represent the
functional requirements of a pattern of clearance holes.
TRUE
TRUE
True
3.position tolerance values are used to calculate the
minimum size of a feature required for assembly.
TRUE
4. True position tolerances can control a features
FALSE
size.
Positional
tolerances are applied on an MMC, LMC, or
5.
RFS basis.
TRUE
Composite
true position tolerances should be avoided
6.
because it is overly restrictive and difficult to check.
FALSE
Composite
true position tolerances can only be applied
7.
to patterns of related features.
TRUE
The8.
tolerance value shown in the upper segment of a
datums.
TRUE
The9.
tolerance value shown in the lower segment of a
datums.
FALSE
Positional
tolerances can be used to control circularity
10.
FALSE
TRUE
True
11.position tolerances can be used to control center
distance relationships between features of size.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerance zones can be rectangular, cylindrical,

or spherical
2. Basic dimensions are used to establish the true (theoretically

exact) position of a feature from specified datums.
3. Positional tolerancing is a 3-dimensional control.

4. Positional tolerance can apply to the axis or surface boundary
of a feature.
5. Fixed and floating fastener equations are used to determine

appropriate clearance hole sizes for mating details
6. Projected tolerance zones are recommended to prevent fastener

interference in mating details.
7. The tolerance shown in the upper segment of a composite true

position feature control frame is called the pattern-locating
tolerance zone.
8. The tolerance shown in the lower segment of a composite true

position feature control frame is called the feature-relating
tolerance zone.
9. Functional gaging principles can be applied when maximum

material condition is specified
surface boundary
floating
feature-relating
pattern-locating
rectangular
cylindrical
3-dimensional
basic dimensions
projected
location
maximum material
fixed
axis
E
N
D
Notes
Notes
Notes

25
(MMC)
25.1
25
25
24.9
25.1
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25.1
(LMC)
24.9
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
Virtual and
Resultant
Condition
Boundaries
Internal and External
Features (MMC Concept)
Virtual Condition Boundary

Internal Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition
Inner Boundary
Maximum Inscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of MMC Hole
Shown at Extreme Limit
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Calculating Virtual Condition

13.5
1
MMC Size of Feature

Applicable Geometric Tolerance
12.5
Axis Location of
MMC Hole Shown
at Extreme Limit
Resultant Condition Boundary

Internal Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Resultant Condition
Outer Boundary
Minimum Circumscribed
Diameter
2 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
LMC
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of LMC Hole
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Calculating Resultant Condition (Internal Feature)

14.5
2
LMC Size of Feature

Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
16.5
Axis Location of
LMC Hole Shown
at Extreme Limit

External Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
C
XX.XX
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition
Outer Boundary
Minimum Circumscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of MMC Feature
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Calculating Virtual Condition

14.5
1
MMC Size of Feature

Applicable Geometric Tolerance
15.5
Axis Location of
MMC Feature Shown
at Extreme Limit

External Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Resultant Condition
Inner Boundary
Maximum Inscribed
Diameter
2 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
LMC
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of LMC feature
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Axis Location of
LMC Feature Shown
at Extreme Limit
Calculating Resultant Condition (External Feature)

13.5
2
LMC Size of Feature

Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
11.5

Geometric Tolerances

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Geometric Tolerances

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DIMENSIONAL

Extreme Variations of Form

Internal Feature of Size

Extreme Variations of Form

External Feature of Size

Straightness is the condition where an element of a

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example each line element of the surface must lie

The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example each longitudinal element of the surface must

Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness

15.1 Virtual Condition

15.1 Virtual Condition

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance

Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone

Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the

0.1 Tolerance Zone

Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which

Form Control Quiz

1. The four form controls are ____________, ________,

4. ________ and ____________are surface (3-D) controls.

Answer questions #6-10 True or False

6. Form controls require a datum reference.

9. Flatness controls the orientation of a feature.

The tolerance zone in this example is defined

Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

The tolerance zone in this example is

Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example is

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone in this example

Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

The tolerance zone in this example is

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along

Orientation Control Quiz

1. The three orientation controls are __________, ___________,

3. ________________ is the appropriate geometric tolerance when

4. Mathematically all three orientation tolerances are _________.

Answer questions #6-10 True or False

6. Orientation tolerances indirectly control a features form.

9. Parallelism tolerances do not apply to features of size.

Circular runout can only be applied on an

When measuring circular

NOTE: Circular runout in this example only

The tolerance zone for any individual circular

When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be

The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

When measuring circular runout,

1. The four form controls are ____, ,

4. and ____are surface (3-D) controls.

1. The three orientation controls are , _,