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Contents:
Contents:
Introduction
What is a Distillation process
Examples
Flow sheet symbols
Types of Distillation column
Distillation equipment and operation
Distillation control
C-M Pairing of distillation
Introduction:
Distillation is a method of separating mixture of two or
more miscible liquids into their pure components
Separation of components from a liquid mixture through
distillation depends on the difference in boiling points of
individual components, also depending on concentration
of components present,
There for distillation process depends on vapor pressure
characterizes of liquid mixture.
Introduction:
Why do we need to separate different componets of a
mixture .Give two examples ?
Remove the unwanted impurities.
Remove the substance that are harmful for our health.
Obtain pure substances.
Separate two different , but useful componets.
Examples:
Grain is separated from stalks ,while harvesting
We filter tea leaves after preparing it.
Milk or curd is churned to separate the butter.
Introduction:
1) Batch and.
2) Continuous columns.
Batch Columns:
In batch operation, the feed to the column is introduced
batch-wise. that is, the column is charged with a 'batch'
and then the distillation process is carried out. When the
desired task is achieved, a next batch of feed is
introduced.
Continuous columns:
In contrast, continuous columns process a continuous
feed stream. No interruptions occur unless there is a
problem with the column or surrounding process units.
They are capable of handling high throughputs and are
the most common of the two types. We shall concentrate
only on this class of columns.
Basic operation:
Heat is supplied to the reboiler to generate vapour. The
source of heat input can be any suitable fluid, although in
most chemical plants this is normally steam. In refineries, the
heating source may be the output streams of other
columns. The vapour raised in the reboiler is re-introduced
into the unit at the bottom of the column. The liquid removed
from the reboiler is known as the bottoms product or
simply, bottoms.
Basic operation:
The vapour moves up the column, and as it exits the top of
the unit, it is cooled by a condenser. The condensed liquid is
stored in a holding vessel known as the reflux drum. Some
of this liquid is recycled back to the top of the column and this
is called the reflux. The condensed liquid that is removed
from the system is known as the distillate or top product.
Binary distillation:
Binary distillation:
Distillation controls:
Why Distillation control ?
1) Product composition should be constant.
2) To increase throughput.
3) Enhancing the column stability.
4) Safety of men and machineries.
The 3 main objectives of column control can be stated as:
1) To set stable conditions for column operation.
2) To regulate conditions in the column so that the
product(s) always meet the required specifications.
3) To achieve the above objective most efficiently,
e.g. by maximizing product yield, minimising energy
consumption, etc.
Manipulated variable:
i) Overhead composition
medium
flow rate.
iii)Accumulator level
iv)Bottoms level
v)Column pressure
v) Condenser flow
rate/vapour bypass rate.
Composition Measurement:
The direct measurement of composition is more
expensive, but also more accurate and versatile than is
indirect temperature measurement. Intermittent
analyzers, such as chromatographs (with cycle times of
a few minutes), are often provided with dead time
compensation for closed-loop control. The analyzer
update time must always be less than the response time
of the process. For improved accuracy, one usually
measures the impurity concentration in the controlled
stream. This way the upsets caused by feed composition
changes, tower pressure or efficiency variations can be
more accurately corrected.
Composition control:
A) Control with On-line Analyzer.
- high investment and maintenance costs.
- large measurement delay.
Diagram :
Working:
Cv and MV:
THANK YOU
Unit no : 5
Instrumentation for Evaporators &
Crystallizer
Evaporators
Contents:
Introduction
Single effect evaporator
Multi effect evaporator
Types of evaporator
Different parameters in Evaporator
Introduction
Multieffect evaporator:
Types of evaporator:
1) Horizontal tube evaporator
2) forced circulation
3) Short tube vertical
4) Long tube vertical
5)Falling film evaporator
6) Agitated film evaporator
Feed
Vapour
Distributor
Steam
Condensate
Concentrate
Concentrate
Disadvantages:
i) High cost
I ii) High residence time
iii) High operating cost
Control:
i) Level control
Variables in evaporator:
Variables in evaporator:
Manipulated variables:
i) Flow rate
ii) Flow rate of steam
Controlled variables:
i ) Density of liquid
ii) Temperature
iii) Liquid level in evaporator
iv) Steam enthalpy
Disturbance:
i)Variation in steam flow
ii)Disturbance in case of steam run out
iii)Disturbance due to noisy measurement signal
Note:
Page no 1289 Liptak II
Crystallizer controls
Crystallizer controls
Crystallizer
Crystallization
Crystallization is the unit operation that is best suited
to the recovery of dissolved substances from
solutions
solid product has many desirable properties such
has good flow charetercistes, handling easy, suitable
for packing
Methods to achieve crystallization:
i) Cooling
ii) Evaporation
iii) Vacuum or reaction
The choice of method depends upon the feed liquid
composition, product specification ,and other engg
consideration
Crystallization process(operation):
Three basics steps:
i) Achievement of super saturation
ii) Formation of nuclei
iii) Growth of nuclei into crystal
Crystallization process(operation):
Super saturation:
Three methods:
i) Indirect heating Crystallizer
ii) Submerged combustion
iii) Spray evaporation
Submerged combustion:
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