MODULE 7:FANS AND BLOWERS

LECTURE 39
ans and blowers (Fig. 39.1) are turbomachines which deliver air at a desired high velocity (and accordingly at a
high mass flow rate) but at a relatively low static pressure. The pressure rise across a fan is extremely low and is of
the order of a few millimeters of water gauge.The upper limit of pressure rise is of the order of 250mm of water
gauge.The rise in static pressure across a blower is relatively higher and is more than 1000 mm of water gauge
that is required to overcome the pressure losses of the gas during its flow through various passages. A blower may
be constructed in multistages for still higher discharge pressure.

Figure 39.1 A centrifugal fan or blower

A large number of fans and blowers for relatively high pressure applications are of centrifugal type. The main
components of a centrifugal blower are shown in Fig. 39.2. A blower consists of an impeller which has blades fixed
between the inner and outer diameters. The impeller can be mounted either directly on the shaft extension of the
prime mover or separately on a shaft supported between two additional bearings. Air or gas enters the impeller
axially through the inlet nozzle which provides slight acceleration to the air before its entry to the impeller. The
action of the impeller swings the gas from a smaller to a larger radius and delivers the gas at a high pressure and
velocity to the casing. The flow from the impeller blades is collected by a spiral-shaped casing known as volute
casing or spiral casing . The casing can further increase the static pressure of the air and it finally delivers the air to
the exit of the blower.

Figure 39.2 Main components of a centrifugal blower

The centrifugal fan impeller can be fabricated by welding curved or almost straight metal blades to the two side
walls (shrouds) of the rotor. The casings are made of sheet metal of different thickness and steel reinforcing ribs on
the outside. Suitable sealing devices are used between the shaft and the casing.
A centrifugal fan impeller may have backward swept blades, radial tipped blades or forward swept blades as
shown in Fig. 39.3. The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are also shown accordingly in the figure. Under ideal
conditions, the directions of the relative velocity vectors
and
are same as the blade angles at the entry
and the exit. A zero whirl at the inlet is assumed which results in a zero angular momentum at the inlet. The
backward swept blades are employed for lower pressure and lower flow rates. The radial tipped blades are
employed for handling dust-laden air or gas because they are less prone to blockage, dust erosion and failure. The
radial-tipped blades in practice are of forward swept type at the inlet as shown in Fig. 39.3. The forward-swept
blades are widely used in practice. On account of the forward-swept blade tips at the exit, the whirl component of
exit velocity

is large which results in a higher stage pressure rise.

The following observations may be noted from figure 39.3.

, if

, backward swept blades

, if

, radial blades

, if

, forward swept blades

Figure 39.3 Velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of different types of

blades of an impeller of a centrifugal blower

Parametric Calculations
The mass flow rate through the impeller is given by
(39.1)

The areas of cross sections normal to the radial velocity components

and

are

and

(39.2)
The radial component of velocities at the impeller entry and exit depend on its width at these sections. For small
pressure rise through the impeller stage, the density change in the flow is negligible and the flow can be assumed
to be almost incompressible. For constant radial velocity
(39.3)
Eqs. (39.2) and (39.3) give
(39.4)

Work
The work done is given by Euler's Equation (refer to Module-1) as
(39.5)
It is reasonable to assume zero whirl at the entry. This condition gives

and hence,
Therefore we can write,
(39.6)
Equation (39.5) gives

(39.7)

For any of the exit velocity triangles (Figure 39.3)

(39.8)

Eq. (39.7) and (39.8)

(39.9)

where

is known as flow coefficient

where

Head developed in meters of air =

(39.10)

Equivalent head in meters of water

=

(39.11)

and

are the densities of air and water respectively.

Assuming that the flow fully obeys the geometry of the impeller blades, the specific work done in an isentropic
process is given by
(39.12)
The power required to drive the fan is

(39.13)

he static pressure rise through the impeller is due to the change in centrifugal energy and the diffusion of relative
velocity component. Therefore, it can be written as

(39.13)

The stagnation pressure rise through the stage can also be obtained as:

(39.14)

From (39.13) and (39.14) we get

(39.15)

From any of the outlet velocity triangles (Fig. 39.3),

or,

or,

(39.16)

or,

Work done per unit mass is also given by (from (39.7) and (40.4)):

(39.17)

Efficiency

On account of losses, the isentropic work

is less than the actual work.

Therefore the stage efficiency is defined by

(39.18)

Number of Blades
Too few blades are unable to fully impose their geometry on the flow, whereas too many of them restrict the flow
passage and lead to higher losses. Most of the efforts to determine the optimum number of blades have resulted in
only empirical relations given below

(i)

(39.19)

(ii)

(39.20)

(iii)

(39.21)

Impeller Size
The diameter ratio
of the impeller determines the length of the blade passages. The smaller the ratio the
longer is the blade passage. The following value for the diameter ratio is often used by the designers

(39.22)

where

The following relation for the blade width to diameter ratio is recommended:
(39.23)

If the rate of diffusion in a parallel wall impeller is too high, the tapered shape towards the outer periphery, is
preferable..
The typical performance curves describing the variation of head, power and efficiency with discharge of a
centrifugal blower or fan are shown in Figure 39.4

Figure39.4 Performance characteristic curves of a centrifugal blower

or fan

LECTURE 40
Fan Laws
The relationships of discharge Q , head H and Power P with the diameter D and rotational speed N of a
centrifugal fan can easily be expressed from the dimensionless performance parameters determined from the
principle of similarity of rotodynamic machines as described before . These relationships are known as Fan Laws
described as follows
(40.1)

(40.2)

(40.3)

where

and

are constants.

For the same fan, the dimensions get fixed and the laws are

and
For the different size and other conditions remaining same, the laws are

(40.4)
and
These relationships are known as the Fan-laws. The Fan-lows can be summarized as
For the same fan:
Discharge

Speed

Head developed

(Speed)

Power

(Speed)

For the fans of different sizes:

Discharge

(Diameter)

Head developed
Power

(Diameter)

(Diameter)

Performance of Fans
For all three cases (backward, radial and forward swept blades) in Figure 39.3, we can write

(40.5)
The work done is given by Euler's equation (refer to Modue-1) as
(40.6)

Noting that

(zero whirl at the entry) we can write

or,

(40.7)

The volume flow rate (assuming no density change between the inlet and outlet)

Thus

By substitution in (40.7)

(40.8)

Let us define, Pressure Coefficient,

(40.9)

Volume Coefficient,
(40.10)

and Power Coefficient,

(40.11)

Substitution of (40.8) in the above yields

(40.12)

or,

(40.13)

(40.14)

Equations (40.13) and (40.14) are plotted in Fig 40.1 for different values of volume
coefficient

with

as a parameter.

Figure 40.1 Performance curves of a Fan

The characteristics in Figure 40.1 depict the following

(i) Forward curved fans
diameter and speed.

develop the highest pressure for a given impeller

(ii) Power requirement of a forward curved fan increases steeply for a small change in
flow rate.
(iii) Pressure developed decreases fast with increasing flow rate in a backward curved
fan
In conclusion, the forward curved fans have large volume discharge and pressure rise
but they demand higher power. However, forward curved fans are unstable for offdesign operating conditions.
Backward curved fans are very efficient and the drooping power characteristic makes
them suitable for a better off-design performance
Radial curved fans are preferred for dust-laden fluids. Due to their shape, the solid
particles are not stuck and deposited on the blade surface.