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TUMORAL
The Dark Side of Angiogenesis
Angiognese Tumoral
Carlos
Angiognese x
Vasculognese
Vasculognese:
Formao de novos
vasos a partir de clulas totipotentes.
Angiognese:
Brotamento de novos
capilares a partir de vasos sanguneos
pr-existentes.
Angiognese Tumoral
1-2mm:
Alm
Angiognese e Progresso
Tumoral
Transformao
e multiplicao celular
(mutagnese e mitognese)
Proliferao descontrolada (neoplasia)
Disseminao
rgos
O nvel de vascularizao dos tumores
Terapias anti-angiognicas
A
maioria
dos
atuais
agentes
quimioteraputicos
anti-cancergenos
utilizados na prtica clnica, alvejam
todas as clulas que se dividem
indiscriminadamente Efeitos Adversos
Pesquisas
em terapias anti-angiognicas,
principalmente voltadas na inibio do
VEGF Eficcia Comprovada
Terapias anti-angiognicas:
Desafios
Resistncia
SOLUO:
Terapias Combinadas
Referncias:
Robert S. Kerbel, Review article: Tumor
angiogenesis, The New England Journal
Of Medicine, vol. 358, pp. 2039-2049;
2008.
Yoshiaki Kubota, Tumor angiogenesis
and anti-angiogenic Therapy, Center for
Integrated Medical Research, School of
Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan;
2012.
J.
Folkman, Tumor angiogenesis:
Sinalizao Notch na
Angiognese Tumoral
Fabiana
M. Mansur
Componentes da via
Enzimas proteolticas
Fig. 1. The Notch signaling cascade. The Notch receptors (Notch1-4) are single-pass transmembrene proteins that are activated by the
Delta-like and Jagged families of membrane-bound ligands expressed on adjacent cells. Interaction with ligands leads to two additional
proteolytic cleavages (TACE and g-secretase complex) that liberate the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) from the plasma membrane.
The NICD translocates to the nucleus, where it forms a complex with the DNA binding protein CSL. Co-activators, such as MAML, are
recruited to the NICDCSL complex, leading to the transcriptional activation of Notch target genes. Notch receptors can be posttranslationally modulated by glycosylation, which are mediated by the enzymes of the glycosyltransferase Fringe and O-fucosyl
transferase 1 (O-Fut), and phosphorylation. In addition, Notch can be regulated by different E3 ligases to undergo ubiquitination and
subsequent proteolysis or endocytosis. From Notch signaling: Emerging molecular targets for cancer therapy Ling Yin a, Omaida C. Velazquez a,b,
Zhao-Jun Liu a,b.
Atuao Notch na
Ramificao Vascular
Reduo da sensibilidade a
VEGF;
Modulao da ramificao
vascular;
Figure 5.Dll4 and Jagged1 show antagonistic function during sprouting angiogenesis. Tip/stalk cell selection is mediated via Dll4/Notch lateral inhibition between the ECs that
constitute the vasculature, resulting in the typical salt-and-pepper distribution of tip cells along the vascular endothelium. (A) For a detailed explanation about Dll4/Notch lateral
inhibition see Figure 4. (B) Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Dll4 deregulates the tip/stalk selection process; dramatically increases the number of tip cells, the number of
sprouts and branching, resulting in a hyperdense and interconnected plexus. (C) The opposite observation has been made after Jagged1 inhibition in physiological and
pathological
angiogenesis,
as
Jagged1
antagonizes
reciprocal
Dll4-mediated
Notch
activation
from
the
stalk
to
the
tip
cell.
From
http://perspectivesinmedicine.org/content/3/1/a006569/F5.expansion.html
Via Dll4/Notch
Diminuio
da expresso de VEGF-2
Regulao
Limitao
Controle
da ramificao
Organizao
vascular
Estudos
Fig. 3. Potential cancer therapeutics by targeting Notch signaling. These include decoy Notch ligand (soluble Dll4), disruption of two
proteolytic cleavages by TACE inhibitor and GSIs, gene silencing by siRNAs, miRNAs, histone chaperon and polyhomeotic (PH)
techniques, and transcriptional regulation (DN-MAML1). From Notch signaling: Emerging molecular targets for cancer therapy Ling Yin a, Omaida C. Velazquez
a,b, Zhao-Jun Liu a,b.
bloqueio de Notch 1, 2 e 4
Anticorpos monoclonais
(mAbs)
Anti-Dll4
Fig. 2. Two anti-tumor angiogenesis models. (A) Neutralizing VEGF-VEGFR signaling by anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies
(bevacizumab/avastin) inhibits tumor vessel formation and reduces tumor size. (B) Antagonizing Dll4-Notch signaling by either antiDll4 antibodies or soluble Dll4 paradoxically promotes blood vessel formation but inhibits tumor growth. Reduced tumor growth
is resulted from poor perfusion of newly formed capillaries. From Notch signaling: Emerging molecular targets for cancer therapy Ling Yin a,
Referncias:
J Dufraine, Y Funahashi, J Kitajewski Oncogene (2008) Notch signaling regulates
tumor angiogenesis by diverse mechanisms. Nature 27: 51325137.
Ling Yin, Omaida C. Velazquez, Zhao-Jun Liu (2010) Notch signaling: Emerging
molecular targets for cancer therapy. Biochemical Pharmacology 80: 690701.
Noguera-Troise I, Daly C, Papadopoulos NJ, Coetzee S, Boland P, Gale NW et al.
(2006) Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive
angiogenesis. Nature 444: 10321037.
Raquel Blanco and Holger Gerhardt (2012) VEGF and Notch in Tip and Stalk Cell
Selection, Publish in Advance 10.1101/cshperspect.a006569.
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster (2010) Robins & Cotran Patologia Bases Patolgicas das
Doenas, Elsevier 8 edio.
VEGF
Mariana Astuto
Estrutura da apresentao
O
que o VEGF?
Qual
Angiognese
Como
tumoral
O que o VEGF?
O
Caracterstica
VEGF
da famlia domnio
O que o VEGF?
Domnio
VEGF composto do n de
cistina com oito resduos invariantes de
cistena envolvidos em pontes de
dissulfeto inter e intramoleculares em
uma ponta de um plano central
conservado de 4 pontas com cada
monmero que se dimeriza de maneira
paralela, com orientao lateral.
O que o VEGF?
VEGF
A
VEGF
B
VEGF
C
VEGF
D
Pulmo
Rim
Corao
Glndula
Adrenal
Corao
Msculo
Esqueltico
Pncreas
Corao
Placenta
Ovrio
Intestino
delg.
Tireoide
Corao
Pulmo
Msculo
Esqueltico
Intestino
delg.
Clon
Angiognes Fator
e de leses solvel
virais
Tem
diferentes
solubilidade
s
Semelhante
ao mas
com
diferena
de tempo
de ao e
constitui
o
bioqumica
Tumores
expressam
muito essa
forma
Junto ao
VEGF C
importante
para
desenvolver
pulmo
embrionrio
Alto poder
estimulador
de
cresciment
o de clulas
endoteliais
e
Altamente
ligado a
degradao
da matriz
Ligado ao
VEGF
E
permeabilida
de vascular
PIGF
Formador
do fator de
ancoragem
GIP
Vascular
Angiostatina
Endostatina
VEGF
FGF
HGF
IGF
Angiopoietinas
Akt)
Migrao a partir da medula ssea
Receptores de VEGF
VEGFR-1/Flt-1
VEGFR-2/KDR/Flk-1
VEGFR-3
Neuropilina-1
Receptores de VEGF
regio extracelular
Domnio transmembrana
Domnio tirosina quinase intracelular
Receptores de VEGF
VEGFR-1
e
VEGFR-2
so
expressos
predominantemente por clulas do endotlio
vascular.
Regulao da expresso do
gene VEGF
Hipxia
Regulao da expresso do
gene VEGF
Fatores
de Crescimento e Citocinas:
Regulao da expresso do
gene VEGF
Tissue growth factor (TGF-)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Plateletderived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB)
Regulao da expresso do
gene VEGF
Regulao
hormonal
Estrgenos
Testosterona
Angiognese Tumoral
Angiognese Tumoral
e seu receptor
PDGF
e seu receptor
HIFs
Inibidores
IL-1
beta
de COX-2
Referncias:
Vascular
Angiopoietinas na
Angiognese Tumoral
Jos
Definio
Receptor: TIE-2
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim , Ivy A.W. Ho and Philip
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
Angiopoietina - 1
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
Angiopoietina-2
Efeitos:
Ao anti-apopttica *
Brotamento
Destacamento das clulas perivasculares
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
Receptor TIE-2
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis - Winston S.N. Shim, Ivy A.W. Ho and Phi
Referncias:
Clulas Endoteliais na
Angiognese Tumoral
Matheus
Schwengber Gasparini
Clulas Endoteliais
Estabilizao
Tip Cells
Stalk Cells
Sinalizaes
(Notch; VEGF)
Tumor
Outros Mecanismos
Angiopoietinas
Interleucina-8
TGF-beta
FGF
(receptores Tie)
Arquitetura Vascular do
Tumor
Disfuno endotelial
Vasos
Dilatados
Saculares
Tortuosos
Padres
de
interconeco caticos
Arquitetura Vascular do
Tumor
Molculas de Adeso
(-) Adeso
(+) Adeso
a clulas pr-inflamatrias
(+) Angiognese tumoral
Terapias Anti-angiognicas
Mtodos
anti-endoteliais
Resistncia
Heterogeneidade
Novos focos
Clulas pr-inflamatrias
Referncias:
[1] ABELLOF: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 4th ed. Copyright 2008 Churchill
Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
[3] LAI Y, SHEN Y, LIU XH, ZHANG Y, ZENG Y, LIU YF. Interleukin-8 Induces the
Endothelial Cell Migration through the Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-KinaseRac1/RhoA Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7(6):782-791. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7.782. http://
www.ijbs.com/v07p0782.htm
[4]
YU
X, SEEGAR
TC, DALTON
AC, TZVETKOVA-ROBEV
D, GOLDGUR
Y, RAJASHANKAR KR, NIKOLOV DB, BARTON WA. Structural basis for angiopoietin-1mediated signaling initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 30; 110(18):7205-10.
doi:
10.1073/pnas.1216890110.
Epub
2013
Apr
16.
http
://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23592718/
Referncias:
[5] SUMPIO BE, RILEY JT, DARDIK A. Cells in focus: endothelial cell. Int J
Biochem
Cell
Biol.
2002
Dec;34(12):1508-12.
http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379270/
Referncias:
[8] WAUGH D. J. J.; WILSON C.; The Interleukin-8 Pathway in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res
November 1, 2008 14; 6735. <http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/21/6735.full
>
[9] HERBERT SP, CHEUNG JY, STAINIER DY. Determination of endothelial stalk versus
tip cell potential during angiogenesis by H2.0-like homeobox-1. Curr Biol. 2012 Oct
9;22(19):1789-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.037. Epub 2012 Aug 23. http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921365
[10] DUDLEY A.C. Tumor Endothelial Cells. Published in Advance October 18, 2011, doi:
10.1101/cshperspect.a006536. Copyright 2012 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
http://
perspectivesinmedicine.org/content/2/3/a006536.full?sid=98b740f2-8ba9-4d62-8821-e49e6b2b83
[11] BLANCO R.; GERHARDT H. VEGF and Notch in Tip and Stalk Cell Selection.
Published in Advance October 19, 2012, doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006569 Copyright
Varela B. Cabral
Ao
http://
gallus.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=test_gallus_reactome_release_2_
myisam&ID=186797&
Sinal
Maturao
Recrutamento
do
vaso
Proliferao
de
clulas
especficas
Aumenta
expresso de
fatores
Parcrino
de
clulas do estroma
Proliferao
de
clulas endoteliais
Aumento
da
presso do fluido
intersticial
Sinalizao Autcrina
Gliomas
Cncer
Malignos
de Mama
Sarcomas
TGF-
sis
Dermatofibrossarcoma
Protuberante
( DFSP) sinal ativado por mutaes nos
ligantes ou receptores
Leucemia
Mielide
Sinalizao Parcrina
Recrutamento
de clulas estromais,
incluindo clulas endoteliais, pericitos e
fibroblastos.
Neo-angiognese
Suporte
de metstase ssea
Aumento
Famlia FGF
23
protenas distintas
FGF-1
FGF
Proteo
Aumento da afinidade
Disponibilidade de FGF
Ao
biolgica ligada
tirosina-quinase FGF-R
receptores
http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v10/n2/fig_tab/nrc2780_F1.html
Funes de FGF
Crescimento
Tumoral
Diferenciao
Celular
Embriognese
Cicatrizao
Ativao
Invaso
de ferimentos
na sntese de plasminognio
Angiognese-bFGF
FGF e Angiognese
Referncias:
Kun-Wei Liu, Bo Hu, and Shi-Yuan Cheng. Platelet-derived growth factor signaling in human
malignancies. Chinese Journal of Cancer, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh,
USA. 30(9):581-4. Sep. 2011.
Guo P, Hu B, Gu W, Xu L, Wang D, Huang HJ, Cavenee WK, Cheng SY. Platelet-derived growth
factor-B enhances glioma angiogenesis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor
expression in tumor endothelia and by promoting pericyte recruitment. The American Journal of
Pathology. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA. Vol 162, n 4. Apr. 2003.
WOLFRAM C.M. DEMPKE and ROLAND ZIPPEL.A Novel Dual VEGF-R2/bFGF-R Inhibitor.
International Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment. Riesa, Germany. Vol 30 N 11. Nov.
2010.
Bruno Graa, Carla Lunet, Ana Sofia Coelho, Gisela Monteiro, Paulo Freire, Andreia Speidel,
Lina Carvalho. Acta Mdica Portuguesa. Angiognese e Cancro, da biopatologia teraputica.
Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra. Coimbra. 17. 76-93. 2004
Fabiana Henriques Machado de Melo, Mara de Souza Junqueira e Roger Chamas, em <
http://www.direxlim.fm.usp.br/download/mimc.pdf> acesso em 26 set. 2013.
TGF-
na Angiognese Tumoral
Mariana Almeida
Silva
TGF-
Existe
Atua
TGF- na Angiognese
TGF- na Metstase
Regula
o aumento da expresso de
laminina, integrina e fibronectina e baixa
expresso de E-caderina.
Regula
a aumento de
metaloproteinases (MMP).
Induz
a expresso
colagenase-3.
de
plasmina
genes
da
Referncias:
Referncias:
Simona
ABBAS,
Abul K. ;
FAUSTO, Nelson;