Composite Materials

R. Lindeke
ENGR 2110

Sumber: www.d.umn.edu/.../Composite%20Materials.ppt

Introduction
A Composite material is a material system composed of
two or more macro constituents that differ in shape and
chemical composition and which are insoluble in each
other. The history of composite materials dates back to
early 20th century. In 1940, fiber glass was first used to
reinforce epoxy.
Applications:

Aerospace industry
Sporting Goods Industry
Automotive Industry
Home Appliance Industry

Advanced Aerospace Application:

Lear Fan 2100 all-composite aircraft

Advanced Aerospace Application:

Boeing 767 (and in 777, 787 airplanes w/ the latest, full wing box is composite):

Terminology/Classification
Composites:
-- Multiphase material w/significant
proportions of each phase.

woven
fibers

Matrix:

-- The continuous phase

-- Purpose is to:

0.5 mm

- transfer stress to other phases

- protect phases from environment

-- Classification:
metal

MMC, CMC, PMC

ceramic

cross
section
view

polymer

Dispersed phase:
-- Purpose: enhance matrix properties.
MMC: increase sy, TS, creep resist.
CMC: increase Kc
PMC: increase E, sy, TS, creep resist.

-- Classification: Particle, fiber, structural

0.5 mm
Reprinted with permission from
D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, An
Introduction to Composite Materials,
2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1996, Fig. 3.6, p. 47.

Composite Structural Organization: the

design variations

Composite Survey
Composites

Particle-reinforced

Largeparticle

Dispersionstrengthened

Fiber-reinforced

Continuous
(aligned)

Structural

Discontinuous
(short)

Aligned

Randomly
oriented

Laminates

Sandwich
panels

Adapted from Fig.

16.2, Callister 7e.

Composite Benefits
CMCs: Increased toughness
Force

103
E(GPa)
102 PMCs
10

particle-reinf

fiber-reinf

10 -4
6061 Al
ess (s-1)
10 -6

10 -8
10 -10

metal/
metal alloys

.1 G=3E/8 polymers
.01 K=E
.1 .3 1 3 10 30
Density, r [mg/m3]

Bend displacement

Increased
creep
resistance

ceramics

un-reinf

MMCs:

PMCs: Increased E/r

6061 Al
w/SiC
whiskers

20 30 50

Adapted from T.G. Nieh, "Creep rupture of a

silicon-carbide reinforced aluminum
composite", Metall. Trans. A Vol. 15(1), pp.
139-146, 1984. Used with permission.

s(MPa)
100 200

Composite Survey: Particle-I

Particle-reinforced
Examples:
- Spheroidite matrix:
ferrite (a)
steel

Fiber-reinforced

(ductile)

60 mm

- WC/Co
cemented
carbide

matrix:
cobalt
(ductile)
Vm :
5-12 vol%!

Structural
particles:
cementite
(Fe3 C)
(brittle)

particles:
WC
(brittle,
hard)

Adapted from Fig.

10.19, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 10.19 is
copyright United
States Steel
Corporation, 1971.)

Adapted from Fig.

16.4, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 16.4 is courtesy
Carboloy Systems,
Department, General
Electric Company.)

600 mm

- Automobile matrix:
rubber
tires

particles:
C
(stiffer)

(compliant)

0.75 mm

Adapted from Fig.

16.5, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 16.5 is courtesy
Goodyear Tire and
Rubber Company.)

Composite Survey: Particle-II

Particle-reinforced

Fiber-reinforced

Structural

Concrete gravel + sand + cement

- Why sand and gravel?

Sand packs into gravel voids

Reinforced concrete - Reinforce with steel rebar or remesh

- increases strength - even if cement matrix is cracked

Prestressed concrete - remesh under tension during setting of

concrete. Tension release puts concrete under compressive force
- Concrete much stronger under compression.
- Applied tension must exceed compressive force

Post tensioning tighten nuts to put under rod under tension

but concrete under compression

nut

threaded
rod

Composite Survey: Particle-III

Particle-reinforced

Fiber-reinforced

Structural

Elastic modulus, Ec, of composites:

-- two approaches.
E(GPa)
350
Data:
Cu matrix 30 0
w/tungsten 250
particles
20 0
150

upper limit: rule of mixtures

Ec = VmEm + VpEp

lower limit:
1 Vm Vp
=
+
c
m
E
E
Ep
20 4 0 6 0 8 0

(Cu)

Application to other properties:

Adapted from Fig. 16.3,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 16.3 is
from R.H. Krock, ASTM
Proc, Vol. 63, 1963.)

10 0 vol% tungsten

(W)

-- Electrical conductivity, se: Replace E in the above equations

with se.
-- Thermal conductivity, k: Replace E in above equations with k.

Composite Survey: Fiber

Particle-reinforced

Fiber-reinforced

Structural

Fibers themselves are very strong

Provide significant strength improvement to
material
Ex: fiber-glass
Continuous glass filaments in a polymer matrix
Strength due to fibers
Polymer simply holds them in place and
environmentally protects them

Fiber Loading Effect under Stress:

Composite Survey: Fiber

Particle-reinforced
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
Critical fiber length (lC) for effective stiffening & strengthening:
fiber strength in tension

sf d
fiber length 15
c

fiber diameter
shear strength of
fiber-matrix interface

Ex: For fiberglass, a fiber length > 15 mm is needed since this length
provides a Continuous fiber based on usual glass fiber properties

Why? Longer fibers carry stress more efficiently!

Shorter, thicker fiber:
Longer, thinner fiber: s d
sf d
fiber length 15 f
fiber length 15
c
c
s(x)

s(x)

Adapted from Fig.

16.7, Callister 7e.

Poorer fiber efficiency

Better fiber efficiency

Fiber Load Behavior under Stress:

s*f d
lc
2 c

Composite Survey: Fiber

Particle-reinforced

Fiber-reinforced

Structural

Fiber Materials
Whiskers - Thin single crystals - large length to diameter ratio
graphite, SiN, SiC
high crystal perfection extremely strong, strongest known
very expensive

Fibers
polycrystalline or amorphous
generally polymers or ceramics
Ex: Al2O3 , Aramid, E-glass, Boron, UHMWPE
Wires
Metal steel, Mo, W

Fiber Alignment
Adapted from Fig.
16.8, Callister 7e.

aligned
continuous

aligned
random
discontinuous

Behavior under load for Fibers &

Matrix

TUGAS-1 (Perorangan)
JELASKAN DGN GRAFIK UJI TARIK, KOMPOSIT YANG
DIBUAT DARI POLIMER (MATRICES) DAN KERAMIK
(FIBER) !
JELASKAN PERFORMA APA YANG DITINGKATKAN
PADA KOMPOSIT PMC, MMC, & CMC !
JELASKAN RUMUS PANJANG KRITIS FIBER PADA
KOMPOSIT YANG DIPERKUAT FIBER, DAN JELASKAN
PULA KE-EFEKTIFAN FIBER YANG PENDEK DAN
YANG PANJANG !