Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

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Inuence of spanwise pitch on local heat transfer distribution for in-line arrays
of circular jets with spent air ow in two opposite directions
Vadiraj Katti, S.V. Prabhu *
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 19 November 2007
Received in revised form 29 April 2008
Accepted 14 July 2008

Keywords:
Jet impingement cooling
Multiple jets

a b s t r a c t
Effect of spanwise jet-to-jet spacing on local heat transfer distribution due to an in-line rectangular array
of conned multiple circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet plate are studied experimentally. Length-to-diameter ratio of nozzles of the jet plate is 1.0. The ow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in two opposite directions from the conned passage formed between jet plate and target
plate. Mean jet Reynolds numbers based on the nozzle exit diameter (d) covered are 3000, 5000, 7500 and
10,000 and jet-to-plate spacings studied are d, 2d and 3d. Spanwise pitches considered are 2d, 4d and 6d
in steps of 2d keeping the streamwise pitch at 5d. For all the congurations, the jet-plates have ten spanwise rows in streamwise direction and six jets in each spanwise row. Flat heat transfer surface is made of
thin stainless steel metal foil. Local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using thermal
infrared camera. Wall static pressure on the target plate is measured in the streamwise direction to estimate crossow velocities and individual jet velocities. Heat transfer characteristics are explained on the
basis of the ow distribution. A simple correlation to predict streamwise distribution of heat transfer
coefcients averaged over each spanwise strip resolved to one jet hole is developed.
2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Single-jet nds its application mostly where highly localized
heating or cooling is needed. However, when large surface areas require cooling or heating, multiple jet schemes are desirable. Multiple jets are formed by number of individual jets. Characteristics of
these are inuenced basically by two types of interactions. Firstly,
the interference between the adjacent jets can be before impingement on the surface. This may happen when the distance between
the jets is small and/or when the distance between the jet plane
and target plate plane is large. Secondly, the wall jets formed by
the adjacent jets collide on the target surface. Such interactions
are possible when the pitch is small and/or when the distance between the jet plane and target plate plane is small but jet velocity
is large. Another parameter that inuences multiple jet impingement cooling in a conned space is the crossow. Crossow is dened as the uid ow in the direction perpendicular to the
impingement ow. The crossow can be either due to external
ow resource or due to accumulated spent jet uid ow. The spent
jet uid ow may be allowed to leave the conned passage either
in one direction, two opposite directions or all directions. In the
selection of multiple jet system all the relevant parameters are to
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 22 25767515; fax: +91 22 25726875/
25723480.
E-mail addresses: svprabhu@me.iitb.ac.in, svprabhu@iitb.ac.in (S.V. Prabhu).
0894-1777/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.expthermusci.2008.07.004

be so chosen that sufciently high average heat transfer coefcients are obtained with permissible variation in local heat transfer
coefcients over the entire surface to eliminate local hot/cold
spots.
The present study considers two side exit scheme where the
spent jet-ow is allowed only in two opposite directions along
the longer dimension of the channel and is termed as streamwise
direction. The direction along the width of the channel is called
as spanwise direction. The ow is restricted in this direction. These
tests may simulate the case of heating or cooling of sheets of material under perforated plate where the ow after impingement is restricted to one or two opposite directions, Freidman and Mueller
[1]. Detailed literature review on jet impingement heat transfer
is available in Martin [2], Jambunathan et al. [3] and Viskanta [4].
Gardon and Cobonpue [5] reported local distribution of heat
transfer coefcients for unconned multiple jet square arrays
using heat ow transducer and concluded that single-jet produced
higher heat transfer rates than arrays of jets. The effect of crossow
on impingement heat transfer due to one row of jets was studied
by Metzger and Korsted [6].
The experimental results for heat transfer due to arrays of
multiple jet impingement with one side exit of spent air are
reported by many previous researchers and possible correlations
were proposed. Kercher and Tabakoff [7], Chance [8], Metzger
et al. [9], Florschuetz et al. [1013] studied streamwise distributions of segment averaged Nusselt numbers. But the spanwise

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

85

Nomenclature
area of heater surface (m2)
factors of correlation given in Eq. (8)
factors of correlation given in Eq. (8)
coefcient of discharge
diameter of the jet (m)
channel crossow mass velocity based on channel cross
sectional area (kg/s m2)
theoretical jet mass velocity based on jet hole area
Gideal
(kg/s m2)
actual jet mass velocity based on jet hole area (kg/s m2)
Gact
individual jet mass velocity based on jet hole area
Gj
(kg/s m2)
j
mean jet mass velocity based on jet hole area for the
G
array (kg/s m2)
h
local heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
average heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
have
k
thermal conductivity of the jet uid (W/m K)
K
pressure loss coefcient P 0  Pa =0:5qV 2j
l/d
aspect ratio of nozzle
_j
mean mass ow rate from the nozzle (kg/s)
m
number of spanwise rows of jet holes
Nj
Nu
local Nusselt number hd=k
average Nusselt number (haved/k)
Nuave
Nusegment Nusselt number averaged over each segment
Nustrip
Nusselt number averaged over each spanwise strip resolved to one jet hole
Nu0,multi-jet stagnation Nusselt number due to a jet in each spanwise row
Nu0,single-jet stagnation Nusselt number due to a single-jet estimated from the correlation corresponding to jet row
Reynolds number
A
a0, a1, a2
b0, b1
Cd
d
Gc

variations of heat transfer coefcients were not captured due to the

limitations of the apparatus and technique used. Fenot et al. [14]
and Brevet et al. [15] used thin-foil heater technique and IR camera
and studied heat transfer characteristics due to one row of conned multiple impinging jets with spent uid exiting in one direction. Spanwise pitch was optimized on the basis of cooling
efciency estimated per unit area of impingement surface in Brevet
et al. [15]. More recently, as in Baily and Bunker [16], Wang et al.
[17], Facchini and Surace [18] and Esposito and Ekkad [19] liquid
crystal thermography is used to study local heat transfer distribution due to impingement of arrays of multiple jets with spent air
exiting in one direction. Goodro et al. [20] and Park et al. [21] used
thin-foil technique and IR camera to investigate the effects of Mach
number and Reynolds number on heat transfer due to jet array
impingement. The distribution of heat transfer coefcient due to
arrays of impinging jets involving increase in spacing between jets
in streamwise direction and increase in jet hole diameters in the
streamwise direction using liquid crystal thermography are studied by Gao et al. [22]. The effect of streamwise pressure gradient
on the local heat transfer distribution due to impingement of arrays of multiple jets with spent air exiting in one direction are
investigated in Hebert et al. [23]. The effect of increasing the jet
hole diameters and their spacing in the streamwise direction on
the local heat transfer distribution for one streamwise row of jets
is studied in Uysal et al. [24].
Huang et al. [25] used transient liquid crystal thermography to
study detailed heat transfer distribution on the target plate for an
in-line array of impinging jets with different crossow orientations
of one side and two side exit schemes. Their results showed higher
heat transfer coefcients for a crossow orientation when the ow

P
Pa
P0
Pr
q00
R
Re
Rej
Tamb
Tj
T0
Tw
Vj
x
xn/d
y
yn/d
z
z/d

absolute static pressure at nozzle exit (Pa)

atmospheric pressure (Pa)
absolute static pressure in the plenum/at nozzle inlet
(Pa)
Prantdl number
net heat ux imposed on target plate (W/m2)
characteristic gas constant of air (J/kg K)
mean jet Reynolds number of ow exiting nozzle
_ j =pdl
4m
individual spanwise row jet Reynolds number
ambient air temperature (K)
reference jet uid temperature on target plate (K)
plenum air temperature (K)
target plate surface temperature (K)
mean jet velocity at nozzle exit (m/s)
distance in streamwise direction m
non-dimensional stream wise jet hole spacing
distance in spanwise direction m
non-dimensional span wise jet hole spacing
distance between nozzle exit plane and target plate
plane m
non-dimensional distance between nozzle exit plane
and target plate plane

Greek symbols
b
a factor dened in Eq. (10)
c
ratio of specic heats
l
coefcient of dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
q
density of air (kg/m3)

after impingement exits in two opposite directions than in a single

direction.
Many researchers have studied heat transfer characteristics due
to conned multiple jet impingement with spent air exiting in all
directions. Goldstein and Timmers [26] used transient liquid crystal technique and studied heat transfer characteristics due to a single-jet and a row of jets with conned impingement and spent
uid exiting in all directions. Garimella and Schroeder [27] investigated local heat transfer characteristics due to conned multiple
jet impingement from square arrays of four jets and nine jets (all
side exit scheme) using discrete heat source and thermocouple.
San and Lai [28] used foil heater and thermocouple in their experiments for conned impingement from staggered array of jets.
They obtained separate optimum values of pitch for maximum
heat transfer at each jet-to-plate distance covered in the study.
Robinson and Schnitzler [29] experimentally investigated free
and submerged miniature liquid jet array impingement heat transfer (all side exit scheme). They reported average heat transfer coefcients and pressure drop characteristics for different
congurations. They discussed relative merits of free and submerged liquid jet arrays in heat transfer enhancement.
The heat transfer characteristics from arrays of circular jets with
spent air leaving the passage in one, two opposite and all directions
were studied and compared in Obot and Trabold [30]. They reported streamwise distributions of segment averaged Nusselt
numbers due to the limitations of their apparatus and technique
used.
It may be observed from the literature that very few data is
available for the local distribution of heat transfer coefcients in
the streamwise and spanwise direction for different channel

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V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

heights due to impingement of arrays of multiple jets with spent

air owing in two opposite directions. Hence, the objective of the
present work is to investigate the inuence of spanwise pitch
(yn/d = 2, 4, 6) on local distribution of heat transfer coefcients in
the streamwise and spanwise direction keeping streamwise pitch
constant (xn/d = 5) at different channel heights (z/d = 1, 2, 3). These
effects on the jet-ow and crossow velocity distribution also need
to be computed. The distribution of heat transfer coefcients is due
to the cumulative effect of impinging jet-ow and crossow in the
channel. Hence, a simple correlation to predict streamwise distribution of heat transfer coefcients averaged over each spanwise
strip resolved to one jet hole is to be developed.

Air plenum
Flow straighteners
(Screens)
Jet plate
Target
plate

2. Experimental apparatus

Air from
compressor

Bus-bar
Infra-red
camera
Line of symmetry

yn /2

Jet-holes on the jet-plate

yn

Schematic layout of test facility is shown in Fig. 1. Air is supplied to the air plenum of test section by an air compressor through
a calibrated orice owmeter. Air lter and pressure regulator are
installed upstream of the orice owmeter to lter out the air and
to maintain the downstream pressure at a desired value. Metered
air is supplied to air plenum through a diffuser. Fig. 2a shows the
schematic view of the test section. Air plenum, 350  450 mm in
cross section and 600 mm long, has two screens in between as ow
straighteners. A jet plate is anged at the exit of air plenum. The
jet-plates are made of 5 mm acrylic sheet with jet holes of 5 mm
are drilled to form a required rectangular array. The number of jets
in the streamwise and spanwise direction is chosen respectively as
10 and 6 as this pattern is identical to one of the congurations of
Florschuetz et al. [12]. Target plate, which also acts as a heater, is
made of thin stainless steel foil of 0.06 mm thick. It is rmly
clamped and well stretched between copper bus-bars. To minimize
the end effects due to the bus-bar, an additional length of foil heater of about 65 mm is provided on either side from end rows of jet
centerlines. Because of the thinness of the foil, lateral conduction is
negligible as reported by Lytle and Webb [31]. One-dimensional
energy balance across the heated plate shows that the temperature
difference across it is negligibly small. Hence, the local temperature measured on the back surface is considered to be same as that
on the impingement plane. Thermal images are obtained from IR
camera positioned on the side of the heater opposite the impinging
nozzle plate. Hence, the back surface of heater element is painted

Spent fluid flow

Spent fluid flow

xn
x=0
Span of the channel

Target plate

Streamwise direction
Fig. 2. Test section assembly and geometry of the system for two side exit scheme.

black using a thin coat of Matte nish Asian paint which provides
high emissivity (0.99) surface. The interchangeable spacers for
varying the channel height are positioned between jet plate and
target plate. They are rmly bolted together with heater base plate
to seal passage for spent air ow of jets from two opposite sides.
Power is supplied from a regulated DC power source. The voltage taps are soldered at chosen locations on the target plate and
wired to a multimeter to measure voltage. The current through
the heater plate is directly read from the panel of DC power source.
A chromelalumel thermocouple (K-type) is used to measure plenum air temperature. The output of the thermocouple is read by
a millivoltmeter. Thermoteknix Ti200 infrared camera is used to
collect the thermal images for the local temperature distribution
over the target plate. The thermal images are then transferred to
a personal computer for further analysis. Supply pressure of the

Fig. 1. Layout of experimental setup.

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V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
Table 1
Congurations studied for two side exit scheme
Streamwise pitch xn/d

Spanwise pitch yn/d

Jet-to-plate spacing z/d

5
5
5

2
4
6

1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3

3. Data reduction
3.1. Flow distribution estimation
Discharge coefcient for each jet plate is determined from a
separate test performed with target plate removed from the test
section, so that jets discharge directly to the laboratory environment at atmospheric pressure. Actual mass ow rate is measured
from the orice ow-meter placed upstream of the plenum. Actual
mass ux from each jet Gactual is estimated from Eq. (1):

Actual mass flowrate measured by orificemeter



pd2 =4  Number of jets

Cd

The mean jet discharge coefcient is about 0.8 for mean jet Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 10,000. Static pressure taps
(0.5 mm diameter) in the streamwise direction are located midway
between spanwise adjacent jets along the centerline of the acrylic
target plate. The static jet discharge pressures are used to estimate
individual row jet-ow mass ux (Gj).

Gj C d Gideal

Average jet-ow mass ux Gj is the average of all individual

row jet-ow mass uxes in the streamwise direction. The local
channel crossow mass ux (Gc) approaching each jet row is
summed in the streamwise direction from second spanwise row
with respect to the line of symmetry until exit.
3.2. Heat transfer estimation
Target surface temperature measurements for each conguration are made under steady state conditions using the thermal
images collected by infra-red camera. The plenum air temperature
is used as reference jet uid temperature for all heat transfer calculations. The local heat transfer coefcients are estimated based on
the dening equation:

q00
Tw  Tj

where q00 is the Net heat ux imposed on the target plate, after heat
loss correction Tw is the Local surface temperature on the target
plate, Tj is the reference jet uid temperature.
The thermal images are digitized using VisIR@ Ti 200 software.
Contour maps are obtained using MATLAB.
4. Comparison with literature
Baseline measurements for Nusselt number distribution are
made to validate the experimental set-up and procedures. The conguration employed for the baseline tests are similar to the one
considered in Florschuetz et al. [12] which simulates cooling of
mid-chord region of a typical gas turbine blade. This conguration
is a rectangular in-line array of jets with streamwise pitch of 5d

60

60

5, 6, 2 Configuration with one side exit

Segment-average Nu

5, 6, 1 Configuration with one side exit

Segment-average Nu

Gactual
Gideal

Supply pressure of the impinging jets is measured as static pressure of air plenum using a micro-manometer. Ideal ow rate from
the jet plate is estimated by measuring static pressure ratio across
the jet plate considering one dimensional isentropic ow through
orices of jet plate. Hence, ideal mass ow rate is estimated using
the Eq. (2):

50

Florschuetz et al. (1980)

Present results

40
30
20

Re = 5000

10

50

Florschuetz et al. (1980)

Present results

40
30
20

Re = 5000

10
0

0
0

x / xn

where P and P0 are absolute static pressures at the exit and inlet of
nozzles and T0 is absolute plenum air temperature. The jet discharge coefcient is evaluated for different ow rates from Eq. (3):

impinging jets is measured as static pressure of air plenum using

micro-manometer (Furness controls: Model FCO332-3W).
Thermal infrared camera reads the temperature of the plate
depending on the emissivity value of the surface of the plate.
Therefore, the emissivity of the surface is calibrated and it is found
to be equal to 0.99 for the range of temperatures (3570 C) investigated. The detailed calibration procedure is reported in Katti and
Prabhu [32]. Power loss estimation from the exposed surface of the
heater due to natural convection and radiation is carried out experimentally. The corrections are included in the calculations of Nusselt number. Congurations investigated in the present study are
shown in Table 1.
Each conguration is tested for mean jet Reynolds numbers of
3000, 5000, 7500 and 10,000. The specic geometric conguration
is represented in the form (xn/d, yn/d, z/d), i.e., a conguration convention (5, 4, 2) represents an array of multiple jets with streamwise pitch of xn/d = 5.0, spanwise pitch of yn/d = 4.0 and jet-toplate spacing of z/d = 2.0. The reference coordinate in the
streamwise direction is chosen at the line of symmetry as shown
in Fig. 2b.

Gactual

Gideal

8
0
 c1=c 191=2
>
 1=c >
P
=
< 2c
1

P0
P
B
C
P0
@
A
>
>
P0
RT 0
;
:c  1

10

5 6
x / xn

Fig. 3. Comparison of present heat transfer results with Florschuetz et al. [12].

9 10

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V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

1.0

2.0
1.6

Re = 10000

Re = 5000

Re = 7500

Re = 3000

Re = 10000
0.8

Model

Re = 5000

0.6

1.2

z/d = 2.0

Re = 7500

Re = 3000
0.4

0.8

Model

z/d = 2.0
0.2
(5, 6) configuration
One side exit

0.4

(5, 6) configuration
One side exit

0.0

0.0
0

10

x / xn

x / xn

(a) Jet-flow distribution

(b) Cross-flow distribution

10

Fig. 4. Comparison of present ow distribution with model of Florschuetz et al. [12].

and spanwise pitch of 6d for different jet-to-plate spacings. The

passage between the jet plate and the target plate is closed on
three sides and the spent air exits only in one direction. Local heat
transfer coefcients are estimated using Eq. (5). The local distribution of Nusselt numbers are averaged segment-wise such that each
segment is of spanwise length of 24d and of 2.5d length in streamwise direction. Twenty such segments are considered in streamwise direction. This is done because only segmental average
Nusselt numbers are reported in Florschuetz et al. [12] as the
copper block segments were used in heat transfer measurements.
Fig. 3 shows the distribution of segment-wise averaged Nusselt
numbers in the streamwise direction from the present study for
z/d = 1.0 and 2.0 at mean jet Reynolds number of 5000. A good
agreement between the present results for the measurement of
heat transfer distribution and the results presented in Florschuetz
et al. [12] is observed. This validates the apparatus and procedure
used for the measurement of heat transfer distribution in the
present experimentation.
Fig. 4a shows the variation in the ratio of individual row jet
mass ux to average jet mass ux of the entire array Gj =Gj in
the streamwise direction for (5, 6, 2) conguration and one side
exit. Fig. 4b shows the distribution of ratio of local cross-ow mass
ux to jet mass ux Gc =Gj in the streamwise direction for (5, 6, 2)
conguration and one side exit. The ow distributions are compared with the ow model suggested by Florschuetz et al. [13]
and the results show good agreement. This validates present method of ow distribution measurement.
5. Results and discussions

on jet hole diameter and average jet mass ux. The ow measurements are performed to estimate the amount of mass ow through
each row of holes and the distribution of crossow.
Fig. 5a shows the distribution of streamwise averaged Nusselt
number in the spanwise direction for y/d between 12d and 12d
and the spanwise repetitiveness of Nusselt numbers. Hence, the local distribution of Nusselt numbers in the streamwise direction
studied for spanwise locations from y/yn = 0 to y/yn = 0.5 can be
representative of the entire array. Location at y/yn = 0 corresponds
to streamwise line through jet centerline and y/yn = 0.5 corresponds to a streamwise line midway between two adjacent jet
centerlines. Similarly, Fig. 5b shows the distribution of spanwise
averaged Nusselt number in the streamwise direction. The streamwise symmetry of heat transfer characteristics exists about the line
of symmetry at x/d = 0, a spanwise line through center of the target
plate. Hence, during further discussion on ow and heat transfer
distribution, one portion from the line of symmetry is considered.
5.1. Flow distribution
Streamwise ow distributions of individual jet and spent air are
shown in Figs. 6ac for the congurations investigated at three
channel heights of d, 2d and 3d and mean jet Reynolds number
of 10,000. Fig. 6a shows the streamwise distribution of individual
jet-ow mass ux normalized with mean jet mass ux estimated
experimentally for spanwise pitches of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0. This distribution describes as to how the individual jet Reynolds number
vary in the streamwise direction with respect to mean Reynolds
number.

Experiments with all the congurations investigated are conducted at four different mean jet Reynolds numbers of 3000,
5000, 7500 and 10,000. The mean jet Reynolds number is based

80

Span-averaged Nu

Streamaveraged Nu

70
60
50
40

Rej
Re


6

Re = 10000
Re = 7500

80

Re = 5000
Re = 3000

(5, 2, 1) Two side exit

60
40
20

30
20
-12.0

100

5, 6, 3 configuration
Two side exit
Re = 10000

Gj
j
G

-6.0

0.0
y/d

6.0

12.0

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0
x/d

10

15

20

25

Fig. 5. Spanwise repetitive and streamwise symmetric distribution of Nusselt numbers for two side exit scheme.

89

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

z/d = 1.0

z/d = 2.0

z/d = 3.0
1.5

1.0

1.8
(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit

1.6

(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit

0.8

(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit

1.2

1.4

0.6

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.3

0.0

0.0

1.2

0.6
0.4

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.0
(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit

(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit

0.8

(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit

1.2

1.4
0.6

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.3

1.2

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.4
0

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.0
(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit

(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit

0.8

(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit

1.2

1.4
0.6

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.3

0.0

0.0

1.2

0.6
0.4
0

Fig. 6. Streamwise distribution of jet-ow and crossow characteristics for three congurations with two side exit.

Jet Reynolds numbers at the rst row in the streamwise direction from the line of symmetry is lower than the mean Reynolds
number. Jet Reynolds number is increasing with the streamwise
distance from the line of symmetry. This variation is found to increase with decrease in spanwise pitch and/or decrease in channel
height. Large variations are observed for z/d = 1.0 and yn/d = 2.0.
Fig. 6b shows the streamwise distribution of crossow mass
ux normalized with individual jet mass ux for mean jet Reynolds
number of 10,000. It is observed that (Gc/Gj) distribution varies linearly with larger spanwise pitch and higher jet-to-plate distances.
As the product of (yn/d) and (z/d) decreases, variation becomes
non-linear in the downstream. For z/d = 1.0 and yn/d = 2.0, the
non-linearity is maximum among the tests conducted. The distribution pattern helps in knowing the effect of crossow on the local
distribution of Nusselt number along the streamwise line through
jet axis i.e., along a streamwise line at y/yn = 0.
Fig. 6c shows the streamwise distribution of crossow mass ux
normalized with mean jet mass ux at different z/ds for spanwise
pitches of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 estimated experimentally. Increase in the
absolute values of crossow velocities in the streamwise direction

are observed from this gure for the congurations studied. The
rate of increase of crossow mass ux increases with decrease in
spanwise pitch and channel height. For the narrowest channel,
the crossow mass ux increases in a non-linear way. Inuence
of this parameter is predominant in the streamwise distribution
of Nusselt number midway between two adjacent spanwise jet
axes i.e., along a line in streamwise direction at y/yn = 0.5.
5.2. Heat transfer distribution
Figs. 79 show local distribution of Nusselt numbers for (5, 2),
(5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations respectively at spanwise locations
from y/yn = 0 to 0.5 in steps of 0.1 for z/d = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 and Reynolds numbers of 10,000. Spanwise jet hole row locations relative
to the heat transfer surface are indicated by the vertical arrows in
the gure. Figures also show the contour maps for respective conguration. It is observed that, heat transfer coefcients along all
lines from y/yn = 0 to 0.5 peak rst at x/d = 2.5 for all congurations
investigated. This location corresponds to centerline of rst spanwise row of jets least inuenced by the crossow.

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V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

y/yn = 0

y/yn = 0.3

y/yn = 0.1

y/yn = 0.4

y/yn = 0.2

y/yn = 0.5

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.0

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.5

100
5, 2, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

80

Cross-flow

60

Nu
40
20

Average Nu = 54.4

0
0

10

x/d

15

20

25

100
5, 2, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

80

Cross-flow

60

Nu
40
20

Average Nu = 48.34

0
0

10

x/d

15

20

25

100
5, 2, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

80

Cross-flow
60

Nu
40
20

Average Nu = 45.67

0
0

10

x/d

15

20

25

Fig. 7. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 2) conguration with two side exit.

For (5, 2) conguration, from Fig. 7, peak values are observed to

increase with increase in channel heights at all y/yn. At y/yn = 0,
stagnation Nusselt numbers at rst spanwise row are around 78,
85 and 90, respectively for z/d = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. The variation in
stagnation Nusselt number can be attributed to increase in the
jet Reynolds number values for this row of jets with increase in
the channel heights for the same mean jet Reynolds number as observed from ow distribution plots, Fig. 6a. However, for (5, 4) and
(5, 6) congurations increase of peak values with z/d at the rst
row of jets is marginal, Figs. 8 and 9. It is observed that the Nusselt
number distribution is not symmetric even about the rst stagnation point in the streamwise direction. That is, slope of distribution
on the upstream of the stagnation point is steeper than its downstream side. The asymmetry in the streamwise distribution decreases with increase in channel height and for higher spanwise
jet hole spacing.
In the downstream, all the spanwise row of jets experience
crossow of spent air from upstream jets. Peak values along
y/yn = 0 are pushed downstream from the respective jet centerlines. It is seen that, for (5, 2) conguration and z/d = 1.0, stagnation
points of the second, third and fourth spanwise row are shifted
respectively by about 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 times the streamwise pitch
in the crossow direction. The peak Nusselt numbers is observed

to be almost same for the rst and the second row but decreases
sharply for the third row. Further downstream, the peak Nusselt
numbers increase gradually and the Nusselt number due to last
spanwise row of jets is almost same as that of the rst row. The
peak Nusselt numbers decrease monotonically in the downstream
for z/d = 2.0 and 3.0 from the second row till exit. Figs. 8 and 9
show that peak Nusselt numbers along y/yn = 0 increase gradually at z/d = 1.0, marginally at z/d = 2.0 and almost remain same
at z/d = 3.0 for both (5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations. It is seen that
the amount of shift depends on crossow velocity ratio (Gc/Gj).
Hence, for (5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations experience lesser streamwise shift of peaks.
Similarly, the minima of Nusselt numbers along the line y/yn = 0
are also pushed but more in the downstream than the respective
peaks for all the congurations. It is noticed that, the streamwise
shift of the minima decreases with increase in channel height for
a given conguration. It is also observed that, for a given channel
height the streamwise shift of the minima decreases with increase
in the spanwise pitch.
The observations along the lines y/yn = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5
show that the uctuations of Nusselt numbers between peak and
minima decrease from y/yn = 0 to y/yn = 0.5 in the crossow direction. The uctuations diminish rapidly in the streamwise direction

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

y/yn = 0

y/yn = 0.3

y/yn = 0.1

y/yn = 0.4

y/yn = 0.2

y/yn = 0.5

91

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.0

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.5

120
5, 4, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 56.63

0
0

10

15

20

25

x/d
120
5, 4, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 55.89

0
0

10

15

20

25

x/d
120
5, 4, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 53.1

0
0

10

15

20

25

x/d
Fig. 8. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 4) conguration with two side exit.

for z/d = 1.0 at y/yn = 0.5. This indicates dominance of cross-ow

over jet-ow in this region. This is observed for the conguration
(5, 6, 1) at y/yn = 0.5 where the Nusselt number distribution almost
attens near channel exit. The uctuations in Nusselt numbers at
y/yn = 0.5 do not decay for other two z/ds in the downstream direction. It is observed that peak Nusselt numbers along the line
y/yn = 0.5 are pushed further in the downstream direction from
the respective jet centerlines which may be due to higher inuence
of crossow velocities.
Although the average Nusselt numbers for all streamwise locations due to rst row of jets are comparable, stagnation Nusselt
numbers with spanwise pitch of 6d are higher compared to spanwise pitch of 2d and 4d for a given z/d. Hence, it is observed that
variation of local Nusselt numbers along the spanwise line through
the centerline of rst row of jets for spanwise pitch of 6d is from 40
to 95 where as this variation is from 55 to 88 and 70 to 80 for spanwise pitches of 4d and 2d, respectively at z/d = 1.0 and mean jet
Reynolds number of 10,000. This may be due to increase in the
spanwise jet interaction with lower spanwise pitches.
The spanwise variation of Nusselt numbers is observed to
depend more on spanwise pitch. For (5, 2) conguration and
z/d = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0, the variation is seen around narrow region

of jet impingement until rst two spanwise rows of jets. This can
be seen from the contour maps that single colour strips across
the streamwise direction between the jets. Then for the next three
rows of jets, both the variation of Nusselt number and its band
increases.
5.3. Correlations for stripwise average Nusselt numbers resolved to one
streamwise hole spacing
Fig. 10 shows the distribution of stripwise averaged Nusselt
number in the crossow direction resolved to one hole spacing in
the streamwise direction for all the congurations studied at different channel heights. There are ve spanwise rows of jets on
either side of the line of symmetry in the streamwise direction.
Hence, ve strips are formed so that Nustrip at strip 1 corresponds
to stripwise averaged Nusselt number resolved to one hole spacing
due to the rst row of jets from the line of symmetry and so on, in
the crossow direction until channel exit.
Stripwise averaged Nusselt numbers for z/d = 1.0, rst decrease and then increase in the downstream for higher Reynolds
number. But, for Re = 3000, Nusselt numbers increase in the
crossow direction towards channel exit for all spanwise pitches

92

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

y/yn = 0

y/yn = 0.3

y/yn = 0.1

y/yn = 0.4

y/yn = 0.2

y/yn = 0.5

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.0

Streamwise line at y/yn = 0.5

120
5, 6, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 54.38

0
0

10

15

20

25

x/d
120
5, 6, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 52.82

0
0

10

x/d

15

20

25

120
5, 6, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000

100

Cross-flow

80

Nu 60
40
20

Average Nu = 50.78

0
0

10

15

20

25

x/d
Fig. 9. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 6) conguration with two side exit.

studied. The Nusselt numbers increase at a higher rate in the

downstream direction with lesser spanwise pitch. With increase
in channel height, Nusselt numbers due to upstream jets increase, where as the cooling rates decrease due to row of jets
near channel exit. These effects may be attributed to the fact
that, in this range of z/d (between 1.0 and 3.0), cooling rates increase with increase in channel height due to upstream jets because of minimal crossow. But, in the downstream channeltype ows arise as a result of crossow and cooling rates vary
inversely with channel height.
Correlations are developed for Nusselt numbers averaged to one
streamwise hole spacing as a function of mean jet Reynolds number, local jet velocity and crossow velocity parameters. Hence,

Nustrip


 

f Re; Gj =Gj ; Gc =Gj


The factors a0, a1, a2, b0 and b1 are evaluated from the present
experimental data using regression analysis. The factors of correlation are listed in the Table 2.
The various parameters of Eq. (8) can be estimated using the results from the model suggested in Florschuetz et al. [13]. The
expressions are as follows:

Gj
Gj

bN c cosh bx=xn
sinh bNc

p
2

pC

4
yn
d

!
d

 dz

and x xn i  1=2 and i 1; 2; 3; . . . ; N c 10




 sinh b x  1
xn
2
Gc
1
 
p

Gj
Cd 2
cosh b x

11

xn

Least squares power function ts are applied and the

correlation of the following form is obtained for air as the working
uid.


 G
j
Nustrip a0 Reaj 1 Pr0:33 
Gj

!a 2 

1  b0

Gc
Gj

b1
8

5.4. Discussion on average Nusselt number for two side exit scheme
The details of average Nusselt numbers for all the congurations at all Reynolds number and channel heights are given in
Table 3. Fig. 11 shows the variation of average Nusselt number

93

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

Re = 10000

Re = 5000

Re = 7500

Re = 3000

80

80
Two side exit
(5, 2, 1) configuration

70

70

40
30

50
40
30

50
40
30

20

20

20

10

10

10

0
0

2
3
4
Strip number

0
0

80

80
Two side exit
(5, 4, 1) configuration

70

2
3
4
Strip number

30

50
40
30

10

10

10

0
5

0
0

80

2
3
4
Strip number

80
Two side exit
(5, 6, 1) configuration

70

30

60
Strip-ave Nu

Strip-ave Nu

40

50
40
30

50
40
30

20

20

20

10

10

10

0
0

2
3
4
Strip number

2
3
4
Strip number

Two side exit

(5, 6, 3) configuration

70

60

50

80
Two side exit
(5, 6, 2) configuration

70

60

30
20

2
3
4
Strip number

40

20

50

20

60
Strip-ave Nu

Strip-ave Nu

40

2
3
4
Strip number

Two side exit

(5, 4, 3) configuration

70

60

50

80

Two side exit

(5, 4, 2) configuration

70

60
Strip-ave Nu

60
Strip-ave Nu

50

Two side exit

(5, 2, 3) configuration

70

60
Strip-ave Nu

Strip-ave Nu

60

Strip-ave Nu

80
Two side exit
(5, 2, 2) configuration

0
0

2
3
4
Strip number

2
3
4
Strip number

Fig. 10. Streamwise strip-average Nusselt number distribution for three congurations with two side exit.

Table 2
The correlation factors of Eq. (8)

Table 3
Average Nusselt numbers for different congurations

Conguration

xn/d

yn/d

z/d

Average Nusselt number at

Re = 3000

Re = 5000

Re = 7500

Re = 10,000

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

24.2
20.9
19.0
22.3
23.6
23.5
19.9
21.1
21.4

35.9
31.8
28.4
33.0
35.2
34.0
31.3
32.0
31.8

46.9
41.3
38.7
47.2
48.7
45.0
45.1
45.3
43.2

54.4
48.3
45.7
56.6
55.9
53.1
54.4
52.8
50.8

5, 2, 1
5, 2, 2
5, 2, 3
5, 4, 1
5, 4, 2
5, 4, 3
5, 6, 1
5, 6, 2
5, 6, 3

Factors of correlation
a0

a1

a2

b0

b1

0.0986
0.088
0.081
0.056
0.066
0.073
0.017
0.033
0.049

0.74
0.74
0.74
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.91
0.83
0.78

0.5
0.85
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.95
0.95
1.0
1.0

0.18
0.27
0.5
0.18
0.21
0.19
0.35
0.32
0.34

3.5
3.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.4
1.3
1.7
1.7

of the target surface and pressure loss coefcient

K; P0  Pa =0:5qV 2j , across the jet plate for the three congurations at different channel heights for mean jet Reynolds number
of 7500.

Comparisons of average Nusselt number for different channel

heights suggest that (5, 4) conguration performs better than other
two. It is observed that pressure loss coefcient for (5, 4) and (5, 6)
congurations are comparable and decrease with the channel

94

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

1.2

(5, 6)

(5, 2) Configuration

(5, 4)

z/d = 1.0

1.0

(5, 2)

z/d = 2.0

10

70

z/d = 3.0

0.8

60
8

Nu ave

50
40

Two side exit

Re = 10000

30

0.6

K
4

0.4

0.2

20
1

10

z/d

1. 2

(5, 4) Configuration
1.0

Fig. 11. Variation of average Nusselt number and pressure loss coefcient.

0.8

height. However, for spanwise pitch of 2d, pressure loss coefcients are higher at all z/ds. This indicates higher pumping power
requirement for spanwise pitch of 2d than 4d and 6d for the same
mean jet Reynolds number. Hence, it may be inferred that (5, 4)
conguration cools the target surface with lesser pumping power
compared to other two congurations.

0.6

z/d = 1.0
z/d = 2.0

0. 4

z/d = 3.0

5.5. Comparison of stagnation Nusselt numbers due to the spanwise

row of jets with single-jet estimates

0. 2

Fig. 6a shows variation of jet mass velocities in the streamwise

direction for (5, 6), (5, 4) and (5, 2) congurations at z/d = 1, 2 and 3.
Hence, individual Reynolds number at each spanwise row of jets
can be computed using Eq. (6). It is of some signicance to estimate
stagnation point Nusselt number due to each spanwise row of jets
at the respective Reynolds numbers and jet-to-plate distances
using the available empirical correlations for single-jet impingement. These estimated values can be compared with stagnation
point Nusselt numbers due to different jet array congurations. A
Nu
ratio Nu 0;multi-jet is dened for comparison. Nu0,multi-jet is the present
0;single-jet
experimental value representing stagnation Nusselt number due
to a jet in each spanwise row. Nu0,single-jet is the corresponding stagnation Nusselt number due to a single-jet estimated from the
empirical correlation at the same individual jet row Reynolds number and jet-to-plate spacing. The empirical correlations used are
reported in Katti and Prabhu [32]. Fig. 12 shows the variation of
Nu
the ratio Nu 0;multi-jet in the streamwise direction for a mean jet Rey0;single-jet
nolds number of 10,000. Abscissa represents the streamwise jet
row number from the line of symmetry. The value of the ratio closer to 1.0 indicates lesser inuence of crossow and jet-to-jet
interaction on the stagnation point Nusselt number. It is seen that,
for all the three congurations, the inuence of crossow and jetto-jet interaction at the stagnation point is minimum at the rst jet
row from the line of symmetry. However, for higher z/d, the ratio
slightly drops at the rst jet row. The drop in the ratio is signicant
for (5, 2) conguration except at z/d = 3.0. This may be because of
strong jet-to-jet interaction caused by smaller spanwise pitch.
It is observed that, for (5, 6) and (5, 4) congurations, the ratio
decreases marginally with increase in z/d and increase in spanwise
jet row number. This indicates the inuence of crossow on the
stagnation Nusselt number with increase in z/d. However, the stagnation Nusselt numbers experience large inuence of crossow for
(5, 2) conguration. This is conrmed in Fig. 7 where location of
stagnation Nusselt numbers along y/yn = 0 shift by large amounts

1.2

(5, 6) Configuration
1.0

0.8

0.6

z/d = 1.0
z/d = 2.0

0.4

z/d = 3.0
0.2
1

Fig. 12. Comparison of stagnation Nusselt numbers for a row of jet with
corresponding single-jet values at a mean jet Reynolds number of 10,000.

in the downstream direction from the respective spanwise row

jet centerlines.
6. Conclusions
Experimental investigation is carried out to study the local heat
transfer distribution on the target plate due to conned impingement of an in-line rectangular array of multiple jets with spent
air ow exiting in two opposite directions. Spent ow from upstream jets imposes a cross-ow on the downstream jets. Streamwise pitch of 5d, spanwise pitch of 2d, 4d and 6d with channel
heights of d, 2d and 3d are considered. Numbers of jets in the
streamwise and spanwise direction are respectively 10 and 6.
Mean jet Reynolds number is varied from 3000 to 10,000.

V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495

Discharge coefcient of jet plate is determined and hence individual spanwise jet velocities and channel crossow velocities in
streamwise direction are experimentally estimated.
The conclusions derived from the experimental study are as
follows:
 Local distribution of Nusselt numbers along streamwise line
through jet centers uctuate with peaks occurring for each jet.
The uctuations decay more rapidly for z/d = 3.0 than z/d = 1.0.
The values at the peaks increase in the downstream for
z/d = 1.0 but they decrease for z/d = 3.0. The locations of peaks
shift towards the downstream from jet centerline due to crossow of spent air.
 Local distribution of Nusselt numbers along streamwise direction at y/yn = 0.5 uctuate with milder peaks occurring for each
jet. The uctuations attenuate rapidly for z/d = 1.0 than z/d = 3.0.
The values at the peaks increase in the downstream for z/d = 1.0
almost linearly because of increased cross-ow velocities in the
channel but they decrease for z/d = 3.0. The locations of peaks
shift much further towards the downstream from jet centerline
due to crossow of spent air.
 Although the average Nusselt numbers for all streamwise locations due to rst row of jets are comparable, stagnation Nusselt
numbers with spanwise pitch of 6d are higher compared to
spanwise pitch of 2d and 4d for a given z/d. Spanwise variations
in local heat transfer coefcient at different streamwise lines are
larger at higher spanwise pitches. This may be due to increase in
the spanwise jet interaction with lower spanwise pitches.
 Comparison on the basis of average Nusselt number and pressure loss coefcient shows that the conguration with spanwise
pitch of 4d performs better than 2d and 6d.
 Correlations are developed and the correlation results agree better with the experimental data.
 Signicant deterioration in stagnation point heat transfer coefcient in comparison with impingement due to single-jet is
observed for lower spanwise pitch (5, 2). This may be because
of spanwise jet-to-jet interaction and crossow.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge nancial support provided
by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), India, for conducting this study.
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