4G Report

4G: The Future Mobile Technology 1
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELGAUM.
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“ 4G: The Future Mobile Technology ”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Submitted by
RAJESH B. V.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU-560056
2010
Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

ABSTRACT
With the emerging innovations in wireless communication

networks, it is anticipated that fourth generation mobile systems
will be launched within a decade or before. 4G mobile systems
focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless
technologies including WCDMA, HSUPA/HSDPA, 1xEVDO,
Wireless LAN, and Bluetooth.4G systems aspire to support
comprehensive and personalized services, providing stable
system performance and quality service. However, with ever-
changing specifications and standards, developing a prototype
that provides the 4G systems’ capabilities requires a flexible
process. Besides, migrating current systems to 4G present’s
enormous challenges. This paper intends to deal with the
fundamentals and issues of networks, technologies, spectrum,
standards, terminals, services of 4G and about the visions that
the network operators and service providers see for the evolution
of 4G mobile systems. The paper endeavors to make an
evaluation on development, transition, and roadmap for fourth
generation mobile communication system with a perspective of
wireless convergence domain. Finally, a brief discussion on
future research issues in 4G is presented.

CONTENTS
1) List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
i. Before 4G ..... ..................... 2
ii. 4G Mobile Communication System. . . . . . . . . . . 4
3) Service Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4) Multi-technology Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5) Caching and Pico Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6) Desirable Characteristics of 4G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7) Features of Fourth Generation technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8) Technologies for 4G:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . 16
B. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
C. Software defined radio (SDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9) Key Features of 4G: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10) Applications and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
11) Challenges for the 4G mobile Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 28
12) Current merits of 4G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
13) Dangers Associated with 4G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
14) Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
15) Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
16) Bibilography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

1. List of Figures
Fig 1.1 Comparison table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Fig 1.2 Evolution of 4G technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig 1.3 Service evolution Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fig 1.4 Multiple Overlay Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fig 1.5 Pico cell network Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fig 1.6 Prospective Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12
Fig 1.7 OFDM parameters in 4G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fig 1.8 MIMO Wireless System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fig 1.9 Block Diagram of Generic Software Defined Radio. . . . . . . . . 20
Fig 1.10 Heterogeneous Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Fig 1.11 Generalized Evolution from 3G to 4G .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig 1.12 Vertical Hand Off and Horizontal Hand off.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2. INTRODUCTION:
i. BEFORE 4G
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G(First generation) to
fourth generation is discussed in this section.
A. First generation
The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as
1G. Almost all of the systems from this generation were analog systems
where voice was considered to be the main traffic. The first generation
wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. These systems could often be
listened to by third parties. Some of the standards are NMT, AMPS, Hicap,
CDPD, Mobitex,DataTac, TACS and ETACS.
B. 2G (Second generation)
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used
mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including
digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit
switched data communication services at a low speed.
All the standards belonging to this generation were commercial centric and
they were digital in form. The second generation of wireless mobile
communication systems was a huge success story because of its
revolutionary technology and the services that it brought to its users. Besides
high-quality speech service, global mobility was a strong and convincing
reason for users to buy 2G terminals. The second generation standards are
GSM, iDEN, D-AMPS, IS-95, PDC, CSD, PHS, GPRS,HSCSD, and WiDEN.

Fig 1.1 Comparison table
C. 2.5G
2.5G is the intermediate generation between 2G and 3G cellular wireless
technologies. This term is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched
domain. 2.5G is not an officially defined term rather it was invented for
marketing purpose. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is
packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM
and CDMA networks (ref. to fig. 2).

D. 3G (Third generation)
To meet the growing demands in network capacity, rates required for high
speed data transfer and multimedia applications, 3G standards started
evolving. The systems in this standard are essentially a linear enhancement
of 2G systems. They are based on two parallel backbone infrastructures, one
consisting of circuit switched nodes, and one of packet oriented nodes. The
third generation (3G) has been launched in several parts of the world, but
the success story of 2G is hard to repeat.
Fig 1.2 Evolution of 4G technology
ii. 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS :
At present, plethora of wireless technologies with their own

merits and demerits exist globally, the upcoming 4G mobile
communications system is foreseeing potentially a smooth
merger of these technologies with a goal to support cost effective
seamless communication at high data rate supported with global

roaming and user customized personal services. Technically, 4G

stands for one integrated, IP-based environment for all
telecommunications requirements including voice, video,
broadcasting media and Internet that utilizes both fixed and
wireless networks. Users being central focus in 4G, by means of
intelligent terminals, can get simple broadband access to a range
of services that take into account his personal preferences and
context. Even without interrupting ongoing conversation, work or
video viewing, the user can change terminals or switch
unnoticeably between the underlying fixed and mobile networks
(UMTS, WLAN, etc.). And by means of ad-hoc networking, his
mobile terminals can form networks among themselves or with
the terminals of third parties. Throughout all this complex
procedures, the user always maintains full control over privacy,
security risks and costs. This extraordinary vision regarding 4G
networks and services is a natural extension of the current
development of broadband Internet and 3G mobile networks like
UMTS.
3. Service Evolution
The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better
quality (e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more
sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and
improved personalization.
Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about
through the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection
and a revenue model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network
capacity is expected to be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will
involve two basic equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and

tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users

will require high data rates, similar to those on fixed networks, for data and
streaming applications. Mobile terminal usage laptops, Personal digital
assistants, handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become more user
friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user
requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include: fast response,
high session rate, high capacity, low user charges and simple autonomous
terminals. The infrastructure will be much more distributed than in current
deployments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic:
machine- to machine. Figure 1 shows one vision of how services are likely to
evolve; most such visions are similar.
Fig 1.3 Service evolution Vision

Dimensioning targets
A simple calculation illustrates the order of magnitude. The design target in
terms of radio performance is to achieve a scalable capacity from 50 to 500
bit/s/Hz/km2 (including capacity for indoor use).

As a comparison, the expected best performance of 3G is around 10

bit/s/Hz/km2 using High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Multiple-
Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), etc. No current technology is capable of such
performance.
Dimensioning objectives
Based on various traffic analyses, the Wireless World Initiative (WWI) has
issued target air interface performance figures. A consensus has been
reached
4. Multi-technology Approach
Many technologies are competing on the road to 4G, as can be seen in Figure
3.Three paths are possible, even if they are more or less specialized. The first
is the 3G-centric path, in which Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) will be
progressively pushed to the point at which terminal manufacturers will give
up. When this point is reached, another technology will be needed to realize
the required increases in capacity and data rates. The second path is the
radio LAN one. Widespread Deployment of Wi-Fi is expected to start in 2005
for PCs, laptops and PDAs.In enterprises, voice may start to be carried by
Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN). However, it is not clear what the next
successful technology will be. Reaching a consensus on a 200Mbit/s (and
more) technology will be a lengthy task, with too many proprietary solutions
on offer. A third path is IEEE 802.16e and 802.20, which are simpler than 3G
for the equivalent performance. A core network evolution towards a
broadband Next Generation Network (NGN) will facilitate the introduction of
new access network technologies through standard access gateways, based
on ETSI-TISPAN, ITU-T, 3GPP, China Communication Standards Association
(CCSA) and other standards. How can an operator provide a large number of
users with high session data rates using its existing infrastructure? At least

two technologies are needed. The first (called ―parent coverage‖) is dedicated
to large coverage and real-time services. Legacy technologies, such as 2G/3G
and their evolutions will be complemented by Wi-Fi and WiMAX. A second set
of technologies is needed to increase capacity, and can be designed without
any constraints on coverage continuity. This is known as Pico-cell coverage.
Only the use of both technologies can achieve both targets (Figure 4).
Handover between parent coverage and Pico cell coverage is different from a
classical roaming process, but similar to classical handover. Parent coverage
can also be used as a back-up when service delivery in the Pico cell becomes
too difficult.
Fig 1.4 Multiple Overlay Architecture

5. Caching and Pico Cells

Memory in the network and terminals facilitates service delivery. In cellular
systems, this extends the capabilities of the MAC scheduler, as it facilitates
the delivery of real-time services. Resources can be assigned to data only
when the radio conditions are favorable. This method can double the capacity
of a classical cellular system.
In Pico cellular coverage, high data rate (non-real-time) services can be
delivered even when reception/transmission is interrupted for a few seconds.
Consequently, the coverage zone within which data can be
received/transmitted can be designed with no constraints other than limiting
interference. Data delivery is preferred in places where the bitrate is a
maximum. Between these areas, the coverage is not used most of the time,
creating an apparent discontinuity. In these areas, content is sent to the
terminal cache at the high data rate and read at the service rate. Coverages
are ―discontinuous‖. The advantage of coverage, especially when designed
with caching technology, is high spectrum efficiency, high scalability (from 50
to 500 bit/s/Hz), high capacity and lower cost. A specific architecture is
needed to introduce cache memory in the network. An example is shown in
Figure 8. At the entrance of the access network, lines of cache at the
destination of a terminal are built and stored. When a terminal enters an area
in which a transfer is possible, it simply asks for the line of cache following
the last received. Between the terminal and the cache. A simple, robust and
reliable protocol is used between the terminal and the cache for every service
delivered in this type of coverage.

Fig 1.5 Pico cell network Design

6. Desirable Characteristics of 4G
The move to 4G is complicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G

protocol. Without a single standard on which to build, designers face
significant additional challenges. 4G does not have any solid specification as
of yet, so the key design parameters rely on general proposals. Figure 1
illustrates a prospective view of physical layer of 4G.
The desirable characteristics of 4G are: -

(i) Carrier frequency: 5GHz,
(ii) Channel bandwidth /operator: 50MHz
(iii) Target data rate: 100 to 1000 Mbits/s.
(iv) Channel is assumed to be extremely frequency-selective.
(v) Ubiquity: Seamless Communication, Next-generation internet
Supporting IPv6,Mobile over IP.
(vi) System & Infrastructure cost: 1/10-1/100 to that of 3G
(vii)Multiplexing options: single-carrier (SC), multi-carrier(MC)
(Including OFDM).
(viii) Multi-access options: TDMA, CDMA.

Parameters 4G
Key Requirement Data and voice converged over IP

Network Architecture Wireless LAN and WAN
IP All IP (lPv6)
Frequency Band Higher frequency bands 2-8 GHz
Bandwidth 5- 20 MHz (might even go to 100 MHz or
higher)
Data Rate Up to 20 Mbps (might even reach 100 Mbps
or more)
Access Technology Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) or OFDM(TDMA)
Forward Error Correction Concatenated codes (FEC)
Switching Design Basic Packet
Mobile Top Speeds 200 km/hr
Deployment 2007-2010
Component Design Smarter Antennas, software multi-band and
wideband radios
Service type Multimedia Machine to Machine

7. FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY
There are several reasons which are sufficient to answer a simple question-
why do we need to adopt 4G technology?
Below are some of the features of 4G which make it an ―above all‖
technology.
A. High performance
Industry experts say that users will not be able to take advantages of rich
multimedia content across wireless networks with 3G. In contrast to this 4G
will feature extremely high quality video of quality comparable to HD(high
definition) TV. Wireless downloads at speeds reaching 100 Mbps, i.e. 50
times of 3G, are possible with 4G.
B. Interoperability and easy roaming

Multiple standards of 3G make it difficult to roam and interoperate across
various networks, whereas 4G provides a global standard that provides global
mobility. Various heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in
terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate. Therefore, each of them
is practically designed to support a
Different set of specific services and devices, 4G will encompass various
types of terminals, which may have to provide common services
independently of their capabilities. This concept is referred to as service
personalization
C. Fully converged services.

If a user want to be able to access the network from lots of different
platforms: cell phones, laptops, PDAs he is free to do so in 4G which delivers

connectivity intelligent and flexible enough to support streaming video, VoIP

telephony, still or moving images, e-mail, Web browsing, e-commerce, and
location-based services through a wide variety of devices. That means
Freedom for consumers.
D. Low cost.
4G systems will prove far cheaper than 3G, since they can be built atop
existing networks and won't require operators to completely retool and won't
require carriers to purchase costly extra spectrum. In addition to being a lot
more cost efficient, 4G is spectrally efficient, so carriers can do more with
less.
E. Devices: more user friendly interface

4G devices are expected to be more visual and intuitive rather than today’s
text and menu based systems. They will be able to interact with the
environment around it and act accordingly.

F. Enhanced GPS Services

In addition to locating individuals, a 4G version of GPS tech might be able to
let people be virtually present in a variety of places.
G. Scalability
It is most challenging aspect of the mobile networks. It refers to ability to
handle ever increasing number of users and services. Since an all IP core
layer of 4G is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge.
H. Crisis-Management applications
Natural disasters can affect the entire communications infrastructure is in
disarray. Restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband
wireless mobile communications Internet and video services, could be set up
in hours instead of days or even weeks required for restoration of wireline
communications.
8. TECHNOLOGIES FOR 4G :
A mix of concepts and technologies involves in the making of 4G mobile

communications. Some originate from 3G, and are called evolutionary (e.g.,
evolutions of WCDMA and cdma2000). Other is revolutionary which involves
new approaches to wireless mobile. Following are some of the technologies
considered for 4G.
A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

B. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
C. Software defined radio (SDR)

A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM):
When a high speed mobile is transmitting its signals in high frequency band,
it is affected severely from frequency selective fading. OFDM is being
developed to reduce this frequency selective fading. OFDM is a combination
of modulation and multiplexing. OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission
technique, which uses the similar technique as that of Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM). Multiple messages can be sent in moving a single radio
channel in OFDM using principles of FDM.OFDM uses the spectrum more
efficiently by making all the sub-carriers orthogonal to one another, using
fast Fourier transform (FFT) to prevent interference between the closely
spaced sub-carriers, allowing an improved spectral efficiency. OFDM achieves
multiple access capability usually by using CDMA or TDMA. Since each carrier
in an OFDM signal has a very narrow bandwidth (i.e. few kHz), the resulting
symbol rate is low. Due to the orthogonal nature of the modulation, these
multiple sub-carriers overlap in the frequency domain, but do not cause
Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI). In OFDM, the guard band is reduced by the
orthogonal packing of the subcarriers, improving the spectral efficiency.
Fig 1.7 OFDM parameters in 4G

In OFDM and related modulations techniques, multiple coherent sub-carriers

are modulated and codes are used to insure that encoded bits can be
decoded even if some of the sub-carriers arrive at very low signal-to-noise
ratio rendering OFDM is more resistant to inter-symbol interference. The
main advantages of OFDM over other communication modes are that it solves
the problem of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), has high bandwidth
efficiency, scalable to high data rates, flexible modulation scheme which can
be made adaptive, good at minimizing the effects of time-dispersion, no
requirement of channel equalization, no need for phase lock of the local
oscillators stem. Besides, OFDM is easier to implement then CDMA by small
companies, as CDMA networks need more experienced engineers .
B. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO):
SmartlMultiple antennas can significantly increase systems capacity and have

intelligent functions as suppressions of interference signals, auto-tracking of
desired signals, and digital beam-forming with adaptive space-time
processing algorithms. One smart-antenna system which shows promise in
4G systems is MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) [as shown in figure 2,
particularly since the antenna systems at both transmitter and receiver are

usually a limiting factor when attempting to support increased data rates.

The idea behind MIMO is that the signals at transmit (TX) antennas end and
at receive (RX) antennas end are "combined" so that both the quality (Bit
Error Rate or BER) and the data rate (bits/sec) of the communication can be
improved. From this the both the network's quality of service and the
operator's revenues can be increased.
Fig 1.8 MIMO Wireless System
There are two different perspectives for MIMO systems. First, from the pure
diversity point of view, one can enhance the fading statistics of the received
signal by the virtue of multiple available replicas being affected by the
independent fading channels. The reliability of the communication link can be
improved, the outage probability can be decreased, and the effects of multi-
path fading can be reduced by sending the same signal through parallel and
independent fading channels. The second approach is referred as spatial
multiplexing
In this approach the spectral efficiency can be increased by transmitting
different information streams on parallel spatial channels associated with the
transmit antennas. The receiver terminal should be equipped with at least
same number of receive antennas as the number of parallel channels
generated by the transmitter in order to separate the individual streams.
As the mobile terminals are getting smaller and smaller in size it is difficult to
incorporate multiple antennas on them. For solving this issue, a new

approach called cooperative MIMO relaying (CMIMOR) or virtual antenna

array (VAA) technology has been proposed. This approach appears to be
valid for implementing a MIMO system in mobile terminals.
C. Software defined radio (SDR):
Due to the constant evolution of mobile communication systems (2G, 3G, and
4G), the wireless industry is facing problems in global roaming to provide
different services to the mobile subscribers. SDR technology promises to
solve these problems by implementing the radio functionality as software
modules running on a generic hardware platform. Further, different standards
can be presented in the radio system through the implementation of multiple
software modules. Through SDR the user's terminal can be operated in
multimode fashion, adapting themselves to various network wireless
interfaces. The main purpose of SDR is to make a user terminal operate in
different kinds of wireless networks, overcoming power, cost, size, and
compatibility limitations. SDR is one form of open wireless architecture
(OWA). Since 4G is the collection of wireless standards, the final form of the
4G device will constitute all standards. This can be realized using SDR
technology. Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication
technology that is based on software defined wireless communication
protocols instead of hardwired implementations; frequency band, air interface
protocol and functionality can be upgraded with software download and
update instead of a complete hardware replacement.
SDR consists of three major functional blocks as shown in the figure 3,

namely front end (RF section), the IF section and the base-band section. The
RF section (also called RF frontend) is responsible for transmitting and
receiving the radio frequency (RF) signal from the antenna. The conversion

from analog to digital (on receiving path) and from digital to analog (on the
transmitting path) is performed by using the at the IF section. The base-band
operations such as connection setup, equalization, frequency hopping, timing
recovery, and correlation are performed at the base-band section.
The development of multi-band, multi-standard, multi-mode radio systems

using SDR technology is fostered by the availability of smart antennas,
wideband RF front-end, wideband technologies and ever increasing
processing capacity of DSPs and general-purpose microprocessors. The main
advantages of SDR are:
• Flexibility and reconfigurability: which allows dynamic configuration of
the system by selecting the appropriate software module to run
• Interoperability: Using the SDR system, it is possible to integrate other
associated software functions into the system more easily.
• Connectivity: by uploading another software module, we can enable the
mobile terminals for using different protocols and standards.
SDR has some drawbacks like, it is impossible to have just one antenna and
one low noise amplifier to serve the wide range of frequency bands. It can be
done by using multiple analog parts to work in different frequency bands but

by doing this the complexity and physical size of the terminal will be
increased. The other problem is that the available ADCs are not fast enough.
Finally, we have to use parallel DSP in order to allow real-time execution of
software implemented radio interface functions.
9. Key Features of 4G:
User Friendliness and User Personalization — In order to encourage

people to move towards a new technology, which is a process that usually
takes a long time and a great deal of effort from the operators’ side, a
combination of user friendliness and user personalization appears to be the
winning concept. User friendliness exemplifies and minimizes the interaction
between applications and users thanks to a well designed transparency that
allows the users and the terminals to naturally interact (e.g., the integration
of new speech interfaces is a great step for achieving this goal). For instance,
in scenario A, users can get traveling information in the most user-friendly
way: text, audio, or video format. User personalization refers to the way
users can configure the operational mode of their device and preselect the
content of the services chosen according to their preferences. Since every
new technology is designed keeping in mind the principal aim to penetrate
the mass market and to have a strongly impact on people’s lifestyles, the
new concepts introduced by 4G are based on the assumption that each user
wants to be considered as a distinct, valued customer who demands special
treatment for his or her exclusive needs. Therefore, in order to embrace a
large spectrum of customers, user personalization must be provided with
high granularity, so that the huge amount of information is filtered according
to the users’ choices. This is illustrated in scenario B, where users can receive
targeted pop-up advertisements. The combination between user
personalization and user friendliness provides users with easy management

of the overall features of their devices and maximum exploitation of all the
possible applications, thus conferring the right value to their expense.
Terminal Heterogeneity and Network Heterogeneity — In order to be a

step ahead of 3G, 4G must not only provide higher data rates but also a clear
and tangible advantage in people’s everyday life. Therefore, we believe that
the success of 4G will consist of a combination of terminal heterogeneity and
network heterogeneity. Terminal heterogeneity refers to the different types of
terminals in terms of display size, energy consumption, portability/weight,
complexity, and so forth (Fig. 3).
Fig 1.10 Heterogeneous Terminals
Network heterogeneity is related to the increasing heterogeneity of wireless

networks due to the proliferation in the number of access technologies
available (e.g., UMTS, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth). These heterogeneous
wireless access networks (Fig. 4) typically differ in terms of coverage, data
rate, latency, and loss rate. Therefore, each of them is practically designed to
support a different set of specific services and devices.

As explained below, 4G will encompass various types of terminals, which may

have to provide common services independently of their capabilities.
Therefore, tailoring content for end-user devices will be necessary in order to
optimize the service presentation. Furthermore, the capabilities of the
terminal in use will determine whether or not new services are to be
provisioned, so as to offer the best enjoyment to the user and prevent
declining interest and elimination of a service offering. This concept is
referred to as service personalization (Fig. 2) and is clearly highlighted in
scenario D. It implicitly constrains the number of access technologies
supportable
by the user’s personal device. However, this limitation may be solved in the
following ways:
By the development of devices with “evolutionary design.” A naive

example can clarify this concept: in the case where a user
has a watch-phone on which he would like to see a football match, simply by
pressing a button on the watch’s side, a self extracting monitor with a larger
display can emerge. Therefore, having the most adaptable device in terms of

design can provide customers with the most complete application package,
thus maximizing the number of services supported.
By mean of a “personalization transfer.” An example extracted from

scenario D can clarify this concept: in the case where the user has a watch-
phone on which he would like to see a video, he does not need to possess
larger display terminals, as all the publicly available terminals can be
borrowed for the displaying time. Therefore, the advantage for the customers
is to buy a device on which they have the potential to get the right
presentation for each service, freeing it from its intrinsic restrictions.
Furthermore, in a private environment, users can optimize the service
presentation as they wish, thus exploiting the multiple terminals they have at
disposal. The several levels of dependency highlighted by the
―usercentric‖system definitely stress the fact that it is not feasible to design
4G starting from the access technology in order to satisfy the user’s
requirements. A contextual understanding and a strong preliminary
consideration of the user are a more relevant and appropriate approach to
the design.
The Real Technical Step-Up of 4G:

“Integration” of Heterogeneous Systems
The real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G can be summarized with
the word integration — seamless integration of already existing and new
networks, services, and terminals, in order to satisfy ever-increasing user
demands.

System Design Rules:

Regardless of the actual technology, the forthcoming generation will be able
to allow complete interoperability among heterogeneous networks and
associated technologies, thus providing clear advantages in terms of:
Coverage. In Fig. 5,
we show the shift in paradigm: while 2G was focused on full coverage for
cellular systems offering only one technology and 3G provides its services
only in dedicated areas and introduces the concept of vertical handover
through the coupling with wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, 4G
will be a convergence platform extended to all the network layers. Hence, the
user will be connected almost anywhere thanks to widespread coverage due
to the exploitation of the various networks available. In particular, service
provinFigure

service providers share the core network infrastructure,meaning that

compromise of a single provider may result incollapse of the entire network
infrastructure. Finally, service theft and billing fraud can take place if there
are third-parties masquerading as legitimate ones.
New end-user equipments can also become a source of malicious (e.g., DoS)
attacks, viruses, worms, spam mails and calls, and so on. In particular, the
Spam over Internet Telephony (SPIT), the new spam for VoIP, will become a
serious problem just like the e-mail spam today. For example, SPITs
targeting VoIP gateways can consume available bandwidth, thereby severely
degrading QoS and voice quality.
Clearly, the open nature of VoIP makes it easy for the attackers to broadcast
SPITs similarly to the case of spam emails. Other possible VoIP threats
include:
(1) Spoofing that misdirects communications, modifies data, or even
transfers cash from a stolen credit card number,
(2) SIP registration hijacking that substitutes the IP address of packet header
with attacker’s own,
(3) eavesdropping of private conversation that intercepts and crypt-analyzes

IP packets, and phishing attacks that steal user names, passwords, bank
accounts, credit cards, and even social security numbers

10. APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES
Generally, four categories of services or applications are being developed for

use in the 4G wireless communications.
They are as follows:
A. Localized/Personalized Information Services

Information such as general news, location guides, mobile commerce, and
travel services will be provided by the Localized/personalized information
services and applications. Through this service roaming on other systems can
be performed for the user with single profile.
~ Communications Services
Communications services include short messaging service(SMS), e-mail,
video conferencing, fax, and bulletin boards. Although some of these services
are available in today's wireless systems, these services will be greatly
enhanced in future generations. Speed and reliability are the most notable
enhancements planned for these services.
~ Organizational Services
Organizational services include personal digital assistant(POA) capabilities,
currency exchange based on user location and other personal management
applications (e.g., calendars, call management, and address books).
~ Entertainment Services
Entertainment services may include streaming audio, streaming video, chat,
photo trading, and gaming. In the Asian wireless market, where preliminary

iterations of 3G are being deployed, entertainment services are generating

substantial revenue.
Other main application of 4G is Tele-geoprocessing. It is a combination of
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems
(GPS), working in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system. Tele-
geoprocessing over 4G networks will make it possible for the public safety
community to have wireless operational functionality and specialized
applications for everyday operations, as well as for crisis management.
Virtual navigation is also an important application. A remote database
contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical
characteristics of a large metropolitan area. Blocks of this database are
transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program
permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. They may also
"virtually" see the internal layout of buildings to plan an emergency rescue,
or to plan to engage hostile elements hidden in the building.
11. CHALLENGES FOR THE 4G MOBILE SYSTEMS
4G systems means to integrate different networks, different terminals and

different services together seamlessly. The 4G mobile networks are all-IP
based network with heterogeneous connectivity. It allows the users to use
the wide range of applications provided by the different providers through the
integrated terminals, any time and anywhere. To migrate from current
systems to the 4G systems, there would be numerous numbers of challenges
we have to face. Below are some of the challenges that researchers and
developers of 4G are likely to face.

A. Multiple 4G definitions
Since the work has just begun on 4G mobile networks, there is no well
accepted or unique definition of 4G presented. Despite of huge research and
years of discussion, there is no worldwide consensus on the definition of 4G.
However some R&D companies, operators, and organizations are starting to
identify some common characteristics. There is a need for global 4G standard
from users to service providers, to manufactures.
B. Multimode user devices

As there will be wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless
networks, a terminal will be needed which can adapt to different wireless
networks by reconfiguring itself. This will be done by a multimode terminal
which eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware
components in a terminal). Multimode terminals can be implemented using
software defined radio approach. Figure 4 illustrates the block diagram of an
ideal software radio. It consists of two parts namely analog and digital.
Analog part of the receiver have an antenna, a band pass filter (BPF), and a
low noise amplifier (LNA). The signal received in the digital part is first
digitized by the analog/digital converter (ADC) after the analog processing.
After ADC the DSP will process the digitized signal in accordance with the
wireless environment.

C. Wireless System Selection

Using 4G mobile, the user can select any available wireless networks for the
required application. Because the using of a suitable network for a specific
service as every network has unique features, hence the right selection of
network can ensure the QoS required by each session. However, the
challenge is to correctly select the network for each communication session
since network availability changes from time to time. One of the solutions to
this challenge is that while making the network selection, the network
resources and minimum QoS requirements should be considered.
D. Terminal Mobility
To get different types of wireless services at any time and anywhere, is
known as terminal mobility. Terminal mobility is must in 4G infrastructure
because the 4G network will be a heterogeneous network. In terminal
mobility, there are two main issues, location management and handoff
management. In location management the mobile terminal is tracked and
located by the system for possible connection. While ongoing communications
is maintained by the handoff management when the terminal roams. In the
4G network systems, it is even more difficult to solve the handoff problem
because two types of handoff are involved, horizontal handoff and vertical
handoff. Figure 5 illustrates the horizontal and vertical handoff. Horizontal
handoff is performed when the terminal roaming is in same wireless systems
that is from one cell to another cell,
while vertical handoff is done when the terminal movement is between two
different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM).

Fig 1.12 Vertical Hand Off and Horizontal Hand off
4G can be seen as a common, flexible and scalable converging platform.

Equivalently, 4G can be understood as combination of many networks and
access technologies. Integrating several networks and access technologies, to
realize a pleasant mobile network would be one of the greatest initial
challenges of 4G. Some recommendations that are solved are as follows.
• 4G definitions: There is no worldwide consensus on the definition of the
4G, regardless of huge efforts and several years of discussions. A global
definition of 4G is needed before its standardization starts.
• Seamless interconnectivity: 4G mobile network will be the network of
networks, then how these heterogeneous networks will work and how they
will appear as the single network.
• User centric approach: The most logical approach to the 4G development
appears to be putting the user in the center of the scene, developing the new
technology based on the user demands and expectations. Failing to provide
the user needs may leads to the failure of4G.
• New access architectures: In future mobile networks there may be a
need for the non conventional access Architectures to replace conventional

ones in many circumstances. More studies need to be conducted on these

Approaches.
• Spectrum issues: Designing a real wireless system without the knowledge
of frequency bands (spectrum) is very difficult, in particular for multi-antenna
based system such as MIMO technology.
12. Current Merits of 4G
4G is esteemed to possess benefits such as High usability providing

accessibility anytime and anywhere through a range of technologies,
increased data transfer speed, improved quality of service, and wide variety
of interactive services. Following are some current technical merits from 2010
perspective in brief are –
(i) 4G will be completely wireless thereby requiring no ditch digging. It will
completely by-pass any low capacity wired connection.
(ii) Accessibility of multimedia services to users at any place, any time.
(iii) 4G will be cheap, thereby, allowing carriers to upgrade inexpensively.
(iv) Evolution of new type input/output devices for fast data exchange
expediting growth in markets of PCs, consumer electronics, microprocessors
and software and facilitating increased competition amongst applications and
service-providers for users.
(v)Extremely High QoS.

13. Dangers Associated with 4G
Following are enumerated the dangers associated with 4G:

1) Mobile devices will be complex, new layers of technological abstraction will
be added, lower layers may be fairly secure, and software at higher layer
may introduce vulnerabilities or vice-versa.
2) Attacks on application level: 4G cellular wireless devices will be known
for software applications which will provide innovative feature to the user but
will introduce new holes, leading to more attacks at the application level.
3) Jamming and spoofing: Jamming is happens when a transmitter sending
out signals at the same frequency displaces a GPS signal. Spoofing refers to
fake GPS signals being sent out, in which case the GPS receiver thinks that
the signals comes from a satellite and calculates the wrong co-ordinates.
Criminals can use such techniques to interfere with police work.
4) Location Based Services (LBS): Law Enforcement Agencies with the
help GPS receiver can quickly determined which unit is closest to the location
of a reported incident and can get there fast. Alternatively criminals can
deceive the Law Enforcement Agencies by using smart methods.
5) Encryption: If a GPS receiver has to communicate with the central
transmitter then the communication link between these two components is
not hard to break and there is a need of using encrypted data.
6) Wi-Fi, Hotspots and WLANs: 4G technology will lead to the
development of mobile devices with multiple applications and the misuse will
increase, particularly when devices that communicates with Wi-Fi, Hotspots
and WLANs. Data transmitted over such networks can often be intercepted
quite easily, resulting in real security risk.

14. CONCLUSION
This paper provided an overview of the 4G evolution and technologies. 4G

will certainly add perceived benefit to an ordinary person’s life over 3G. 4G
will be an intelligent technology that will interconnect the entire world
seamlessly. We also discussed the technologies that are the main building
blocks of 4G which includes OFDM, MIMO, and SDR. It is difficult to predict
which technology will emerge in 4G cellular systems. However the multiple
access techniques (OFDM) successfully come across channel impairments and
present a good complex implementation for supporting the high wireless data
rates. Projected 4G mobile communication system will reduce number of
different technologies to a single global standard. Technologies are evolving
every day and night but the final success of 4G mobile communication will
depend upon the new services and contents made available to users. These
new applications must meet user expectations, and give added value over
existing offers.

15. Abbreviations
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

4G resp 3G 4th (resp. 3rd) Generation
BBNGN Broadband Next Generation Network
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DFS Direct Frequency Selection
ETSI-TISPAN European Telecommunication Standard Institute –
Telecommunications and Internet Converged Services and
Protocols for Advanced Networking
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering task force
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunications
LAN Local Area Network
MAC Media Access Control
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
SDR Software Defined Radio
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
VoWLAN Voice over Wireless LAN
WIBRO Wireless Broadband
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Interoperability standard of IEEE 802.16 (e)

16. Bibliography
4G : FUNCTIONALITIES DEVELOPMENT AND AN ANALYSIS OF MOBILE

WIRELESS GRID.jivesh Govil1, Jivika Govil Cisco Systems Inc. USA,B.E.(IT) Student, Apeejay
College of Engineering, Maharshi Dayanand University, India
4G as a Next Generation Wireless Network.Afaq H. Khan, Mohammed A. Qadeer, Juned A.

Ansari, Sariya Waheed Department of Computer Engineering Zakir Husain College of
Engineering & Technology,Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
A Study of Some Key Technologies of 4G System* Qing Xiuhua[1] Cheng Chuanhui[2] Wang
Li[3][1]Department of Mathematics and Physics ，Wuhan University of Science and
Engineering [2]Zhongnan University of Economics and Law [3] School of Electronic
Information, Wuhan University
4G MOBILE:4G will deliver low cost multi-megabit/s sessions any time, any place, using
any terminal. D. Rouffet, S. Kerboeuf, L. Cai, V. Capdevielle.
Features in Future: 4G Visions from a Technical Perspective:Jun-Zhao Sun, Jaakko Sauvola,

and Douglas Howie MediaTeam, Machine Vision and Media Processing Unit, Infotech Oulu
University of Oulu, Finland ,Tutkijantie 2 B, FIN-90570 University of Oulu, Finland

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4G: The Future Mobile Technology 1

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

With the emerging innovations in wireless communication

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Fig 1.1 Comparison table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Fig 1.1 Comparison table

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Fig 1.2 Evolution of 4G technology

ii. 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS :

At present, plethora of wireless technologies with their own

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

roaming and user customized personal services. Technically, 4G

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users

Fig 1.3 Service evolution Vision

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

As a comparison, the expected best performance of 3G is around 10

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Fig 1.4 Multiple Overlay Architecture

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

5. Caching and Pico Cells

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Fig 1.5 Pico cell network Design

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

The move to 4G is complicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G

The desirable characteristics of 4G are: -

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

Key Requirement Data and voice converged over IP

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

7. FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

B. Interoperability and easy roaming

C. Fully converged services.

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

connectivity intelligent and flexible enough to support streaming video, VoIP

E. Devices: more user friendly interface

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

F. Enhanced GPS Services

A mix of concepts and technologies involves in the making of 4G mobile

A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM):

Fig 1.7 OFDM parameters in 4G

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

In OFDM and related modulations techniques, multiple coherent sub-carriers

B. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO):

SmartlMultiple antennas can significantly increase systems capacity and have

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

usually a limiting factor when attempting to support increased data rates.

Fig 1.8 MIMO Wireless System

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

approach called cooperative MIMO relaying (CMIMOR) or virtual antenna

C. Software defined radio (SDR):

SDR consists of three major functional blocks as shown in the figure 3,

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

The development of multi-band, multi-standard, multi-mode radio systems

Dr A.I.T Dept of ECE Year 2010

9. Key Features of 4G: