5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

KonstantinMelnikov
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

KonstantinStepanovichMelnikov(Russian:August
3[O.S.July22]1890November28,1974)wasaRussianarchitectandpainter.Hisarchitectural
work,compressedintoasingledecade(19231933),placedMelnikovonthefrontendof1920s
avantgardearchitecture.AlthoughassociatedwiththeConstructivists,Melnikovwasanindependent
artist,notboundbytherulesofaparticularstyleorartisticgroup.In1930s,Melnikovrefusedto
conformwiththerisingStalinistarchitecture,withdrewfrompracticeandworkedasaportraitpainter
andteacheruntiltheendofhislife.

Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Childhood
1.2 Education
1.3 Earlycareer
1.4 MelnikovGarage
1.5 MelnikovClubs
1.6 MelnikovHouse
1.7 Endofcareer
2 Buildings
2.1 Completedbuildings
2.2 Selectedcompetitionentriesandconcepts
3 References
3.1 Bibliography
3.2 References
3.3 Footnotes
4 Externallinks
5 Gallery
5.1 Completedbuildings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

KonstantinStepanovichMelnikov

1920sphoto:KonstantinMelnikovinfrontofhis
KauchukClub
Born

August3,1890
Moscow

Died

November28,1974(aged84)
Moscow

Nationality Russian
Occupation Architect
Practice

Ownpractice(19231933)
MossoverPlanningWorkshopNo.7
(19331937)

Buildings

RusakovWorkers'Cluband5other
tradeunionclubsinMoscowand
LikinoDulyovo

1/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Biography
Childhood
KonstantinMelnikovwasbornanddiedinMoscow.Hewasthefourthchildofthefamily.Hisfather,StepanIllarionovich
Melnikov,originallyfromNizhnyNovgorodregion,wasaroadmaintenanceforeman,employedbytheMoscow
AgriculturalAcademy.Mother,YelenaGrigorievna(neRepkina),camefromthepeasantsofZvenigoroddistrict.The
wholefamilyoccupiedasingleroomofastatemanagedworkingclassbarrackinHayLodge(),[1]
thenaquietnorthernsuburbofMoscow.Melnikovstriedhardtoriseabovebitterpoverty,toreturntofarmingand
eventuallyrelocatedtotheirownsmallhouseandsettheirowndairyfarm.KonstantinMelnikovlaterpraisedhisfather,
whonoticedthelittleboy'saddictiontodrawingandregularlybroughthimscrappaperfordrawingfromtheAcademy.
However,alltheeducationtheycouldaffordwasatwoyearparishschool(completedin1903).[2]
SvobodaClubin
northernMoscowwas
Melnikov'stributetothe
landofhischildhood

Education

Konstantinmethis"goldendayinlife"("")[3]throughamilkdeliverywoman,who
happenedtoservethefamilyofVladimirChaplin,awealthyengineer.SherecommendedKonstantin'sdrawingstoChaplin,
whowassoimpressedthathehiredtheteenagertohisfirmandpaidforhisartstudies.ChaplinoverestimatedMelnikov'sbasiceducation,and
KonstantinfailedhisgrammartestattheMoscowSchoolofPainting,SculptureandArchitecturein1904.Oneyearlater,hepassedtheadmissionsthat
selectedaclassof11outof270applicants.MelnikovstudiedattheSchoolfor12years,firstcompletingGeneralEducation(1910),thengraduatingin
Arts(1914)andArchitecture(1917).[4]DespiteChaplin'scallstoconcentrateonarchitecture,Melnikovleanedtopaintingbythetimehejoinedthe
Architectureclasses,healreadywasawellrecognizedportraitpainter.Later,herecalledKonstantinKorovin,SergeyMalyutinandAbramArkhipovas
hismentorsinartasforarchitecture,hegavehisregardsonlytoIvanZholtovsky,hisprofessorin19171918.[5]
MelnikovmarriedAnnaYablokovain1912theyhadtwochildren,bornin1913and1915.Hebecameavegetarian.

Earlycareer
DuringWorldWarIandthefirstyearsafterRussianRevolutionof1917,MelnikovworkedwithintheNeoclassicaltradition.BeforetheRevolution,he
wasinvolvedinAMOTruckPlantproject.In19181920,hewasemployedbytheNewMoscowplanningworkshopheadedbyZholtovskyandAlexey
Shchusev,designingKhodynkaandButyrskyDistrictsectorsofthecity.Meanwhile,theRussianeducationalsystemcollapsedthenewartcollege,
VKhUTEMAS,wasformedin1920.Itsarchitecturalfacultywassplitbetweenthreefactions:AnAcademicWorkshop(IvanZholtovsky),leftwing
UnitedWorkshops(NikolaiLadovsky),andajointworkshopofMelnikovandIlyaGolosov,knownasNewAcademyandWorkshopNo.2.Melnikov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

2/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

andGolosovresistedboththeacademicandleftwingcampsin1924,whenthemanagementmergedNewAcademywithAcademicWorkshop,
MelnikovquitVKhUTEMAS.[6]In19231924,MelnikovtemporarilyassociatedhimselfwiththeASNOVAandLEFartisticgroups,however,hewas
notinvolvedinpublicdisputesandmadenopublicstatements.Inparticular,heclearlydistancedhimselffromtheConstructivistgroup,ledbyMoisei
GinzburgandAlexanderVesnin.
Hisfirstsuccessinarchitecturewasa1922entrytoaworkers'housingcontest.CodenamedAtom,Melnikov'sdesignemployedthesawtooth
arrangementofunitsthatbecamehistrademarkinlaterworks.Unlikeother,"revolutionary"projects,Atomwasbasedontraditionalsinglefamily
townhouseandapartmentunits.[7]
Melnikov'sfirstmaterializedworkswereshortlived,temporarybuildings.Thefirst,a1923pavilionfortheAllRussianAgricultureandHandicraft
Exhibition,featuredmoreMelnikovtrademarks:
Raisedcubicalshapesareoffsetfromsupportingcolumns
Combinationofsingleslopedroofs
Glazedcorners[8]
ThelatterfeatureissharedwiththeConstructivistssinglesloped,angledroofwasagainsttheconstructivistcanonbutagoodmatchtoexisting
technologies:Sovietindustryof1920sdidnothavethetechnologyforreliableflatroofing.[9]

MelnikovGarage
In1925MelnikovdesignedandbuilttheSovietpavilionattheParisExpositionInternationaledesArtsDcoratifset
IndustrielsModernes.Thewoodenpavilion,employingacombinationofsingleslopedroofsofdifferentsizes,was
regardedasbeingoneofthemostprogressivebuildingsatthefair.UnlikeotherParispavilions,itwascompletedin
lessthanamonth,employingnotmorethan10workers.[10]
StillinParis,Melnikovdesignedtwoprivatelycommissionedversionsofarampedgaragethatnevergotpastthe
conceptualdrawingstage.Inthesecondversionofthisproject,Melnikovfoundausefulpatternofplacingcarsina
garage(again,asawtoothpattern)wherecarscouldparkandleavewithoutusingreversegear.ThesecondIn
Moscow,MelnikovsawanewfleetofLeylandbuseshoardedinayardinZamoskvorechye,andimmediately
proposedhisconcepttothecity.Theresult,BakhmetevskyBusGarage,housed104buseson8500squaremetersofanunconventional,parallelogram
shapedfloorplanwithVladimirShukhov'sroofsystem.[11]
Melnikov'sconceptfloorplan,
BakhmetevskyGarage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

3/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Melnikovlatercalledthisproject"thestartofmyGoldenSeason".[12]BakhmetevskyGarage,sometimesincorrectlycalled
aconstructivistlandmark,wasverymodestlystyledinanindefinite"industrial"redbrick.Melnikov'slatergaragebuildings,
onthecontrary,possessedaclearavantgardeexternalstyling(whichhasbecomebadlydamagedovertime):
19261929:Horseshoeshapedtruckgarage,NovoRyazanskayaStreet(withVladimirShukhov)
19331936:Intouristcargarage,SuschevskyValStreet(withAndreyKurochkin)
19341936:Gosplancargarage,AviamotornayaStreet[13]

MelnikovClubs

IntouristGarage,theonly
facaderemainingtodate

The"goldenseason"of1927continuedwithachainoftradeunioncommissionsforworkers'clubs."Beginningin1927,my
influencedevelopedintoamonopolytakeover...that'showlovewilltreatyouifshereallylovesyou"("1927,
...,").[14]

RusakovClub,1927
1929

Nationwideconstructionofnew,dedicatedbuildingsforworkers'clubs(combiningpropaganda,educationalandcommunity
centerfunctions)waslaunchedin1926andpeakedin1927,whentradeunionscommissioned30clubsinMoscowregion
(10inthecityofMoscow).Melnikovwonfiveofthesetenprojects(hissixthclubislocatedinLikinoDulyovo).Absence
ofpubliccontestsforthesebuildingswasfavorabletoMelnikov,whowaspromotedbyenthusiastictradeunion
commissioners,regardlessofdesigncomplexityorpoliticalandartisticaffiliations.Hehadachancetobuildpractically
exactlyasplanned,withverylittlechangesbytheclient(notably,omissionofswimmingpools).[15]

Allsixworkers'clubsofthisperioddifferinshape,size,andfunctionalset.Melnikov'sclients(theunions)werenot
competentinexactfunctionsofthesebuildings,thuseachMelnikovdraftisalsoafunctionalprogramwithdifferentbalance
betweenmainhallandotherspace.Theclub,accordingtoMelnikov,isnotasinglefixedtheaterhall,butaflexiblesystemofdifferenthallsthatmaybe
unitedintoasingle,largevolumewhennecessary.Hislargermainhallscanbedividedintothree(RusakovClub)ortwo(SvobodaClub)independent
halls.
Onecommonfeatureofhisclubsbolduseofexteriorstairsisactuallyaconsequenceof1920sbuildingcodesthatrequiredwideinternalstaircase
forfireevacuation.Melnikov,inanattempttosaveinteriorspace,connectedthemainhallstoexteriorgalleries,whichwasnotregulatedbythecode.[16]

MelnikovHouse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

4/10

5/2/2016

RearoftheMelnikov
House

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThefinestexistingspecimenofMelnikov'sworkishisown
KrivoarbatskyLaneresidenceinMoscow,completedin1927
1929,whichconsistsoftwointersectingcylindricaltowers
decoratedwithapatternofhexagonalwindows.Hisflowof
commissionsin19261927providedenoughmoneytofinancea
threestoryhouseofhisdreams.Atthistime,manywelltodo
RussianswereintobuildingtheirowncityhousesMelnikov
wasoneofthefewwhomanagedtoretainhispropertyafterthe
fallofNewEconomicPolicy.Hisrequestforland(790square
meters)hadfewchancestopassthedistrictcommissiontohis
surprise,aworkingclasscommissionersupportedhim,saying
that"wecanbuildpublicbuildingsanytimeandanywhere,but
wemayneverseethisunusualhousecompletedifwereject
Melnikov".[17]ThecityendorsedMelnikov'sdraftasan
experimental,oneofakindproject.

TheMelnikovHouse,videoat2010

Melnikovpreferredtoworkathome,andalwayswantedaspaciousresidencethatcouldhousehisfamily,architecturaland
paintingworkshops.AstheRussianidiomsays,hedesignedthehousestarting"fromthehearth"existingwhiteoveninhis
livingroomdatesbacktohis1920drawings.[18]Floorplanevolvedfromaplainsquaretoacircleandaneggshape,without
muchattentiontoexteriorfinishes.Melnikovdevelopedtheconceptofintersectingcylindersin19251926forhisZuev
Workers'Clubdraft(helostthecontesttoIlyaGolosov).TwincylinderfloorplanwasapprovedbythecityinJune,1927
andwasrevisedduringconstruction.[19]
TheMelnikovHouse,as
seenfromKrivoarbatsky
Street

Thetowers,toptobottom,areahoneycomblatticemadeofbrickwork.60ofmorethan200cellswereglazedwithwindows
(ofthreedifferentframedesigns),therestfilledwithclayandscrap.Thisunorthodoxdesignwasadirectconsequenceof
materialrationingbythestateMelnikovwaslimitedtobrickandwood,andeventhesewereinshortsupply.Thewooden
ceilingshavenosupportingcolumns,norhorizontalgirders.Theywereformedbyarectangulargridofflatplanks,inasort
oforthotropicdeck.Thelargestroom,a50squaremeterworkshoponthethirdfloor,islitwith38hexagonalwindowsequallylargelivingroomhasa
singlewidewindowabovethemainentrance.[20]
In1929,Melnikovproposedthesamesystemofintersectingcyliitectureisahoneycomblatticeshellmadeofbrickswithhexahedralcells.[21]The
similarlatticeshellsoutofmetalwerepatentedandbuiltbyVladimirShukhovin1896.Melnikovbuilthishousein19271929,andbythattimein
Russiatherehadbeenalreadybuiltabout200Shukhovssteellatticeshellsastheoverheadcoversofbuildings,hyperboloidwaterandothertowers,
includingthefamous160meterradiotowerinMoscow(1922).SinceMelnikovandShukhovwerewellacquaintedwitheachotherandmadejoint
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

5/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

projects(BakhmetevskyBusGarage,NovoRyazanskayaStreetGarage),itisnotsurprisingthattheMelnikovshouseinKrivoarbatskypereulokwas
builtintheformofanoriginallatticeshell.Theoverheadcoversoftheownelnikovshousearethehoneycomblatticeshellsmadeofwoodenboards
placededgewise.[22]

Endofcareer
Throughout19331937,asaleaderoftheMossovetSeventhPlanningWorkshop,Melnikovwasinvolvedincityplanningprojectsforthesouthwestern
sectorofMoscow(ArbatSquareandKhamovnikiDistrict).Noneofthemmaterialized.Theseassignmentslookedlikeanappreciationofhistalent,but
infactseparatedMelnikovfromactualconstructionprojects.
Hisfinalpublicstatementwasa1936contestentryfortheSovietpavilionat1937WorldExpoinParis.HelostthecontesttoBorisIofan.By1937,
mountingcriticismagainst"formalism"ledtothevirtualexcommunicationofMelnikovfrompractice.Hewasnotexactlyforgottenonthecontrary,his
RusakovClubandArbathousewerepresentinmanySoviettextbooksasexamplesofFormalism.
Despitethedamningstatusof"alienartist",MelnikovretainedhisArbathouseandlivedthere,safely,withhisfamilyuntilhisdeath.Hereturnedto
portraitpaintingandlecturedatengineeringcolleges.Melnikovalsodesignedprivatelycommissioned,unimportantarchitecturaljobssummerhouses,
shopinteriorssomeofwhichmaterialized.[23]
Melnikovreturnedtothepublicconteststagefourtimes:
1954forthePantheonand300yearsofRussianUkrainianUnitymonument
1958PalaceofSoviets(postWWIIcontest)
1962SovietPavilionatthe1964NewYorkWorld'sFair
1967CinemaonArbatStreet(nexttohisownhouse)
Inthe1960sMelnikovenjoyedabriefrevivalofinterestinhisarchitecture.His75thbirthday(1965)wasofficiallycelebratedbytheHouseof
ArchitectsinMoscowin1967and1972hewasawardedthehonorarytitlesofDoctorofArchitectureandMeritoriousArchitect.
Melnikovdiedattheageof84andwasinterredintheVvedenskoyeCemeteryintheLefortovoDistrictofMoscow.Hisson,Viktor,alsoapainter,lived
andworkedattheArbathouse,andfoughttohaveitpreservedasamuseumuntilhisdeathinFebruary2006.Thehousecontainsasignificantportionof
KonstantinS.Melnikov'sarchive.

Buildings
Yearsarereferencedto[24]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

6/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Completedbuildings
19151917JuniorarchitectfortheAMOTruckPlanthousingandoffices,Moscow(destroyed)554210.28N
37380.58E
1923MakhorkaPavilionfortheAllRussianAgriculturalandHandicraftIndustriesExhibition,Moscow
(destroyed)554334.35N373557.3E
19241925NewSukharevMarketinMoscow(destroyed)554619.49N373743.55E
19241925OfficeofNewSukharevMarketinMoscow554618.38N373739.69E
1925CompetitionentryfortheUSSRPavilionoftheExpositionInternationaledesArtsDcoratifsetIndustriels
Modernes,Paris(destroyed)485155.12N21857.76E
19261927BakhmetevskyBusGarage,11ObraztsovaStreet,Moscow554721.31N373629.2E
19271929:The"GoldenSeason"ofMelnikov
KauchukFactoryClub,64PlyuschikhaStreet,Moscow55448.68N373426.78E
BurevestnikFactoryClub,17s13yaRybinskayaStreet,Moscow554726.68N373939.87E
SvobodaFactoryClub,41VyatskayaStreet,Moscow(alsoknownasGorkyPalaceofCulture)55481.79N
373453.14E
RusakovWorkers'Club,6StromynkaStreet,Moscow554728.16N374114.11E
FrunzeWorkers'Club,28,BerezhkovskayaEmbankment,Moscow(endangered)554351.8N373251.79E
PorcelainFactoryClub,LikinoDulyovo(atthetimeDulyovo)554222.28N385731.05E
Melnikov'sownresidence,KrivoarbatskyLane,Moscow554452.91N373522.25E
NovoRyazanskayaStreetGarage(HorseshoeGarage),27NovoryazanskayaStreet,Moscow554621.49N
373958.65E
19301931ReconstructionofKamernyTheaterinMoscow554544.01N37365.78E
19341936IntouristGarage,33SuschevskyValStreet,Moscow554422.63N374319.1E
19341936GosplanGarage,63AviamotornayaStreet,Moscow554736.03N373625.29E
19371938NovinskyBoulevardplanning,Moscow
19451947ExteriorpaintschemedesignforMikoyanSlaughterhouses,Moscow(destroyed)554339.18N
37414E

Melnikov'soriginalcolor
schemeofrecentlyrestored
SvobodaClub

SteelroofofNovo
RyazanskayaStreetGarage

Selectedcompetitionentriesandconcepts
19181920Draftsofworkers'housing,AlexeyevskayaHospitalhousingandthePeople'sHouseinMoscow(notrelatedtohis1922drafts)
19211923Competitionentryforworkers'housingandforthePalaceofLabour,Moscow(neverbuilt)
19211923ButyrskyDistrictandKhodynkaplanningfortheNewMoscowmasterplan(nevercompleted)
1924DesignofLenin'ssarcophagus(awardedtoAlexeyShchusev,authoroffirst,temporaryMausoleum)
19241925CompetitionentryfortheMoscowbureauofthenewspaperLeningradPravda[1](http://www.utopia.ru/english/item.phtml?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

7/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

id=166&type=graphics&sortby=view&start=0)(wonbyVesninbrothers,neverbuilt)
1925GarageconceptsforthenewSeinebridgesinParis
1927ZuevWorkers'Club,Moscow(awardedtoIlyaGolosov,seeexecutedbuilding)
1928GorkyPark(Moscow),landscapeproject
1929CompetitionentryfortheMonumentofChristopherColumbus,SantoDomingo.[2](http://www.utopia.ru/english/item.phtml?
id=97&type=graphics&sortby=view&start=0)(neverbuilt)
19321933CompetitionentryforthePalaceoftheSoviets(projectawardedtoBorisIofanandVladimirShchuko,neverbuilt)
1934CompetitionentryfortheNarkomtiazhprombuilding,RedSquare,Moscow(neverbuilt)
19341936PlanningdraftsforLuzhniki,KotelnicheskayaEmbankmentandothercityplanningproposals
1936CompetitionentryfortheSovietPavilionattheExpositionInternationaledesArtsetTechniquesdanslaVieModerne(1937)(awardedto
BorisIofan,completedanddestroyedin1936)
19541955CompetitionentriesforthePantheonandthemonumentto300yearsofRussianUkrainianUnity(neverbuilt)
19581959CompetitionentryforthePalaceoftheSoviets(postwarround,neverbuilt)
1962USSRPavilionfortheWorldExpoinNewYorkCity
1967CompetitionentryforthecinemainArbatStreet(neverbuilt)

References
Bibliography
GinsGarrido:MlnikovenPars,1925.Barcelona:FundacinCajadeArquitectos2011ISBN9788493785765/LacasadeMlnikov.La
utopadeMosc.Barcelona:FundacinCajadeArquitectos2009/K.S.Mlnikov.Madrid:Electa2001ISBN8481563145/K.S.Mlnikov.
Escritos.Madrid:MinisteriodeFomento2001ISBN.8449805422/MlnikovenPars1925.DelPabellnsoviticoalosgarajes.PhDThesis
ETSAMMadrid2005PhDThesis(http://oa.upm.es/195/1/GINES_GARRIDO_COLMENERO.pdf)

References
Starr,S.Frederick(1978).Melnikov:soloarchitectinamasssociety.PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN0691039313.
Cooke,Catherine,(etal.)(1990).ArchitecturalDrawingsoftheRussianAvantGarde.TheMuseumofModernArt.ISBN0870705563.
Russian2006biography:,..,"",,2006ISBN5964700950(KhanMagomedov)

Footnotes
1.CommonEnglishtranslationofHayLodgeisincorrectactually,itisStraw,nothay.Thenamereferstocoboradobewallsofthoseworkers'barracks.
2.KhanMagomedov,p.2930
3.KhanMagomedov,p.32,quotesMelnikov'sownwriting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

8/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

4.KhanMagomedov,p.3234
5.KhanMagomedov,p.44
6.KhanMagomedov,p.52
7.KhanMagomedov,p.58
8.KhanMagomedov,pp.59,71
9.KhanMagomedov,p.71
10.KhanMagomedov,p.102
11.KhanMagomedov,p.108
12.KhanMagomedov,p.106
13.KhanMagomedov,p.110119
14.KhanMagomedov,p.124
15.KhanMagomedov,p.118121,139
16.KhanMagomedov,p.138
17.KhanMagomedov,p.181
18.KhanMagomedov,p.162
19.KhanMagomedov,p.177
20.KhanMagomedov,p.191
21."File:Melnikov&hiswife.jpgWikimediaCommons".Commons.wikimedia.org.Retrieved20120815.
22.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Perekrytiya.jpg
23.KhanMagomedov,p.248
24.KhanMagomedov,p.291293

Externallinks
MelnikovHouseMuseum(http://www.melnikovhouse.org)
MelnikovHouse,AdditionalInfo(http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Melnikov_House.html)
PhotoofMelnikovHouse(http://image.guardian.co.uk/sysimages/Guardian/Pix/gallery/2005/09/28/melkinside.jpg)
OnpreservingMoscow'sheritageofrevolutionaryarchitecture(http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,1580263,00.html)
AgramSaaristearchive(http://agram.saariste.nl/scripts/index.asp?dir=melnikof&pics=me&tekst=K.%A0Melnikov)
RussianAvantgardeHeritagePreservationFoundation(http://www.russianavantgarde.co.uk)

Gallery
Completedbuildings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoKonstantin
Melnikov.
9/10

5/2/2016

KonstantinMelnikovWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

KauchukClub(2007
photo)

LikinoDulyovoClub
SvobodaFactoryClub
(1965photo,Melnikov (2007photo)
intheforeground)

Ownhouse,main
entranceandliving
roomwindow

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Melnikov&oldid=709775476"
Categories: Russianavantgarde Constructivistarchitects Russianarchitects Russianartists 20thcenturyRussianpainters Sovietartists
Modernistarchitects 1890births 1974deaths Vkhutemasfaculty ModernistarchitectureinRussia
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon13March2016,at00:46.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetothe
TermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov

10/10