DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Origin of Coelom & mesenteries

Coelom & body cavity : originates from the
cavity of the hypomere
Parietal peritoneum: outer wall of the
hypomere w/c comes in contact with muscles.
Visceral peritoneum or serosa: inner walls of
the hypomere; covering of the visceral organs.
Mesentery: 2 walls of the hypomere above &
below the intestine w/c forms the doublewalled membrane
Dorsal mesentery
Ventral mesentery

Divisions of coelom
Transverse septum: divides the coelom into 2 compartments

Pericardial cavity
Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Birds & Mammals : 4 compartments divided by diaphragm (mammals) &
oblique septum (birds)
Pericardial cavities
2 pleural cavities
Peritoneal cavity
-this arrangement increases the efficiency of the lung respiration.

Digestive system dogshark

Viscera of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

Liver :holds the oil that gives the shark buoyancy, stores
nutrients and transforming food molecules arriving from the
gut
Gall bladder: storage of bile, a liquid that breaks up fat
droplets in the gut
Spleen: blood reservoir and has immune functions
Spiral valve: increase internal surface of the intestine for
digestion
Pancreas: produce digestive enzymes and an endocrine gland
for the regulation of metabolism.

Rectal gland: removes excess salts from the sharks

circulation

Mesenteries
Parts of the dorsal mesentery
Mesogaster: dorsal mesentery supporting the stomach

Gastroplenic ligament: portion of mesentery from the spleen

to the stomach
Mesentery proper: supports the small intestines
Parts of the ventral mesentery
Gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament: from the right side of the
stomach to the liver and duodenum, also called the lesser

omentum.
Suspensory or falciform ligament: suspend the liver

Respiratory System
pharynx contains the visceral arches & gill pouches
Spiracle: first gill pouch
Gills
Gill bar & gill arch: cartilage that support the gills
Gill lamellae: where gas exchange occurs
Gill rakers: prevents debris of or food entry to the gills
Gill rays: support of the gill lamellae

Gill rakers

2 types of gills:
1. Internal gills: borne in the side walls of the branchial
bars
Demibranch or half gill: gill lamellae on 1 side
Holobranch or whole gill: gill lamellae on 2 sides

2. External gills: borne in the outer surface of branchial

bars

Respiratory & Digestive Syst. Mammals

Cat
2 functional units
Airways that deliver or transport air into the body

Areas the used for gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries

Inspiration pathway

Nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
Bronchi, bronchioles & alveoli

Salivary glands
Sublingual gland

Masseter

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland

GLANDS
Gland

Location

Function

Submaxillary

central throat, large

salivary

Sublingual

anterior on submaxillary, whitish

Secretes mucous

Parotid

towards ear, outside submaxillary,

soft

salivary

Infraorbital

Lies in the floor of the orbit

salivary

molar

Between the skin and the external

surface of the mandible in front of the
masseter

salivary

Oral Cavity
vestibule

Lips/labia

Hard palate w/
transverse ridges
Soft palate

tongue

Trachea

Esophagus

Greater omentum
Pancreas

Cecum

Large intestine
Small intestine

Mesentery

Ascending colon

Ileum

Colon
Ileocecal valve

Cecum

Spleen

Small intestine

Diaphragm
Liver

Stomach

Intestine

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

Gall bladder
Falciform ligament
Right lobes of liver
Left lobes of liver
Duodenum
Pancreas

Lesser omentum
Stomach

Ileocecal junction
Ascending colon
Cecum
Spleen
Jejunum
Greater omentum
Small intestine

Mesentery
Ileum

Descending colon

Liver

Bile duct

Gall bladder
Stomach

Cystic duct
Duodenum

Hepatic ducts

Pancreas

Spleen
Stomach
Intestines

Pancreas

Liver

Superior
mesenteric
artery
Diaphragm

Colon

UROGENITAL SYSTEM
OF THE VERTEBRATES

Vertebrate kidneys consist of glomeruli, tubules surrounded by

peritubular capillaries, & longitudinal ducts.
Glomeruli:
masses
of
capillaries that (along with
Bowman's capsule) 'filter' the
blood.

Kidney tubules: collect the

glomerular filtrate & conduct it
to a longitudinal duct.
Renal corpuscles: glomerulus
plus the Bowman's capsule
Longitudinal ducts: begin
developing at anterior end of
kidney & grow caudally until
opening into the cloaca
1 = Bowman's capsule, 2 = glomerulus, 3 = afferent
arteriole, 4 =efferent arteriole, 5 = proximal
convoluted tubule, 6 = distal convoluted tubule, 7 =
collecting duct, 8 = loop of Henle, 9 = peritubular
capillaries

ARCHINEPHROS O
R HOLONEPHROS
Excretory organ of the myxinoid cyclostomes
Consist of archinephric duct on the
dorsal body wall extending the length
of the coelom
Each duct has a pair of tubules to a
segment
Tubules open to the coelom through
the nephrostome.

PRONEPHROS
1st embryonic tubules in all
vertebrates; located they are the 1st
to develop & are anteriorly located
Number - never very many (e.g., 3 in
frogs, 7 in human embryos, & 12 in
chicken embryos)
The duct that drains the pronephros
is called the pronephric duct.
The pronephros is temporary &
function only until glomeruli &
tubules further back become
functional.

MESONEPHROS
formed by corpuscles & tubules that
develop caudal to pronephric region
form connections with existing
pronephric duct (which is now called
the mesonephric duct)
the embryonic kidney in reptiles,
birds, & mammals
the functional adult kidney in fish &
amphibians (& sometimes called the

opisthonephros)

Jawed fishes & amphibians - males, anterior tubules of

mesonephric conduct sperm from testis to mesonephric duct
SEXUAL KIDNEY.

METANEPHROS:
the adult amniote kidney
the number of corpuscles is large; up
to about 4.5 million is some species
drained by a duct called the
metanephric duct or ureter
Mammalian kidneys are divided into the ff:
cortex(#5)
medulla (#6)
pelvis(#4)
Cortex - contains renal corpuscles & lots of
capillaries
Medulla - contains collecting ducts and loops
of Henle; divided into pyramids (#7) &
columns (#2)
Pelvis - hollow; receives the urine (which exits
the kidney via the ureter - #3)

Tubules of mammalian kidney have U-shaped Loops of Henle (avian kidney = very short loops &
reptilian kidney = no loops)

Urinary bladders are found in all vertebrates except agnathans, snakes,

crocodilians, some lizards, & birds (except ostriches).
Fish - bladders are terminal enlargements of the mesonephric ducts called TUBAL

GONADS
In gnathostomes, the gonads form in the anterior,
retroperitoneal region of the abdominal cavity. Only in
gonads migrate posteriorly in the body.
In mammals the testes move down in a scrotal sac to allow
sperm to develop in cooler temperature.
pampiniform plexus counter-current heat exchanger w/c help
that the testes remain cool. Composed of network of vein &
arteries

The arteries, veins, nerves & vas deferens that enter or exit the
scrotum, travel together in a bundle called the spermatic cord.

Types of UTERUS

UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: MALE

Testes: located in the anterior portion of the body
dorsal to the liver

Wolffian duct: forms connection to the testes & use to

transport sperm. In most males, the Wolffian duct divides
into several regions.
Epididymis: stores sperms
Ductus (vas) deferens: also store sperm and it is
highly muscular to propel sperm out of the body
Male sharks have an epididymis & vas deferens that are
considered to be homologous & analogous to the structures in
mammals

 Seminal vesicles: used for sperm storage not homologous

with the mammals

Sperm sac: (= alkaline gland), which may be used for

sperm storage but secretes highly alkaline fluids that may
protect the sperm

Leydigs gland: secretes fluid that are beneficial to the

sperm

Opisthonephros kidney:
portion produces urine

in males only the posterior

UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: FEMALE

Ovary: pair of soft bodies, oval in form, situated dorsal to the liver
suspended by the mesovarium.
Paramesonephric/ Muellarian duct or oviduct: in immature
female they form as slender tube in mature female they are
usually enlarged suspended in mesotubarium.
Ostium: common opening of the oviduct in the anterior part of the
body wall
infundibulum [=funnel] forms in reproductively active female
sharks when the falciform ligament enlarges, the single
ostium leads into either oviduct.

Shell gland or nidamental gland: secretes thin membrane which

encloses the eggs.

MAMMALS URINARY &

Reproductive System

Right kidney
Left kidney

Right ureter

Left ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Right
kidney

Left kidney

Right ureter
Left ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra

Penis

Ureters

Prostate
gland

Urinary
bladder
Urethra

Prostate gland: surrounds the urethra, it ejects milky, slightly alkaline fluid
into the urethra that contributes to seminal fluid

Bulbourethral (Cowpers) gland: is smaller primarily produces mucous prior

to ejaculation & mucous that empties into the urethra also contributes to
the seminal fluid

Renal
capsule

Renal pelvis

Renal artery
Renal
medulla
Renal Vein

Renal
cortex
Ureter

Right ductus
deferens
Prostate
gland
Bulbourethral
glands
Right spermatic
cord
Right testis

Urethra
Left ductus
deferens
Left spermatic
cord

Penis

Epididymis

Left testis
Scrotum

Prostate

Right ductus deferens

Urethra

Epididymis

Scrotum
Left testis

Right spermatic
cord

Left spermatic
cord

Right
testis

Left
testis

Scrotu
m

Right
ovary

Left
ovary
Left uterine tube

Right uterine tube

Uterine body
Vagina
Urethra

Left uterine
tube
Left ovary

Uterine body
Vagina

Right ovary
Left ovary

Right uterine horn

with fetus

Left uterine horn

with fetus

Uterine
body

Urinary
bladder

Urethra

Uterine horn
Urethra

Body of uterus