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When two substances having different temperatures are introduced or kept together, heat
energy flows from a substance at higher temperature to a substance at lower temperature.
Also, heat continues to be transferred till their temperatures are equalized.
Thermal equilibrium is the situation where there is no net heat flow between the
two bodies at the same temperature.
That is the rate of heat absorption equals to the rate of heat dissipation at the same
temperature.
Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium when:
Specific latent heat of fusion is the quantity of heat needed to change 1kg of a
solid to liquid at its melting point without change in temperature.
The temperature does not change even though heat is being absorbed by the solid
particles. This is because the heat absorbed does not increase the kinetic energy of
particles but is used to overcome the force of attraction between the particles.
Specific latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat needed to change 1kg of
a liquid to gas at its boiling point without change in temperature.
The temperature does not change even though heat is being absorbed by the liquid
particles. This is because the heat absorbed does not increase the kinetic energy of
particles but is used to overcome the force of attraction between the particles.
Specific latent heat of vaporization is greater than its specific latent heat of fusion
because:
More energy is required to break the bonds between liquid molecules in order to
change into gas phase.
Extra energy is required to overcome atmospheric pressure.
Energy is used to overcome the surface tension of a liquid when its molecules
change into the gas phase.
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to
the volume of gas provided the temperature of the gas is constant.
The law was first proposed in 1662 by Robert Boyle
Because pV = constant that means that p1V1 = constant and so does p2V2. We can
therefore write:
where
V1 = equals the original volume,
V2 = equals the new volume,
p1 = the original pressure, and
p2 = the new pressure.
Absolute temperature is based on the Kelvin scale. Units on the Kelvin scale are called
Kelvins (K) and no degree symbol is used.
Condensate (BEC). This means that a droplet of superfluid helium can rotate inside a
container forever, as if it were in a vacuum.
So far, this temperature has never been achieved, and in theory it could never be achieved.
In 1994, the NIST achieved a record cold temperature of 700 nK (billionths of a kelvin).
In 2003, researchers at MIT eclipsed this with a new record of 450 pK (0.45 nK).
Charles's law states that for a fixed mass of ideal gas, the volume is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.