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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Directional Terms
Superior/inferior
Ventral/dorsal (4 legged)
Medial/lateral/intermediate
Proximal/distal
Superficial/deep
Ipsilateral/contralateral
Regional Terms (specific body areas)
Axial
o Head, neck, thorax, abdomen
Appendicular
o Shoulder/arm, pelvis/leg
Body Planes and Sections
Dorsal cavity
o Cranial
o Vertebral
Ventral cavity
o Thoracic pleural, mediastinum, pericardial
o Abdominal
o Pelvic
Thoracic and Abdominal Serous Membranes
Abdominal peritoneal
Layers:
o Visceral lines organ (inner)
Anatomy Test#1: 2
o Parietal lines cavity/body wall (outside)
Cell Structure Lecture #2A
1.
Introduction
Define cell
o Building blocks of animals and plants
State the range of cell numbers and cells sizes in a human body
o 50-100 trillion cells in the human body
2.
A Composite Cell
Plasma membrane
o Composition/components/properties & how does its structure makes possible its function
Phospholipid bilayer
o Biological functions
Physical isolation/barrier
Structural support
Active transport use of transport protein to move molecules against concentration gradient
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
o Centrosome generates microtubules and organizes mitotic spindle
o Ribosome protein synthesis
o Cilia short hair-like projection propel substances though passageways and on cell surface
o Flagella long tail-like projection that provides motility
o Microvilli finger-like extensions that increase surface area for absorption
o Rough ER protein synthesis
o Smooth ER lipid and cholesterol synthesis, stores calcium, breakdown drugs
o Golgi apparatus modification, packaging, and transport of proteins
o Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell, site for cellular respiration
o Lysosome destroy anything the cell no longer needs, degrade nonfunctional organelles, foreign bodies, toxins
o Peroxisomes detoxification of harmful or toxic substances
o Nucleus control center of cell
3.
Describe the major stages of the cell cycle and identify the major activities during each stage
o Interphase (nondividing period)
Anatomy Test#1: 3
4.
Explain how different types of cells differ in their rate of cells division. State the range of cell divisions a cell typically
undergoes.
o Skin/blood cells divide often and continuously
o Neuron divide specific # of times and then stops
Repressor genes
5.
Define differentiation
o Cell specialization to form tissues by turning off all genes not needed by that cell
Explain how two differentiated cell types can have the same genetic information, but different appearances and functions
o Depends on which genes are active and which are inactive
Tissues
Three embryonic germ layers and some adult tissues derived from each of these layers
o Ectoderm forms epidermis and nervous system
o Mesoderm becomes mesenchyme (connective tissue and muscle)
o Endoderm forms mucous membrane lining the GI tract, respiratory system and digestive glands
2.
Epithelial Tissue
*Describe the properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissue classes
Seven types of epithelium, distinguish them from each other, and state where each type can be found in the body
o Simple squamous
Lungs
o Stratified epithelium
Keratinized
Cornified
o Stratified cuboidal
*Explain how the structural differences between epithelia relate to their functional differences
Anatomy Test#1: 4
3.
Connective Tissue
Sub-classes of connective tissue, their cellular components and matrix, and explain what distinguishes them from each other
o Loose connective tissue (gel-like ground substance)
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
o Dense connective tissue (fibers fill spaces between cells)
Dense regular
Dense irregular
o Cartilage (supportive connective tissue with rubbery matrix, no blood vessels)
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
o Bones (skeletal support, leverage for muscles, mineral storage)
Spongy bone
Compact bone
o Blood
4.
Nervous Tissue
5.
Muscle Tissue
Name the three histologically distinct muscle types and their roles and differences between these muscle types
o Skeletal long, cylindrical, unbranched with striations and multiple nuclei
for swallowing, GI tract functions, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hair and control of pupil
Anatomy Test#1: 5
o
o
6.
Glands
7.
Membranes
Name and describe the major types of membranes in the body and their roles
o Mucous membrane lines passageway that open to the exterior (reproductive, respiratory, urinary, digestive)
o Cutaneous membrane protective function (skin)
o Synovial membrane secrete synovial fluid (joint cavities)
o Serous membrane covers and lines walls of body cavity (serosa/internal membrane)
8.
Tissue Growth
Define adult and embryonic stem cells and their varying degrees of developmental plasticity
o Embryonic stem cells
Name and describe the modes and causes of tissue shrinkage and death
o Atrophy loss of cell size/number
o Necrosis pathological death of tissue
Anatomy Test#1: 6
o
Thermoregulation
Sensation
Epidermis
o Sublayers
Stratum spinosum several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions
Stratum basale single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane
Tactile cells touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
Dendritic cells macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens
o Cornification layer of dead cells (shock absorber)
o Keratinization waterproof
o Waterproofing which layer does this take place in? how?
Stratum granulosum
o Layer renewal, vertical migration of cells
Dermis
o Sublayers (structural components and their role)
Thin zone, allows for mobility of leukocytes, rich in small blood vessels, touch receptors,
dermal ridges
Role of Melanin
o Produced in melanocytes and accumulates in keratinocytes
o Types:
Anatomy Test#1: 7
o
o
o
o
5. Skin Markings
Friction ridges
o Markings on the fingertips
Flexion lines
o Lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows
Moles
o Elevated, melanized patches often with hair
Freckles
o Flat, melanized patches
6. Cutaneous glands
Sweat glands
o Two different types
Sebaceous glands
o Oily secretion
o Keep skin/hair from being dry, brittle, cracked
Mammary glands
o Milk production
7. Skin cancer
From melanocytes
Heals in days
Blistered, painful