General Description and Fundamentals of WCDMA

General Description and Fundamentals
of WCDMA
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CONTENTS
Ø Fundamentals of CDMA
Ø Introduction to IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Ø FDD Mode of WCDMA

Multipath
Transmit
signal
Receive
signal
Time

Fading
Transmit Data
Receive Data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Multi-path Characteristics of Mobile Channel
• Electromagnetic transmission - reflection,scattering,
diffraction
• Signal fading can be divided into three parts in radio
environment:
– Path loss: with big range of fading
– Big scale fading:slow-speed, with middle range of
fading, also with logarithm normal distribution
characteristic
– Small scale fading: fast-speed, with small range of
fading
• Two typical types of small scale fading include:
– Rayleigh distribution (not line-of-sight transmission)

– Ricean distribution(line-of-sight transmission)
5

Characteristics of Mobile Channel
• Time delay characteristics
– Mean delay
– Delay spread (standard deviation), channel coherence
bandwidth = 1/delay spread
• Spectrum
– Doppler spread can cause channel to change(fast and slow
fading), channel coherence time = 1/Doppler frequency
– Multipath characteristic(channel bandwidth), flat fading and
frequency selection fading
– Broad band code division multiple access is slow fading
frequency selection channel
• Methods for testing channels
– Probability distribution of fading
– Level pass rate - fading speed, channel fading depth
– Sustaining time of fading(depth of interleaving)

Category of Typical Radio Channel
• Static Channel
• Indoor Channel
• Outdoor-to-indoor pavement Channel
• Vehicle mounted Channel
• Moving Channel
• Birth-death Channel

Some Conceptions in Radio Channel
• Multi-access technology
– Time division multiple access, frequency division
multiple access and code division multiple access
– Duplex technology
– Time division duplex and frequency division duplex
• Narrowband and broadband system
– The band of single channel accords with the
expected coherence bandwidth
– Transmission bandwidth of one channel is bigger
than its coherence bandwidth
– Broadband usually brings the advantage of
frequency diversity

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Each time, only one call can be transmitted on the channel of
FDMA. If one channel of FDMA is in idle status, it cannot be
used by other MSs to add share capability
• After being allocated into a voice channel, signals between base
station and mobile station must be transmitted continuously
• FDMA is always a narrowband system
• Signal delay is much longer than average delay extension. The
interference between signals caused by average delay extension is
low and needs no equalization
• FDMA is simpler than TDMA. There are less bits of
synchronization and multiplex frames. System overhead is smaller.
• FDMA needs precise RF filters and duplexers(single antenna)
• Non-linear effects: Many channels share one antenna. Due to the
non-linear feature, the power amplifier generates inter-
modulation(IM) and RF radiation.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Multiple MSs share one carrier frequency and different time slots.
• Data transmission of TDMA system is discontinuous packet
transmission and can be closed.
• Discontinuous transmission. BTS can monitor other base stations
when by using idle timeslots. Handover can be processed.
• No duplexer is needed even though FDD is used.
• Self-adaptive equalization is required. Protection time slots are
required.
• Packet transmission needs additional system overhead, such as
protection data synchronization
• It can provide different band for different MSs
• Efficiency of TDMA refers to the ratio of information in
transmitted data.
• Power control frequency is 2Hz or lower
• Quality control is achieved via frequency plan
10

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
• Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)
– Adopting narrowband FM or FSK, using high-energy, efficient and
constant envelope for modulation, using cheap receiver to implement
FHMA non-coherence detection.
– Security: adopting error correcting code and multipath technology to
avoid the impact from collision
• Direct Spending CDMA
– Multiple UEs share one frequency
– CDMA is a soft capacity limitation system. When the number of UEs
increase, to all the UEs, system performance descends, whereas,
when the number of UEs reduces, system performance increases.
– In CDMA, channel data rate is smaller than delay extension. So
RAKE Rx technology can be used.
– Macro space diversity is adopted. Multiple NodeBs monitor at the
same time. Soft handover can be realized without switching
frequencies. Self interference system - multiple code interference,
near-far effect.
• Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA)
11

Multiple Access Technology
Frequency Frequency
Traditional Multiple
Access Technology
Time Time
FDMA TDMA
Frequency
Code Multiple
Access Technology
Time
CDMA
Code
12

Rx Mode of Different Multiple Access
• Frequency division multiple access: long signal sustaining

duration, no interference between signals, direct decision.
• Time division multiple access: has interference between
signals, can’t distinguish multi-path, use filter to equalize
signals
– With self adaptive equalizer, coefficient can be
modified
– Every slot has pilot frequency to train coefficient
• Direct spending code division multiple access
– Broadband system. Multi-path can be distinguished.
– Multi-path receiver (RAKE), multi-path diversity.
13

Advantages of CDMA in Radio Transmission
• RAKE receiver is adopted. The time diversity effect generated by
channel coherence time is efficiently used.
• Broadband transmission system- the effect of frequency diversity is
utilized.
• Multiple access transmission of codes- the effect of multi-user
diversity is utilized.
• Low signal transmission power - interference is decreased, while
security is increased.
• Spreading factor can be changed flexiblely. Helpful for transmitting
multiple rate concurrent services such as multimedia.
• High utilization of spectrum, superior to previous AMPS and GSM.
Coefficient of frequency multiplex in WCDMA is 1, while in GSM,
it is 1~18.
• Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
• Supporting the application of new technology, such as multi-user
detection.
• Downlink transmit diversity (unique in WCDMA).
14

CONTENTS
IMT-2000
15

3G of Mobile Communication
• IMT-2000, the general designation of 3G
mobile communication system
– 3G mobile communication system is first put forward by
International Telecommunications Union(ITU) in 1985.
Considering that this system will enters commercial market,
working frequency band is at 2000MHz, and the maximum
rate is 2000Kbps, so it is renamed formally in 1996 as IMT-
2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000)
– 3G mobile communication system is a communication
system that can provide multiple types of high-quality
multimedia services, can achieve global seamless coverage,
has global roaming capability, is compatible with fixed
network, and uses small portable terminals to implement
any type of communications at anytime and anywhere.
16

Direction of 3G Standard
• The development of 3G standard is drived by
five forces:
– The process of IMT-2000 (started in 1985)
– Increasing requirements of radio services, which
have exceeded the capacity of systems such as
D-AMPS, GSM，PDC，and PHS.
– Expected high-quality voice services
– High speed data and multimedia services to be
introduced into radio network
– The development speed of mobile
communication is about one generation per ten
years
17

Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000
• 1985: FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996
• 1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in conference
WRC92
• 1999.3: Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were
completed
• 1999.11: Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT
were completed
• 2000: All the network standards of IMT2000 were
completed
• “Family concept ” was adopted in network part
• Standardization organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2(1999) were established
18

Standardization Organization
3GPP DECT
CATT OHG
IMT-DS IMT-FC
IMT-TC (UTRA-TDDHCR)
IMT-TC (UTRA-TDDLCR)
IMT-2000 Recommendations
IMT-MC
3GPP2
IMT-SC SRAN
All-IP
Satellites
UWCC 3G.IP
OHG = operators Harmonization Group

UWCC = Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
19

Main CDMA 3G Proposals
Regional Standard Radio
Organization(RSO) Transmission
Technology(RTT)
U.S. TIA(TR 45.5) cdma2000
T1 W-CDMA
Korea TTA TTA1(~cdma200
0)
TTA2(~W-
CDMA)
Japan ARIB W-CDMA
Europe ETSI(SMG 2) W-CDMA
China CWTS TD-SCDMA
20

Evolution of Radio System
1G 2G 2+G 3G
TDD/FDD
PDC ARIB (WCDMA)
WCDMA
GSM UTRA (WCDMA)
HSCSD TD-SCDMA
GPRS
EDGE
136HS Outdoor
AMPS IS-54 IS-136 UWC-136

136HS Indoor
IS-95A cdma2000
IS-95B
21

3G Evolution Strategy
Legacy System Technology 3G Mode

Family
IS-95 CDMA cdma2000 MC
FDD/TDD
GSM WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
GPRS
EDGE & 136 HS Outdoor
IS-136 TDMA UWC-136

136HS Indoor
22

Evolution Strategy from GSM to WCDMA
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
EDGE - Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution

GPRS = General Packet radio Service
HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data
WCDMA
IMT-TDDLCR
GSM
Phase 2+ WCDMA
IMT-FDD
EDGE
HSCSD GPRS
EGPRS
WCDMA
IMT-TDDHCR
9.6 kbps 14.4 kbps 57.6 kbps 115 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps
23

Evolution from GSM to WCDMA
• GPRS will be fully popularized in the near future
• Promotion of EDGE technology, maybe already in commercial
use in U.S.
• WCDMA R99 in FDD mode will be utilized in Japan.
– In Mar. 2001, NTT DoCoMo began to run its commercial network in
Tokyo. Commercial networks in Nagoya and Osaka began to run in the
third season.
– Currently, every big operators in Japan has begun to operate his 3G trial
network.
– Many companies begin to release core networks and terminal equipment.
• WCDMA in Europe
– Currently, Ericsson and Fujitsu have founded their trial networks in
England.
• WCDMA in China(with predominance of GSM-MAP core
network)
– Currently, many companies have trial equipment from
Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, etc.
24

Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

2010 MHz
ITU IMT 2000 MSS

IMT 2000 MSS
1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz
cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025MHz
GSM FDD TDD FDD

China 1800
CDMA
WLL WLL
CDMA
WLL
1945
1980
1920
1960
1865
1885
1895
1918
2170 MHz
Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS B IMT A’2000 MSS

1965
1865
1930
1945
1975
1870
1885
1890
1895
1910
1970
1990 MHz 2165 MHz

PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 220 225

0 0
25

Requirement of 3G Spectrum
• ITU has no specified spectrum restriction on IMT-2000
• Japan/Korea/Europe has reserved 60Mhz for 3G, called area
1/3 band plan.
• America (area 2) cellular and PCS bands will be used for 3G
• Cellular: 824-849MHz reverse(Uplink), 869-894MHz
forward (Downlink)
• PCS: 1850-1910MHz reverse(Uplink), 1930-1990MHz
forward(Downlink)
• Advise ITU that all global areas use 1920-1980MHz for
forward
• Reduce the interference between 3G and PCS frequency
bands
• The existing cellular frequency band can be developed for
3G services
26

Acceptance of Additional Frequencies for IMT-2000
• At World Radio Conference(WRC-200) of International

Telecommunication Union(ITU) (From May 8 to June 2,
Istanbul), additional frequencies for IMT-2000 were
accepted.
• Allocation of additional frequencies took the increase of
future requirement into consideration. The following
bands were added:
– 800MHz frequency band (806-960MHz)
– 1.7GHz frequency band (1710-1885MHz)
– 2.5GHz frequency band (2500-2690MHz)
• The addition scheme basically adopted the scheme
proposed by APT(Asia and Pacific Telecommunication
Union) in Feb. 2002.
27

3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)
800 850 900 950 1000 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700
ITU Identifications IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

* *
IMT 2000 IMT 2000 IMT 2000
DECT
Europe GSM GSM 1800 UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
UMTS
China** Cellular GSM [GSM 1800, PCS] IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
IMT 2000
Japan,
PHS
PDC IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
Korea (w/o PHS) IMT 2000
PCS
Cellular IMT-
Americas*** MSS MSS
UPCS
2000
A D B EF C A D B EF C Reserve
IMT 2000
28

Qos Requirements
Sensitivity
of error
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Sensitivity
of delay
29

Services Provided by IMT-2000
5th Tier
4th Tier
3rd Tier 1st Tier

2nd Tier
Bank
LCS
account Traditional
ID PDA services
30

Comparison of Provided Services
Full-time Remote
SOHO
Online 3G
Telecommunication
(intermittent Access)
Wireless Conference
Frequent
GPRS Wireless Office
WLAN
Occasional SMS
Deferred
GPRS
Transportation
Dispatch
Fixed Remote Halting On the Run

Mobility
31

Comparison of Network Application
HiperLAN1
HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.11a (11b, 11e, 11f)
Drive MMAC
Outdoor
5WLIAG
Walk
Mobility
WLAN
2G
Fixed 3G
Walk
Indoor
Fixed PAN LAN

Mbps
0.1 1 10 100
Bluetooth
UWB
IEEE 802.15
HomeRF
32

Target of IMT-2000
• Global uniform frequency band and
standard, global seamless coverage
• High efficient spectrum utility
• High quality of service, high security
• Easy for transit from 2G system
• Providing multimedia service
– Car speed environment: 144kbps
– Walk speed environment: 384kbps
– Indoor environment: 2048kbps
33

Mode of IMT-2000
• IMT-DS (Direct Spread) UTRA-FDD 3GPP
• IMT-TC (Time Code) UTRA-TDD 3GPP
– UTRA-TDDHCR
– UTRA-TDDLCR TD-SCDMA (CATT)
• IMT-MC (Multi-carrier) CDMA2000 3GPP2
– IX RTT
– 3XRTT
• IMT-SC (Single Carrier) UWC-136
– 136HS Outdoor EGPRS Classic and EGPRS Compact
– 136HS Indoor
• IMT-FC (Frequency Time) DECT
CATT = China Academy of Telecommunications Technology
34

UTRA Mode
UTRA-FDD
UTRA-TDDHCR
UTRA-TDDLCR
35

Research Contents of IMT-2000 RTT
• Multiple access technology

• Modulation technology
• Channel coding and interleaving
• Multiplex technology
• Physical channel structure
• Frame structure
• RF channel parameter
36

Advanced Radio Transmission Technology
• High capacity, high quality, high transmission rate
• Complex encoding-decoding and modulation-
demodulation
– Higher utilization rate of spectrum.
– Supporting high speed movement(500Km/h)
– Providing high quality data transmission(BER<10-6)
• Fast power control
• Multi-access inter-elimination technology
– Weakening or eliminating the interference inter or intra
cells, expanding system capacity.
• Smart antenna
– Improving the capacity of cellular system, enlarging the
coverage of NodeB, and improving transmission quality
of signals.
37

Complex encoding-decoding and
modulation-demodulation
• New challenges:
– High speed at 500km/h(high speed train)
– Multiple data transmission rates, max. 2Mbps
– High quality data services with BER below 10-6
– Supporting more than 100 voice channels in 5M bandwidth
– Higher locating precision. Based on handset, precision is 67%
in 50m and 95% in 150m. If based on network, the precision
doubles.
• Key technology:
– Advanced multiple access -WCDMA
– Technology of fast fading channel estimation and equalization
– Multipath-resistant technology such as RAKE Rx/Tx
diversity/antenna diversity.
– Advanced channel encoding-decoding technology-
concatenation code/Turbo code
– Multi-user detection technology
38

Fast Power Control Technology
•Reduce interference of multiple access, and ensure network

capability
•Prolong the using time of battery
39

Multi-user Detection Technology
• Current CDMA receiver is based on RAKE theory. It
regards other users’ interference as noise.
• Capacity of RAKE-based CDMA system is restricted by
interference.
• Best receiver can associatively detect all the signals together,
then eliminate other user’s interference from expected
signals(The coherence of signals is known, interference is
certain).
• Multi-user detection(MUD) is associative detection. By
interference inter-elimination, the interference of multi-
access can be reduced, and the system capability can be
increased.
• Multi-user detection can eliminate near-far effect.
• Best multi-user detection is very complex. Actually better
multi-user detection and interference elimination receiver is
adopted.
40

Research of Smart Antenna
• Recent achievement(Arraycomm)
– For products DCS-1800 and PHS, the coverage range
can be increased by 230%
– The number of NodeBs can be reduced by 70%, and the
average cost can be reduced by 40%
• Key technology for implementation:
– Multi-wave-beam generation technology
– Adaptive interference resistance technology
– Space-time 2-dimensional RAKE receiving technology
– Multi-path channel estimation and equalization
technology
• Application in TDD technology
41

Principle of Smart Antenna
•Reduce interference from other directions, and
enhance Rx sensitivity of the desired signal direction .
•Enlarge the coverage range of NodeB, and improve
the transmission quality of signals.
42

Cell Configuration of Smart Antenna
Omnidirectional cell Three-sector cell Smart antenna cell
43

Merits of Smart Antenna
•High speed users bring big interference, dynamic adjustive
wave beams of smart antenna array track high speed users. It
can isolate users and eliminate interference. The performance
of dynamic adjustive smart antenna array is superior to that
of static multi-wave-beam antenna.
•Increase system capacity
•Increase coverage range, and improve the signal receiving
quality in buildings or at high speed.
•Improve signal receiving quality, decrease call drop rate,
and improve voice quality.
•Reduce transmission power, and prolong battery life of UEs.
•Improve flexibility for system design
44

Space Division Multiple Access
• Use directional wave beam antenna to serve

different users
• Self-adaptive antenna system
45

CONTENTS
IMT-2000
46

FDD Mode of WCDMA(1)
• Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
• Symbol rate: 3.84Mbps
• Frame length: 10ms
• Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
• Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
spreading
• Coherence modulation aided with pilot frequency
• Fast open loop and closed loop power control:
1500Hz
• Handover: soft/hard handover
• Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation
47

FDD Mode of WCDMA(2)
• Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of
IMT2000
• Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
• Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
• Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity
mode
• Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and
Downlink Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access
mode
• Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB
location
• Support different fast power control algorithms and
open loop, out loop power control
• Fully support UE locating services
48

WCDMA Rx/Tx Diversity
• Forward link capacity is the bottle neck of CDMA

cellular system capacity. WCDMA standard has
deeply researched the application of transmission
diversity. New transmit diversity scheme has been put
forward. It will improve forward link capacity.
• Open loop transmission diversity
– transmit diversity based on space-time block
coding (STTD)
– Time switched transmit diversity on SCH
• Closed loop transmission diversity, FBI domain
• Site selection diversity(macro diversity) cell selection,
FBI domain
49

Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Based on Time-space Block Coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2

Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
50

Time Switched Transmit Diversity on SCH
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14
acp acp acp

Antenna 1
i,0 i,2 i,14
acs acs acs
acp
Antenna 2
i,1
acs
51

Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
C P IC H 1 Ant
w1
Tx
S p r e a d /s c r a m b le
∑
DPCCH
DPCH Ant
DPDCH
Tx
∑
w2 C P IC H 2
Rx
w1 w2
W e ig h t G e n e r a tio n Rx
D e te r m i n e F B I m e s s a g e
fr o m U p li n k D P C C H
52

Receiving Effects for Different Multi-path Diversity
1-path rayl
2-path rayl
0.1 5-path rayl
No attenuation
BER
0.01
0.001
0.0001
5 10 15
SNR（dB)
53

WCDMA Voice Evolution
• Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice

quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
• Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity
to improve system capacity
• Provide high fidelity voice mode
• Fast power control
54

Data Service Evolution of WCDMA
• Support maximum 2Mbps data service
• Support packet switch
• Adopt ATM platform currently
• Provide Qos
• Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services
better
• Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP
addresses)
• TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate
• Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink
symmetric data service, such as voice, video phone,
conference TV
55

Diversity Technology
• It is implemented via independent(at lease high irrelevant)
multi-path signals in natural radio transmission environment.
• Cheap investment
• It overcomes small scale fading(caused by complex reflection
of objects near UEs), can adopt dual-antennas Rx diversity
• It overcomes large scale fading(resulted from the shadow
areas which are caused by the difference between
environmental segments and surface features). A NodeB of
which, the transmitted signals are beyond the shadow areas,
can be selected to to complete location selection transmission
diversity.
• Max. ratio combination
• Transmit diversity technology can also be applied to improve
the peek throughput of single user in radio
telecommunication.
56

Space Diversity Technology
• Selection diversity
• Feedback diversity
• Receive diversity
• Transmission diversity
• Maximum ratio combination
• Equivalent gain combination
57

Other Diversity
• Polarization diversity
• Frequency diversity
• Time diversity: transmit signal repeatedly at
more than the intervals of channels coherent
time. RAKE receiver assume that one chip
time is larger than the coherent time of
channel.
58

Principle of Transmit Diversity (OTD mode)
Transmit diversity technology can improve system downlink

capacity, adapt to the requirement of asymmetric services.
59

60

General Description and Fundamentals of WCDMA

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General Description and Fundamentals

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Ø FDD Mode of WCDMA

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– Rayleigh distribution (not line-of-sight transmission)

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• Frequency division multiple access: long signal sustaining

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Ø FDD Mode of WCDMA

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OHG = operators Harmonization Group

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AMPS IS-54 IS-136 UWC-136

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Legacy System Technology 3G Mode

IS-95 CDMA cdma2000 MC

IS-136 TDMA UWC-136

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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

EDGE - Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution

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1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz

cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025MHz

GSM FDD TDD FDD

Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS B IMT A’2000 MSS

1990 MHz 2165 MHz

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 220 225

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• At World Radio Conference(WRC-200) of International

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ITU Identifications IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

Korea (w/o PHS) IMT 2000

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3rd Tier 1st Tier

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Fixed Remote Halting On the Run

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Fixed PAN LAN

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• Multiple access technology