Borehole imaging, Structure logging

Method Type:
Borehole Methods
Assigned Problems:
+
Building stability
Buildings and Structures
+
Cavity detection
Civil Engineering
+
Depth of Overburden-bedrock interface
Civil Engineering
+
Fractures
Groundwater
+
Ice thickness
Natural Hazards
+
Permafrost and ice detection
Natural Hazards
+
Quality / Thickness of concrete
Buildings and Structures
+
Quality and thickness (Natural resources)
Natural Resources
+
Soil / rock quality
Civil Engineering
0
Characteristics of hazardous waste
Hazardous Waste
0
Contaminant plumes
Hazardous Waste
0
Earthquakes / paleoseismology
Natural Hazards
0
Foundations of ancient structures
Buildings and Structures
0
Groundwater table
Groundwater
0
Heat mining
Natural Resources
0
Host sediments, hydogeological settings
Hazardous Waste
0
Landslides
Natural Hazards
0
Porosity / Permeability
Groundwater
0
Quality / Thickness of aquifer/aquitard
Groundwater
'+' = Technique applicable; '0' = Application possible/limited use.

Principle:
Imaging the borehole wall with television logs (colour optical image), acoustic borehole televiewer
(BHTV: acoustic televiewer) (colored image of the reflected amplitudes) or electrical imaging
(colored image of resistivity).
Keywords:
Seisviewer; circumferential borehole imaging (CBIL); borehole televiewer (BHTV); formation
microImager; Formation MicroScanner (FMS)
Prerequisites:
- Fluid filled borehole (exception: borehole television / optical scanner)
- Television log: optic transparent borehole fluid
- Smooth borehole wall is favourable
- Excentric or oval boreholes should be avoided
- Suspended particles in the fluid may scatter seismic waves and degrade the acoustic imaging
- Acoustic televiewer: maximum borehole diameter is about 20 cm
- Seismic velocity in the borehole fluid should be lower than in the surrounding rock
Resolution:
- Instrument dependent (logging speed)
- Acoustic televiewer: about 2 cm or smaller
- The depth of investigation is limited to the borehole-wall surface
Expected Results:
- Measured parameter: optical or coloured images of the borehole wall (real-time)
- Data analysis: colors represent the amplitude values
- Interpretation: Identification of fractures; fracture width and orientation; direction of tectonical
stress

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Combination with other Methods:

- Required additional information other loggings; cores
- Related add-on information: combination of borehole imaging techniques (e.g. resistivity imager
and acoustic televiewer); caliper log
- Independent additional information: other logs; cores
Operation Expense:
- Crew size:2 persons
- Acquisition speed: logging speed 1.2 - 2.5 m / min
- Processing: expensive
- Equipment rental costs: high
Parameters to specify:
- Instrument type
- Sampling rate (digital device)
- Logging speed (1.2 - 2.5 m / min)
- Properties of borehole filling fluids
QC Documents:
- Calibration data: last laboratory-calibration and on-site calibration
- Around 20 m of repeated measurements
- Borehole information (i.e., casing type, length, diameter, deviation, fluid properties)
- Complete headers
- Field notes (e.g., all activities, effective time schedule, present personnel)
Products:
- Pictures of the borehole wall
- Statistical presentation (3-D or planar view) or the structural data
- Results of acoustic borehole televiewer
- Results of electromagnetic imaging
- Field logs (displayed using specified scales)
- Interpretation

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