QUOTING SOURCES

Engela J. van der Walt

Edited by the Information Services of the Ferdinand Postma Library

2006
Potchefstroom

Quoting sources

2004 Ferdinand Postma Library

North-West University
Potchefstroom Campus

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication and package including all interior designs, cover designs
and icons, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 1-86822-399-X

ii

Preface
The following changes were made to the fourth edtion:
According to international trends in the Harvard method of referencing the
following changes have been made:
1. Publication information of books: A colon, with a space, separates the place of
publication and publisher, for example: New York: Wiley.
2. Provide the date at the end of a newspaper report or journal article reference
as day and month, for example 13 Aug.
3. The language of the source is used in the source list and not the language of
the thesis or report. If the publication is available in both Afrikaans and English use
the language of the source. Exceptions can be made if the source is in a foreign
language, in such cases the study leader can decide which language should be
used.
4.. The section Electronic Sources has been largely rewritten. This section
includes references to Internet sources.

This self-instructional guide consists of two sections:

1 A theoretical section discussing the purposes and functions of documentation
in a scientific report.
2 Guidelines to different types of sources and how to quote them. Information of
some of the sources were slightly modified to stress certain facts or rules.

iii

CONTENTS
1.

DOCUMENTATION THEORY ........................................................................ 1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

PURPOSE OF REFERENCES AND SOURCE LISTS ................................................................. 1

WHICH STYLE?.............................................................................................................. 2
THE HARVARD STYLE .................................................................................................... 2
WHAT SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED? ................................................................................. 3
USE THE MOST RECENT EDITION ..................................................................................... 4
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................................. 4
PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................. 5
COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................... 6

2.

TEXTUAL REFERENCES .............................................................................. 7

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

DIRECT CITATIONS ........................................................................................................ 7

INDIRECT CITATIONS ..................................................................................................... 8
SECONDARY CITATIONS ................................................................................................. 8
TEXTUAL REFERENCE TO MORE THAN ONE SOURCE ........................................................ 9
MORE CITATIONS TO SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR ........................................................ 9

3.

BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS) .......................................................................... 10

3.1
AUTHOR(S) OR EDITOR(S) ............................................................................................ 11
3.1.1
One author ......................................................................................................... 11
3.1.2
Two authors ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3
Three authors or more ....................................................................................... 12
3.1.4
No author indicated (Anon.) .............................................................................. 12
3.1.5
Two authors with same surname........................................................................ 13
3.1.6
Editor(s)............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.7
Institute/society as author .................................................................................. 13
3.2
DATE OF PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 14
3.3
TITLE .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4
EDITION ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.5
PLACE OF PUBLICATION ............................................................................................... 15
3.6
PUBLISHER .................................................................................................................. 16
3.7
NUMBER OF PAGES OF A MONOGRAPH .......................................................................... 17
3.8
SETS (MORE THAN ONE VOLUME) ................................................................................ 17
3.9
SERIES ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.

CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK.......................................................... 18

5.

PAPER AT A CONFERENCE....................................................................... 19

5.1
5.2

EDITORS...................................................................................................................... 19
A SOCIETY AS AUTHOR ................................................................................................ 19

6.

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS..................................................................................... 20

6.1

A SIGNED ARTICLE ...................................................................................................... 20

iv

6.2
6.3

AN ANONYMOUS ARTICLE............................................................................................ 20
ARTICLE FROM AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ON CD................................................................. 20

7.

DICTIONARIES ............................................................................................ 21

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

ONE VOLUME DICTIONARY, WELL-KNOWN ................................................................... 21

MULTI-VOLUME SETS: OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ................................................ 21
DICTIONARY ON CD.................................................................................................... 21
DICTIONARY WITH AN EDITOR ..................................................................................... 22
READERS DIGEST DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 22

8.

THE BIBLE ................................................................................................... 22

9.

STUDY GUIDES ........................................................................................... 23

9.1
9.2

AUTHOR INDICATED .................................................................................................... 23

WITHOUT AN INDICATION OF THE AUTHOR ................................................................... 23

10.

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS ................................................................. 23

11.

SECONDARY SOURCES............................................................................. 24

12.

TRANSLATIONS .......................................................................................... 24

13.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS................................................................. 25

13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.8.1
13.8.2
13.9
13.9.1
13.9.2
13.9.3

COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY: ..................................................................................... 25

Without known chairperson ............................................................................... 25
With a chairperson............................................................................................. 25
DEPARTMENTS ........................................................................................................ 26
LAWS (ACTS).......................................................................................................... 26
Acts .................................................................................................................... 26
Constitution........................................................................................................ 27
PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES ....................................................................................... 27
GOVERNMENT GAZETTE .......................................................................................... 27
PROVINCIAL GAZETTE ............................................................................................. 28
GREEN PAPERS ........................................................................................................ 28
WHITE PAPERS ........................................................................................................ 28
Published separately.......................................................................................... 28
White papers published in the Government gazette ........................................... 29
SEMI-GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, COUNCILS, NATIONAL COMMISSIONS ................ 29
Council for Geoscience...................................................................................... 29
South African Reserve Bank............................................................................... 29
National Commission for Higher Education...................................................... 30

14.

REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS................................................................. 30

15.

INTERVIEWS, LETTERS, OTHER ORIGINAL SOURCES.......................... 31

v

INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................ 31
LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 31

15.1
15.2
16.

PATENTS ..................................................................................................... 32

17.

NEWSPAPER REPORTS............................................................................. 33

18.

JOURNAL ARTICLES .................................................................................. 33

18.1
18.1.1
18.1.2
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
19.
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15

AUTHOR(S) ............................................................................................................. 33
Author known..................................................................................................... 33
Author unknown................................................................................................. 33
DATE OF PUBLICATION (YEAR) ................................................................................ 34
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE ............................................................................................. 34
TITLE OF THE JOURNAL ............................................................................................ 34
VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGES, MONTH .......................................................................... 34
SEASON ................................................................................................................... 35
JOURNAL WITHOUT VOLUME OR NUMBER ................................................................. 35

ELECTRONIC SOURCES ............................................................................ 36

ELECTRONIC BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATABASES: ABSTRACTS OF JOURNAL ARTICLES ..... 36
ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES: JOURNAL ARTICLES ........................................ 38
ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES: NEWSPAPER REPORTS ..................................... 39
ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES: E-BOOKS ........................................................ 39
ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ......................... 40
INTERNET (WORLD WIDE WEB)............................................................................. 40
INTERNET: ELECTRONIC JOURNALS .......................................................................... 40
INTERNET: DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................... 41
INTERNET: NEWSPAPER REPORTS ............................................................................. 42
INTERNET: E-BOOKS ................................................................................................ 43
INTERNET: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS.................................................................. 43
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL).................................................................................... 44
DISCUSSION GROUPS ............................................................................................... 44
NEWS GROUPS ......................................................................................................... 45
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA .............................................................................................. 45

20.

THE SOURCE LIST...................................................................................... 46

21.

TYPING HINTS ............................................................................................. 49

21.1
21.2

TEXTUAL REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 49

SOURCE LIST ........................................................................................................... 49

22.

EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST .................................................................. 50

23.

OTHER STYLES........................................................................................... 58

23.1

APA STYLE (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)........................................ 58

vi

23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
24.

MLA STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGES ASSOCIATION)................................................. 60

AMA STYLE (AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION).................................................. 62
CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................ 64
PHYSICS............................................................................................................... 66
ENGINEERING .................................................................................................... 69
LAW SCIENCES................................................................................................... 71
INDEX ........................................................................................................... 73

vii

1. DOCUMENTATION THEORY
In The Chicago manual of style (University of Chicago, 1993:493) the following
explanation of documentation is given:
Almost every work that is neither fiction nor an account based on personal
experience, relies in part on secondary sources (other publications on the
same or related subjects) or on primary sources (manuscript collections,
archives, contemporary accounts, diaries, books, personal interviews, and so
on). Ethics, as well as the laws of copyright, requires authors to identify
their sources, particularly when quoting directly from them.
This previous quotations reference in a source list will be as follows:
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 1993. The Chicago manual of style.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 921 p.

14th ed.

A warning is given in the MLA style manual (Gibaldi, 1999:151) regarding quoting
sources and plagiarism:
Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by
carefully giving credit to each source. Whenever you draw on anothers
work, you must specify what you borrowed whether facts, opinions, or
quotations and where you borrowed it from. Using another persons ideas
or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes
plagiarism.
(See also the section on PLAGIARISM in this booklet.)
This previous quotations reference in a source list will be as follows:
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.

1.1

Purpose of references and source lists

Why should you give recognition to sources which you use for an assignment?
What is the purpose or function of references in scientific documents?
1.

References give recognition to the original author from whom the facts are
taken.

2.

The author provides proof of where he got his information - and shows whether
he has consulted the most authoritative sources in the field.

3.

The references to sources can confirm the completeness of the study

4.

References to recognised sources lend authority to the writers views.

5.

References render proof to the reader about the provenance of the authors
thoughts/ideas.

6.

A source list provides information to the readers so that in turn they can consult
the sources and so verify whether the sources have been correctly
quoted/interpreted.

7.

The source list serves as an additional source list about the topic - if the
reader wishes to consult more sources about the topic. It is therefore clear that
the information in the source list should be complete enough to allow anyone to
find the sources again.

1.2

Which style?

In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles. The
style which is used in this guide, is the so-called Harvard method. This is subscribed
to by the International Standards Organization and the HSRC and is widely accepted
as a good scholarly reference style.

Various journals prefer to have their own house style which has to be followed
by authors - this is usually a more compact style (with small figures in the text)
aimed at saving space.

An important test for any reference style is whether it will enable a reader to find
a source. In other words, has enough information been given so that the reader
could in turn find the source again?

There is not really a right or a wrong style. Find out from the lecturer in your specific
subject(s) which style is preferred. If you have mastered the Harvard style, however,
you will find that you can quickly master other styles as well.

1.3

The Harvard style

The Harvard style consists of a short reference in the text which is supplemented by
a full reference in the source list or bibliography. For example:
2

Text:

Smith (1977:70) remarked that ...

Source list:

SMITH, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford.

97 p.

1.4

What should be documented?

When you are writing an assignment you will be handling a whole range of sources.
The inexperienced writer of assignments will then come face to face with the
problem of what should be written down. Should one, for example, give a textual
reference for each fact that is used?

Visser (1989:54) argues in this regard:

"It is necessary to acknowledge, that is, to document, whatever is borrowed from other writers.
It is not enough to acknowledge only direct quotations and paraphrases: all information, ideas,
insights, conclusions, arguments and opinions derived from others must be clearly indicated."
"It is not necessary to give sources for matters of common knowledge (e.g. Freud was the
founder of modern psychoanalysis). Of course students who are just beginning to learn about
a subject will often be in doubt about just what is and what is not common knowledge. The
question that should be asked is this: 'Is the person marking the essay likely to wonder where I
got my information or ideas?' If the answer is 'Yes', then indicate the source."

You should try to find a balance between the one extreme of writing down literally
everything and the other extreme of no documentation.
A practical guideline could be: Will the person marking the assignment wonder
where I got this information? Should the answer be affirmative, it means that it
should be documented.
A further guideline could be: document what is essential. But what is essential?
The following few examples give an indication of what can be regarded as essential
documentation:

as soon as there is reference to a specific persons viewpoint

as soon as there is a measure of doubt linked to a specific issue

as soon as information, for example statistics, is used without having tested the
accuracy of it yourself.

Useful hints
1.

Indicate clearly how you have used the material taken from sources. Do you
agree with it, do you reject the material, or do you simply want to indicate that
this source reflects the same view about the material as other sources?

2.

References to more than two or three authors who have written about the same
topic are not necessary at undergraduate level, except if it is essential as part of
your argument. One has to judge carefully whether each of the cited authors
really wrote about the same issue from the same angle, otherwise they cannot
be used as scientific witnesses about the specific issue.

3.

Citations/quotations from translated works are mostly not desirable and should
be limited the minimum, unless it is part of the purpose of the study to compare
different translations of the original work with each other.

4.

If such citations from classical works are given in translation, it is good policy to
give such translations in the language of the assignment.

5.

Do not make a citation or reference simply because it looks good. It should tie
in with the line of argumentation.

1.5

Use the most recent edition

Earlier editions of a work should not be used if a later edition is available, unless
there is a good reason for it. Do check for indications like 2nd ed., 3rd ed. on the
title page.

1.6

Primary and secondary sources

In scientific literature study there is a clear distinction between primary and

secondary sources.
Primary sources are sources which provide original
information about a topic, while secondary sources provide second hand
information. In scientific reports it is recommended to use primary sources and as
few secondary sources as possible.
For example: An author wants to write about Freuds view of psychoanalysis.
Instead of reading Freuds own writings, he uses the works of other authors, such as

Smith, Jones and White, who have also written about Freuds view of
psychoanalysis. These books are then secondary sources.
It is better for a scientific writer to use as few secondary sources as possible. If a
student wants to write about Freuds view of psychoanalysis, he/she should read
Freuds books. It might well be that Smith, Jones or White understood Freud
incorrectly, or that they evaluated his work one-sidedly.
If the student has read the primary sources, that is, Freuds own books, and he/she
has given his/her own version of the facts, then he/she can, if still necessary, consult
some secondary sources with the purpose, for example, of indicating whether their
version of his work is accurate or not. It is ill-advised for a student to represent
Freuds work only by way of secondary sources and then to criticise or judge it. This
is not only completely unscientific, but also unethical.
For undergraduate work the use of secondary sources is still acceptable. At the
postgraduate level, however, it is essential to use primary sources.

1.7

Plagiarism

Visser (1992:59) defines plagiarism as follows:

Plagiarism is the deliberate attempt to pass off as one's own another person's
work or ideas. Students who take information or ideas from books or articles,
rewrite them in their own words, and then attempt to pass them off as their
own work, are guilty of plagiarism; and so, of course, are students who copy
essays or parts of essays from other students. Plagiarism includes any
unacknowledged use of another person's phrasing, insights, general line of
argument, conclusions or opinions.
In preparing to write an essay, students are likely to read several books or
articles on the subject. Particularly at the early stages of learning about a
subject, they are likely to find what they have read so persuasive that they will
have difficulty establishing an independent view of the subject. There is
nothing wrong with being influenced, even strongly influenced, by what has
been read on an unfamiliar subject. Teachers will expect that to happen.
What is wrong is attempting to conceal indebtedness to what has been read.
When students find that what they write on a subject has been influenced by
what they have read, they can simply write a note saying something along the
lines of: 'My discussion of [whatever the topic is] is indebted at many points
to ...

Plagiarism is not considered a particularly serious crime in the broader

society; in schools and universities however, it is one of the more serious
offenses a person can commit. That is why schools and particularly
universities often impose stiff penalties on those who plagiarise. Students
guilty of plagiarism are likely at the very least to fail an essay with a zero; they
may even be excluded from the course altogether.
Writers who are conscientious about acknowledging all summaries,
paraphrases and quotations in their essays, as well as general indebtedness
to someone else's work, will avoid risk of plagiarism.

1.8

Copyright

Copyright implies that an information source must not be copied - for instance it is
forbidden to make photocopies of a published book in order not to buy the book.
This law protects the authors of being robbed of royalties to be paid to them because
of the user bypassing the selling procedures.
When an author writes a book, much time, effort and cost goes into it. He/she is
then entitled to some remuneration when a reader uses the book. A practical
example of this is when a student does not buy a handbook but makes photocopies
of it with the aim of saving money. Although one has sympathy with students who
have to spend large amounts of money in buying handbooks, this copying is illegal.
Two interesting examples of copyright warnings in books:
YOURS TO HAVE AND TO HOLD - BUT NOT TO COPY
The publication you are reading is protected by copyright law. This means that the
publisher could take you to court and claim heavy legal damages if you make
unauthorized photocopies from these pages.
Photocopying copyright material without permission is no different from stealing a
magazine from a newsagent, only it doesn't seem like theft.
This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention ... No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
The information in a book can be considered as the intellectual property of the
author.
6

2. TEXTUAL REFERENCES
In the text of your report, acknowledge each author from whom you obtained
information. Just a BRIEF reference which refers to a full source list reference.
ONLY the author's SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on which the
information appears) should be given in the text.
Example: This view is rejected by Roberts (1972:10) because ...
The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation.
Men between 20 and 29 show a strong inclination to suicide (Kreitman, 1977:118).

2.1

Direct citations

Direct citations (that is, the authors own words) should be used functionally. Do not
make too many direct quotes - your assignment should under no circumstances
become a mere stringing together of citations. You should only quote directly if the
original is so well stated that putting it in your own words would be detrimental to the
final effect, or if the original words are needed for purposes of analysis and
discussion of an authors views. Examples of this might be a striking statement by a
politician or a definition. Never quote simply to avoid translation problems.

Punctuation
If the quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation is
part of that argument and is placed outside the bracket or inverted comma.
Visser (1983:12) contends that "there must be a conclusion for all sentences".
They pass the remark that "few such cases exist" (compare De Beer, 1986:3).

When a sentence between brackets or inverted commas starts with a capital

letter, it indicates that this sentence is used independently and therefore
requires a full stop inside the bracket or inverted comma.
"It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would 'bite the
world' and was made for villainy." (Smith, 1977:70.)
Visser (1983:12) asserts: "There must be a conclusion for all sentences."

2.2

Indirect citations

When you give an authors ideas in your own words, you have to take care that the
spirit and the argumentation of the original are retained. Do not use and twist a
citation to your own purposes. Also, vary the style of citation in your assignment.
This gives a neat and well-finished appearance to the paper:
Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147), it ...
This argument is supported by Cogan (1989:156).
According to King (1995:21) it is ...
Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ...

2.3

Secondary citations

When secondary information is used, this has to be indicated as such in the text. For
example, if Williams uses a statement made originally by Freud, it has to be done as
follows:
(In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams.)
Text:

According to Freud (quoted by Williams, 1996:10), dreams are

Source list:

WILLIAMS, L. 1996. Freuds theories about dreams.

London: Batsford. 97 p.

2.4

Textual reference to more than one source

Although it is usually unnecessary to refer to more than one source when a

statement is made, it can be done as follows. Note the semicolon after each
reference. There is no convention about the order in which references are given. It
depends on the author: is it important for the sake of the argument to put it in
chronological order, or from important to less important, etc.?
A recession is expected (Vance, 1994:6; Crade, 1995:89; Leeds & Smith, 1996:8).

2.5

More citations to same author in same year

When you make use of more than one publication by the same author published in
the same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b or c after the date in the text
of your report, for example:
According to Smith (1996a:46), the information on the Internet ...

In the bibliography you also have to mark the references as a and b or c:

SMITH, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 215 p.
SMITH, H. 1996b. Evaluation of information on the Internet. Journal for
computer science, 2(4):14-18, Apr.

3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS)
The title page is the most important and the most reliable place to find the details
about a book. Follow the information on the title page carefully. Should the
information not be complete, you can usually find what you need on the reverse
side of the title page. DO NOT TRUST THE COVER - the information given there
is often changed for the sake of having a striking cover.
The important date of publication can usually be found on the reverse side of the
title page. Note the copyright sign ( ) and also the date of the different editions.
(See 3.2 for more information.)
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is also found here. It is normally
not necessary to provide it in the bibliography, but it remains a valuable source of
information about a book, and is used for purchases and orders.

The title page of the above mentioned book: Note the differences in punctuation,
capital letters, title / subtitle, edition, place of publication, publisher, year and pages.
Second edition

Successful Time Management

Edition
Title and subtitle

A Self-Teaching guide

Jack D. Ferner

Author

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Publisher

New York * Chichester * Brisbane * Toronto

Places of publication

---------------------------------------------------------- 1993 1995

270 pages

Year of publication and pages

A typical example of a source list reference (for the above mentioned book):
FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide.
2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.

10

3.1

Author(s) or editor(s)

Definition: The author is the person (or institution) responsible for the
intellectual or artistic contents of the source.

The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also be an
institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of which the University is the
author.

3.1.1 One author

Text:

"It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already
formed would 'bite the world' and was made for villainy." (Smith,
1977:70.)
or

(note the difference in punctuation)

An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it
would become a villain (Smith, 1977:70).
Source list:

SMITH, L.
97 p.

1977.

Crime and punishment.

London: Batsford.

In the text, only the authors surname is given and not the initial(s). Note the
difference in the source list where the author's surname and the initial(s) are given.

3.1.2 Two authors

Text:

Gardner and Shelton (1967:40) refer to the problem of

communication with paralysed patients who also suffer ...

or
All procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton,
1967:74).
Source list:

GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy

unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.

Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &-sign is used
in the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used.

11

3.1.3 Three authors or more

When there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannot be
distinguished, the abbreviation et al. is used in the text (and underlined OR typed
in italics). The abbreviation refers to et alii - a full stop is thus not placed after et.
All the co-workers are mentioned in the source list.

Text:

According to Meyer et al. (1973:74) photosynthesis is ...

Source list:

MEYER, B.S., ANDERSON, D.P., BOHNING, R.H. & FRATANNA,

D.G. 1973. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van
Nostrand. 565 p.

3.1.4 No author indicated (Anon.)

If no author can be identified, the abbreviation ANON. (for anonymous) is used.
But PLEASE try and establish an author more often than not there is an institution
or some kind of organization which is responsible for the information.
Compare 3.1.7 Institute/society as author and also the guidelines for quoting
sources from the Internet.

Text:

Information on the Internet must be carefully evaluated (Anon.,

1996:3).

Source list:

ANON. 1996. Don't believe your eyes. Financial news, 45(3):3,

21 Jan.

12

3.1.5 Two authors with same surname

When referring to two authors with the same surname publishing in the same year,
the initials must be used in the text to distinguish between the two.
Text:

Research shows that teenagers are ... (Jones, T.,1990:9).

Adolescents tend to (Jones, S. 1990:215).

Source list:

JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York: Wiley. 305 p.

JONES, T. 1990. Sibling rivalry. Journal of child psychology,
5(2):12-16.

3.1.6 Editor(s)
The abbreviation ed. (for editor) or red. (Afrikaans for redakteur) is used for editor,
depending on the language of the source, and is preceded by a comma.
ed./eds. - editor(s); red./reds. - redakteur(s); Hrsg - Herausgeber.

3.1.7 Institute/society as author

An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University,
of which the University is the author.
An abbreviation may be used in the text, with the full name in the source list.
Text:

"By virtue of the nature of library work, background knowledge of an

almost encyclopaedic nature is the librarian's ideal." (UCT,
1970:30.)

Source list:

UCT (University of Cape Town). 1970. Where does university

education lead to? A practical manual for counseling teachers.
Cape Town. 293 p.

When the publisher and author (UCT) are one and the same, the
publisher is usually omitted.

An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of
which the University is the author.

13

3.2

Date of publication

This is the date of the edition as it appears in the publication, usually on the
reverse side of the title page. Only the most recent date must be furnished.
When more than one date is given, it is usually an indication of a new edition. It
is compulsory to state it in the reference. However it is not necessary to mention a
reprint. An exception: if it is deemed necessary , a reprint of an old source can
be indicated as follows: 1985 [1903].
If you can't find a date in the book, a serious effort must be made to trace it. Ask a
librarian to assist you. If you still cannot determine a date, an approximate date
may be given:
1892 or 93
1892?
s.a.

3.3

when one or the other date is correct

the probable date
year absolutely unknown (= sine anno)
(use only in highly exceptional cases)

Title

The complete title is furnished as it appears on the title page of the publication.
Only the first letter of the first word or names of persons, places or institutions and
German nouns start with capital letters. Titles of books are not underlined.
A sub-title is separated by a colon:
MORRIS, C. 1988. Psychology: an introduction. New York: Wiley. 299 p.

3.4

Edition

The first edition is not mentioned; nor the subsequent reprints or impressions.
Statements about editions can be abbreviated as follows (note punctuation):
2nd ed.
3rd ed.
4th ed.

(English)

2de dr./uitg. (Afrikaans)

2. Aufl. (German)

JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and
development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.

14

3.5

Place of publication

Give the place of publication in the language of the source. Only mention the place (city)
NOT only the country or the state. If no place can be traced, s.l. (sine loco) may be used.

States of the United States of America

The name of a state in the United States of America may be used in abbreviated form after
the city e.g. Boston, Mass. for Massachusetts - if stated on the title page of the book.

JONES, S. 1990. Sociology. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin. 250 p.

Boston = city; Mass. = state; Houghton Mifflin = publisher.
Homewood, Ill.: Irwin.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
BUT: New York: Wiley. New York = city - usually the state (N.Y.) is not added in this instance.
Note the two ways to abbreviate states: the traditional way e.g. Calif. for California, and
the two letter abbreviation CA (postal code). Select one format and keep to it consistently.
Alabama ................................. Ala./AL
Alaska..................................... Ak./AK
Arizona ................................... Ariz./AZ
Arkansas ................................ Ark./AR
California ................................ Calif./CA
Colorado................................. Colo./CO
Connecticut ............................ Conn./CT
Delaware ................................ Del./DE
Distr. of Columbia................... D.C./DC
Florida .................................... Fla./FL
Georgia................................... Ga./GA
Hawaii..................................... Hi./HI
Idaho ...................................... Id./ID
Illinois...........................................Ill./IL
Indiana.................................... Ind./IN
Iowa........................................ Ia./IA
Kansas ................................... Kans./KS
Kentucky................................. Ky./KY
Louisiana ................................ La./LA
Maine...................................... Me./ME
Maryland................................. Md./MD
Massachusetts ....................... Mass./MA
Michigan ................................. Mich./MI
Minnesota............................... Minn./MN
Mississippi .............................. Miss./MS
Missouri .................................. Mo./MO

Montana............................................Mont./MT
Nebraska ..........................................Nebr./NE
Nevada .............................................Nev./NV
New Hampshire ................................N.H./NH
New Jersey .......................................N.J./NJ
New Mexico ......................................N.Mex./NM
New York ..........................................N.Y./NY
North Carolina...................................N.C./NC
North Dakota.....................................N.D./ND
Ohio ..................................................Oh./OH
Oklahoma .........................................Okla./OK
Oregon..............................................Oreg./OR
Pennsylvania ....................................Pa./PA
Rhode Island.....................................R.I./RI
South Carolina ..................................S.C./SC
South Dakota ....................................S.D./SD
Tennessee ........................................Tenn./TN
Texas ................................................Tex./TX
Utah ..................................................Ut./UT
Vermont ............................................Vt./VT
Virginia..............................................Va./VA
Washington.......................................Wash./WA
West Virginia.....................................W.Va./WV
Wisconsin .........................................Wis./WI
Wyoming...........................................Wyo./WY

15

3.6

Publisher

A colon, with a space, separates the place of publication and publisher, for
example: New York: Wiley.
If the author and publisher are one and the same person or institution, the
name of the publisher is omitted (see the section: An institution as author).
If no publisher is mentioned, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomine) may be used.
Initials are usually omitted, for example, J.L. Van Schaik becomes Van
Schaik. Initials are sometimes included when it is necessary to distinguish,
for example:
London: J.A. Allen
London: W.H. Allen
Words which are unnecessary for identification purposes may be omitted, for
example and Co., and Sons.

Examples of some well-known publishers:

Butterworth-Heineman ( Butterworth-Heineman Ltd.)
Houghton Mifflin (for Houghton Mifflin Co)
Irwin (for Richard D. Irwin)
McGraw-Hill (for McGraw-Hill Book Company)
Penguin (for Penguin Books Ltd)
Prentice-Hall
Sage (for Sage Publications)
Wiley (for John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Wilson (for H.W. Wilson Company)

However, it is sometimes necessary to add Company/Press:

ASPY, D.N. 1974. Towards a technology of humanizing education.

Champaign,Ill.: Research Press. 217 p.

More examples of publishers which cannot be shortened:

The Scientific Press; Academic Press; University of Cambridge Press.; Oxford

University Press; South Western Publishing Co.; Dryden Press; St. Martin's Press.

Institution/department as publisher:
Water Research Commission;
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs; Government Printer; Nordic
Council of Ministers; University of South Africa.

16

3.7

Number of pages of a monograph

The reference gives fuller information and creates a better impression if the total
number of pages are indicated. It must then be done consistently for every
book in the source list. Insert a space between the numbers and the p.
Source list:

3.8

GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy

unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.

Sets (more than one volume)

If a source consists of more than one volume, the number of volumes should be
mentioned.
Text:

The OED (1934-1978) covers the English language ...

Source list:

OED (Oxford English Dictionary) 1934-1978. 21 vols. Oxford:

At the Clarendon Press.

3.9

Series

If the publication is part of a series, this will probably appear on the title page or on
the reverse side of the title page. A series is important if it gives an indication of the
authoritativeness of the source (for example, a publication in a series such as the
Scientific contributions of a university will have a different meaning and authority
from, for example, the Asterix-series).
Publishers series can usually be ignored, for example McGraw-Hill series in
psychology. When it is necessary for identification or authority purposes, the
series title and number can be placed between round brackets at the end of the
reference.
NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 1992. Product life cycle assessments.
Copenhagen. 288 p. (NORD series, 1992:9.)
MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds. 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific. 255 p.
(Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)

17

4. CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK

A collected work comprises a number of chapters, each written by a different
author. An editor collects and compiles the different chapters, and put them
together in a book, called a collected work. When a chapter in this type of
collected work is quoted, the author of the chapter must be used as the author of
the quoted "source" - followed by the date of the collected work, the title of the
chapter and the "In reference".
Text:

"Generally speaking, dedicated gymnasts are an interesting, if not

odd lot of highly involved, somewhat self-centered, and at times,
masochistic individuals, who would be a psychiatrist's delight!"
(Massimo, 1970:31.)

Source list:

MASSIMO, J.L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. (In George,

G., ed. The magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif.: Sundby
Publications. p. 31-33.)

MASSIMO = the author of the CHAPTER.

Psychology and the gymnast = the title of the CHAPTER.
GEORGE = the EDITOR of the collection.
The magic of gymnasts = the title of the book.
p. 31-33 = the pages of the CHAPTER.

The pages of the CHAPTER by Massimo must be supplied.

The abbreviations ed. (eds.) are used for an editor or compiler, depending
on the language of the source.

Ed. or eds. is preceded by a comma and is either underlined OR typed in

italics.

18

5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE
Refer to a specific contribution at a conference or symposium (called a paper read
at ...) by using the author's surname, initials, and title of his presentation. Then
make use of an "In reference" to account for the book as a whole.
When reference is made to the book as a whole and it is possible, make use of the
name of the editor. When an editor is not mentioned, record it under the name of
the organisation that arranged the conference/symposium, or the name of the
conference. Follow the title page of the book as far as possible.

5.1

Editors

Text:

Present-day physics is indeterministic (Putman, 1979:128).

Source list:

PUTMAN, H.W. 1979. The place of facts in a world of values.

(In Huff, D. & Prewett, O., eds. The nature of the physical
universe: 1976 Nobel Conference organised by Gustavus
College, St. Peter, Minnesota. New York: Wiley. p. 113-140.)

In = italics OR underlined; p. 113-140 = the first and last page of the chapter.
Compare also the section on: Author(s) and editor(s).

5.2

A society as author

Text:

Cronje (1961:73) contends that integration is the keystone to the

whole learning process.

Source list:

CRONJE, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning

process. (In South African Society for the Promotion of Education.
A few modern pedagogical principles for education: Papers read at
the Third Annual Congress of SASPE held in Pretoria on 29 and 30
September 1961. Pretoria. p. 65-74.)

In = italics, or written by hand, underlined; p. = first and last page of the chapter.

19

6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
6.1

A signed article

Text:

Hieroglyphics indicate a similarity to art forms (Brunner, 1984:853).

Source list:

BRUNNER, H. 1984. Hieroglyphic writing. (In World book

encyclopedia, 3:213-215.)

Some encyclopaedias only display the author's initials. Usually a list of

contributors (authors) can be found in the first or the last part of the set.
It is unnecessary to give the place of publication or publisher's name of a wellknown encyclopaedia.
For Encyclopaedia Britannica add the section in brackets (e.g.: (In The new
Encyclopaedia Britannica (Macropaedia), 8:853-857.)

6.2

An anonymous article

First ascertain whether the author is not mentioned at the start or end of the article.
If there is no indication of an author, it can be quoted as follows: ( ANON. =
Anonymous, author unknown)
Text:

The largest stalagmite in the Sudwala cave is ... (Anon., 1974:341).

Source list:

ANON. 1974. Sudwala caves. (In Standard encyclopaedia of

Southern Africa, 10:340-341.)

6.3

Article from an encyclopaedia on CD

Note that the author(s) are usually indicated at the end of an article in the
encyclopaedia.
Text:

According to Stam and Stam (1994) libraries were ...

Source list:

STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages.
(In Microsoft Encarta 95.) [CD].

20

7. DICTIONARIES
When a dictionary is consulted purely to clarify unintelligible words or to translate
words, it does not have to be included in the source list. If, however, definitions or
explanations of words are quoted, the dictionary must be indicated. This also
applies where contradictory explanations of terms are involved.

7.1

One volume dictionary, well-known

Text:

The word "kaiings" was first recorded in 1905 (DSAE:350).

Source list:

DSAE (Dictionary of South African English on historical principles.)

1996. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. 825 p.

7.2

Multi-volume sets: Oxford English Dictionary

In the case of a large, comprehensive dictionary (usually several volumes), the title
can be used instead of the name of the editor because there is usually more than
one editor. For convenience, abbreviations can also be used in the text.
Text:

According to the OED (1978, 1:125) the meaning of adorn is ...

Source list:

OED (Oxford English Dictionary) 1978. Adorn. Oxford: At the

Clarendon Press.

7.3

Dictionary on CD

Source list:

OED (Oxford English Dictionary.) 1987. Literator. [CD].

21

7.4

Dictionary with an editor

Text:

According to Beale (1989:52) a bootlace ...

Source list:

BEALE, P., ed. 1989. A concise dictionary of slang and

unconventional English. London: Routledge. 534 p.

7.5

Readers Digest dictionary

Text:

Uitgooi and uitsmyt are synonyms (Readers Digest, 1994:560).

Source list:

READERS DIGEST ASSOCIATION SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD.

1994. Readers Digest Afrikaans-Engelse woordeboek;
English/Afrikaans dictionary. Cape Town. 1344 p.

8. THE BIBLE
When it is considered essential for the Bible to be included in the source list (for
example when various translations are compared) it may be done as follows. Use
the wording as it appears on the title page.
Text:

The words in Psalm 23:6 ... goodness and mercy shall follow me
(Bible, 1989) are translated in the New international version (Bible,
1995) with: ... goodness and love will follow me.

Source list:

BIBLE. 1989. Life application Bible: King James version.

Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale.
BIBLE. 1995. The Holy Bible: New international version. Cape
Town: Bible Society of South Africa.

22

9. STUDY GUIDES
How to quote from a study guide issued in a university or technikon course.

9.1

Author indicated

Text:

Cilliers (1986:96) avers that users of psychedelic substances claim

that their motives are religious and self-analytical.

Source list:

CILLIERS, S. 1986. Psychiatric nursing (VPE 420).

Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO. 148 p. (Study guide S98/51.)

9.2

Without an indication of the author

Text:

The history of South Africa is being rewritten today (Unisa, 1997:5).

Source list:

UNISA (University of South Africa). 1997. Study guide History 3.

Pretoria. 15 p. (S97/83.)

10. THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Text:

Du Plessis (1986:5) researched the ...

Source list:

DU PLESSIS, J. 1986. Stability of emulsions in parenthetical

nutritional mixtures. Johannesburg: RAU. (Dissertation - M.Sc.)
150 p.

Use the terms Mini-Dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation, et cetera as they are

mentioned in the publication.

The following abbreviations may be used: M.A. or MA, LL.M. or LLM, D.B.A.
or DBA, M.Sc. or MSc, D.Phil. or DPhil. According to the 2002 edition of the
Afrikaanse woordelys en spelrels full-stops are optional in abbreviations
referring to degrees.

According to the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelrels, recognised abbreviations

of South African universities, for example PU vir CHO, RAU and UPE can be
typed with or without full-stops.

23

11. SECONDARY SOURCES

The use of secondary sources is generally not seen as scientifically acceptable
and must be limited to absolutely unobtainable sources.
Please note: Only the source that has been used appears in the source list.
For an explanation of the use of secondary sources, see 1.6: Primary and
secondary sources.
Text:

Butterfield (as quoted by Johnson, 1974:133) found ...

Source list:

JOHNSON, R.C. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and

development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.

12. TRANSLATIONS
Text:

According to Hitler (1961:15) the state "... ".

Source list:

HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German by

John Ayles. London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.

24

13. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Finding government publications poses a big problem and the details given must
therefore be complete and correct. Because the "authors" of Government
publications are often the lengthy titles of departments or commissions, preference
is given to an abbreviated form that can be used in the text. Then a clear crossreference ("see") must be made to the "correct" and complete form in the source
list. Use the language of the source in the text and in the source list.

13.1 Commissions of Inquiry:

13.1.1 Without known chairperson
Text:
Source list:

In its fourth interim report it appears that the Commission of Inquiry

into Certain Organisations (1974:56) is convinced ...
COMMISSION of Inquiry into Certain Organisations see
SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into Certain
Organisations.

SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into Certain

Organisations. 1974. Fourth Interim Report. Pretoria:
Government Printer. 641 p. (RP 33/1974.)

Note that it is very important to furnish the number (RP ...) of the Government
publication because that facilitates retrieval.

13.1.2 With a chairperson

Text:

According to the commission (Katz, 1994:7) the tax system ...

Source list:

KATZ, M.M., chair. 1994. Interim report of the Commission of

Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa.
Pretoria: Government Printer. 294 p.

25

13.2 Departments
Text:

The production of the platinum group of metals remained

unchanged (Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, 1995:14).

Source list:

DEPARTMENT of Mineral and Energy Affairs see SOUTH

AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.

SOUTH AFRICA.
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.
1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 64 p.

When annual reports are used for a number of successive years, they can be dealt
with as one item in the source list.
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1974 - 1977.
Annual Reports. Pretoria: Government Printer. 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1975 (RP
43/1976); 1 July 1975 - 30 June 1976 (RP 48/1977); 1 July 1976 - 30 June 1977
(RP 42/1978).

13.3 Laws (acts)

If reference is made to several laws, use can be made of one "see" reference in
the source list (as shown in the following example), and then the full particulars are
furnished at "South Africa..."

13.3.1 Acts
Text:

The Atomic Corporation was established in terms of the Atomic

Energy Act (92/1982).

Source list:

ACTS see SOUTH AFRICA.

LAWS see SOUTH AFRICA.
SOUTH AFRICA. 1982. Atomic Energy Act 92 of 1982. Pretoria:
Government Printer.

26

13.3.2 Constitution
Text:

In terms of Article 32(1) of the Constitution (1996) everyone has the

right of access to government information.

Source list:

CONSTITUTION see SOUTH AFRICA. 1996.

SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South
Africa as adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 8 May 1996
and as amended on 11 October 1996. (B34B-96.) (ISBN: 0-26020716-7.)

The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is useful in this case because it is
an indication of the specific edition of the constitution.

13.4 Provincial ordinances

Text:

A Valuation Appeal Board was constituted (Gauteng, 1996).

Source list:

GAUTENG (South Africa). 1996. Constitution of a Valuation

Appeal Board. (In Gauteng Province ordinances. Land and
townships. Local authorities rating. Doornfontein: Lex Patria.
Premiers notice, P.N. 9.)

13.5 Government gazette

Text:

The requirement in this case is that the license be withdrawn (SA,

1977:149).

Source list:

SA see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. 1977. The duty of the court to pass judgment
on the suspension or revocation of a driver's license.
(Proclamation No. R. 327, 1977.) Government gazette, 5804:149,
18 Nov. (Regulation gazette no. 2561.)

27

13.6 Provincial gazette

Text:

The boundaries of Pampierstad (North-West, 1995:58).

Source list:

NORTH-WEST (South-Africa). 1995. The determination of areas

of transitional authorities: Pampierstad Local Council. North-West
provincial gazette extraordinary, 5086:58-59, 1 Mar.

13.7 Green papers

Text:

Technology can reduce the workload of women (SA, 1996:89).

Source list:

SA see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Arts, Culture, Science and
Technology. 1996. South Africas Green Paper on Science and
Technology: preparing for the 21st century. Pretoria. 108 p.

13.8 White papers

13.8.1 Published separately
Text:

In the White Paper on Tourism (SA, 1996:48) the government ...

Source list:

SA see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism.
1996. The development of tourism in South Africa. Pretoria:
Government Printer. 108 p. (WPB-1996.)

28

13.8.2 White papers published in the Government gazette

Text:

According to the White Paper (SA, 1995:21) higher education ...

Source list:

SA see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Education. 1995. White paper
on education and training. (WPJ-1995.) Government gazette,
16312:1-80, 15 Mar.

13.9 Semi-government
National commissions

Institutions,

Councils,

13.9.1 Council for Geoscience

Text:

The Council for Geoscience (1994:3) is the successor of the

Geological Survey of South Africa.

Source list:

COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE. 1994. Annual report,

1 November 1993 to 31 March 1994. Pretoria. 30 p.

13.9.2 South African Reserve Bank

Text:

According to the South African Reserve Bank (1994:24) the

term ...

Source list:

SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK. Department of Bank

Supervision. 1994. Annual report. Pretoria. 82 p.

29

13.9.3 National Commission for Higher Education

Text:

The aim of the commission is to cover all aspects ... (NCHE, 1995).

Source list:

NCHE (National Commission on Higher Education, South Africa).

1995. The South African Commission on Higher Education home
page. http://star.hsrc.ac.za/nche.html Date of access: 16 Nov.
1996.

More examples:
HSRC (Human Sciences Research Council). 1994. Annual report. Pretoria.
67 p.
CSS (Central Statistics Service). 1996. Population statistics. Pretoria. 88 p.

14. REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS
Text:

Viljoen (1980:5) suggests that the lecturer should consider the

library and its professional personnel as colleagues in literature
training.

Source list:

VILJOEN, A.J. 1980. Literature training as a component of the

lecturing task. (Paper delivered as part of the course in Tertiary
Education for new lecturers at the PU for CHE on 12 May 1980.)
Potchefstroom. 5 p. (Unpublished.)

This form is only used when the report/lecture/paper has not been published.
When such a report/lecture/paper is included in a collected work, the
instructions in point 5 are followed: A paper at a conference.

30

15. INTERVIEWS,
LETTERS,
ORIGINAL SOURCES

OTHER

It sometimes happens that use is made of letters or personal communications that

have not been published in some form. (Reference is not made here to material
which is included in an organised archive collection. These have their own special
rules and uses.) Furnish the following details as far as possible:

Author
Year
Title or nature of material
Place of origin
Notes on physical nature, scope (where applicable) or where the material is
available.

15.1 Interviews
Text:

According to a communication by Mr. J.J. van der Merwe (1979),

mampoer was already being distilled in the Marico area as early as
1841.

Source list:

VAN DER MERWE, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with the

author. Zeerust. (Cassette recording in possession of the author.)

15.2 Letters
Text:

Viljoen (1953) expressed his utter dissatisfaction about ...

Source list:

VILJOEN, C.S. 1953. Letter to the Town Clerk of Potchefstroom,

1 June. Pretoria. (Original copy in records of Town Council of
Potchefstroom.)

See also the section on Electronic mail (E-mail).

31

16. PATENTS
Furnish the following details for patents:
AUTHOR(S). Date. Title. Patent: Issuing country (compare the list of
abbreviations): patent number. Total number of pages.

Source list:
HWANG, M., STARK, L.E., HEINEN, G. & RIMPILLO, L. 1998. Optical curing
process for integrated circuit package assembly. Patent: US 5,846,476. 9 p.

Country codes for PATENTS (according to Chemical Abstracts)

AT Austria

HU Hungary

AU Australia

IL Israel

BE Belgium

IN India

BR Brazil

JP Japan

CA Canada

LT Lithuania

CH Switzerland

LV Latvia

CN China, Peoples Republic of

NL Netherlands

CS Czechoslovakia

NO Norway

CZ Czech Republic

PL Poland

DD Germany (See list of country codes

in Chemical Abstracts)

RO Romania

DE Germany

RU Russia

DK Denmark

SE Sweden

EP European Patent Organization

SK Slovakia

ES Spain

SU Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

FI Finland

US United States of America

FR France

WO

World
Organization

GB United Kingdom

ZA South Africa

32

Intellectual

Property

17. NEWSPAPER REPORTS

Text:

This special use of the word is described by Terblanche (1963:7) as

an anglicism.

Source list:

TERBLANCHE, H.J. 1963. Anglicisms. Die Vaderland: 7, 13

Aug.

The article appeared on page 7 of Die Vaderland dated 13 August 1963.

An indication of the page and the day on which the newspaper was published,
is sufficient.

18. JOURNAL ARTICLES

The following bibliographical information is required in respect of journal articles:
author(s), publication date, title of the article, name of the journal in which the
article was published, the volume, the number of the volume, the pages of the
volume in which the article appears, and the day, month or indication of the
semester of the relevant journal.

18.1 Author(s)
18.1.1 Author known
Source list:
RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug
education, 40(3):52-64, May.

Only the title of the journal is underlined or typed in italics.

18.1.2 Author unknown

Text:

"Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar and
pestle of the pharmacist gathers dust." (Anon., 1978:3.)

33

Source list:

ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tablets? South

African medical journal, 53(1):3, 7 Jan.

18.2 Date of publication (Year)

This is the year appearing on the particular volume of the journal.

18.3 Title of the article

The full title of the article is supplied. Only the first word and names of persons,
places or institutions as well as German nouns begin with capital letters. A sub-title
is separated from the title by means of a colon.

18.4 Title of the journal

Do not use abbreviations as this can be confusing. Only the first letter of the first
word and names as well as German nouns are typed in capitals. Underline the
name of the journal OR type it in italics.
Journal of industrial psychology

/ Journal of industrial psychology

Journal of the American Psychological Society / Journal of the American

Psychological Society (capital letters for the name of the society)
Journal of Australian history / Journal of Australian history

18.5 Volume, number, pages, month

After the name of the journal and separated by a comma, the information in
respect of the specific edition of the journal in which the relevant article appears,
follows in the sequence given below:

Volume in Arabic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; the
pages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month).

The month can be abbreviated according to acknowledged abbreviations and must

appear in the language of the journal.
RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug
education, 40(3):52-64, May.

In the case of a day and month, it is accounted for as follows:

34

WALKER, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history
textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.
Abbreviations for months:
Jan. - Januarie/January
Feb. - Februarie/February
Mrt. - Maart
Mar. - March
Apr. - April
Mei
May
Jun. - Junie/June

Jul. - Julie/July
Aug. - Augustus/August
Sep. - September
Okt. - Oktober
Oct. - October
Nov. - November
Des. - Desember
Dec. - December

18.6 Season
In the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in the
language of the journal and not abbreviated):
KEN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal
of applied behavior analysis, 28(3):339-340, Summer.
Seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.

18.7 Journal without volume or number

This seldom occurs. If the volume or number is in any way available, it must be
furnished.
Text:

"The drinking problem in Scotland has always been relatively more

serious than in England." (Glatt, 1980:135.)

Source list:

GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and

alcoholism. British book news:133-137, Mar.

A colon, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and this indicates that
the page numbers follow.

35

19. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Electronic sources provide an entirely new approach to information, creating new
problems because of the difference in format and contents. The variety of sources
makes it impossible to cover all cases and therefore only general guidelines will be
given.

Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of the
recommended Harvard style. This applies specifically to the use of an author
(person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text.

One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the full
bibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is therefore
essential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources.
That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the ADDRESS is essential.

The language of the source is used when indicating the date when the
information was accessed along with the name of the database or address of
the source.

19.1 Electronic
bibliographical
abstracts of journal articles

databases:

Databases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material.
Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, research
reports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In most cases
it is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, on condition
that the false impression that the original source had been consulted, is not
created. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, the original
source must be obtained. Students must get permission from their lecturer,
supervisor or promoter to use this type of information.
AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (for example the title and
other detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to find
it in the database.
Text:

The most recent research on ... (Charleston, 1993).

Source list:

CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease.

Journal of dietary science, 19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.

36

Text:

Dit blyk dat die nuutste navorsing ... (Theron & Papendorp, 1996).

Source list:

THERON, J.J. & PAPENDORP, D.H. 1996. Siektes van

peroksisome: n oorsig. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde,
86(6):685-690, Jun. Opsomming in MEDLINE.

37

19.2 Electronic
articles

full

text

databases:

journal

If the article is in HTML-format it differs from the print version because the page
numbers are not indicated and can therefore not be quoted in the text or the source
list. You will need to add the date you accessed the document as well as the source
from which it was retrieved.
EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as the source
from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, eg. Academic Search
Premier.

Quote full text articles in HTML-format from a Web database provided by

EBSCOHost Web as follows:

BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: who's for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754):1402, 6 Aug.
Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2000.

BARTLETT, C. 1997. Corporate communication. Journal of communication,

13(1):22, 6 Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2000.

DE WIT, H.E.D. & NTULI, R.M. 1995. Die onderrig van funksies in kommunikatiewe
aanpak: metodologiese probleme. South African journal of African languages,
15(3):108, 6 Aug. Beskikbaar: MLA. Datum van gebruik: 5 Okt. 2005.

When the article is in PDF-format the page numbers are available and must
be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differ from the
print version, therefore you need not indicate the date of access. Quote full
text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg. ScienceDirect or
SAePublications, as follows:

KALTMAN, S. & BONANNO, G.A. 2003. Trauma and bereavement: examining

the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(2):131147. Available: ScienceDirect.
VAN DER WALT, B.J. 2003. Is vigs die oordeel van God oor ons
ongehoorsaamheid? n Prinsipile besinning. Woord en daad, 44(388):6-8.
Beskikbaar: SAePublications.

38

19.3 Electronic full text databases: newspaper

reports
When the page numbers are available it must be quoted in the text and the source
list. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need not
indicate the date of access, but if it does, the date of access must be quoted. Quote
full text newspaper reports from a Web database, eg. SA Media, as follows:
MATSENA, D. 2002. Jobs scam ads: newspapers to act. Pretoria news: 3, 10 Sep.
Available: SA Media.

VAN REENEN, R. 1998. J.M. Coetzee in die ban van Karoo-Afrikaans. Beeld:
8, 21 Apr. Beskikbaar: SA Media.

19.4 Electronic full text databases: e-books

No address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronic
version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of
access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.
ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA in forensic
science: theory, techniques and applications. New York: Routledge. Available:
NetLibrary.
Paging is omitted in the electronic version:
TOTIUS. 1915. Trekkerswee. Met tekeninge van J.H. Pierneef. Kaapstad:
Tafelberg. Beskikbaar: Project Gutenberg. Datum van gebruik: 18 Nov. 2005.
Collected work:
GERING, L.J. & BECKERLING, T.W. 1997. Civil procedure: Magistrates court.
Revised by L.T.C. Harms, I. van der Walt and D. Harms. (In Law of South Africa,
3(2):200-201.) Available: Butterworths LexisNexis.

39

19.5 Electronic full text databases: government

publications
No address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronic
version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of
access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.

SOUTH AFRICA. 2004. Income Tax Act 58 or 1962. Available: Butterworths

LexisNexis.
Page numbers are not available:
SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. Draft discussion document on agricultural biotechnology.
(Notice no 1591 of 2005.) Government gazette, 27936: 26 Aug. Available: Sabinet
Online. Government Gazette. Date of access: 24 Nov. 2005.

19.6 Internet (World Wide Web)

If the information is retrieved from a document or journal article on the Internet
provide the URL or address and the date of access.

19.7 Internet: electronic journals

If the article is not retrieved from an electronic database but on the Internet, give the
reference just as in the case of referring to a printed journal PLUS an indication that
it is an electronic journal, by providing the URL or address and date of access. The
date of access is of importance because the document can be moved or deleted.
AUTHOR. Year of publication of article. Heading of the article. Title of the
journal, volume (number): pages. URL. Date of access.
Source list

Source list

NUNES, J.M.B. & FOWELL, S.P. 1996. Hypermedia as an

experiential learning tool: a theoretical model. Information
research, 2(1). http://www.shef.ac.uk/~is/lecturer/ircont.html Date
of access: 14 Oct. 1998.

DE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek nie meer die stiefkind van die
teologie nie. Kerkblad, 108(3179), Sep.
http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van gebruik: 12 Okt.
2005.
40

19.8 Internet: documents

In scientific treatises, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for the
intellectual or artistic contents of the information to which you are referring (i.e.
authorship). Authorship is the researchers proof of reliability and authority and it
simplifies citation. The author may be a person or persons or groups of persons as
is the case with societies or institutions.
When authorship is not easily
ascertainable, the following clues may help to establish the responsible entity:
1. Who created the home page? If it is an individuals home page, which is a
subdivision of an institutions home page, was the former authorised by the mother
institution? For example, some educational institutions allow their students to
compile their own home pages but disclaim any responsibility for it. If it is a home
page or web site of a person, society or institution without a title, omit the title.
2. If responsibility could not be ascertained, go back on the address (URL) and
look for clues.
3. If responsibility could still not be ascertained begin the reference with the title of
the document.

AUTHOR. Year - when information was created or revised. Title. Address/

URL Date of access.
Do not use any punctuation after the address - it may be confusing. Put a full stop
after the date to end the reference.
Example 1
Text:

In his inaugural speech Mandela (1994) used the following famous

words: Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all.

Source list:

MANDELA, N. 1994. Statement of the president of the ANC,

Nelson Mandela, at his inauguration as president of the Republic of
South Africa, Union Buildings, Pretoria, May 10 1994.
http://www.anc.org.za:80/ancdocs/speeches/inaugta.html Date of
access: 10 Oct. 1996.

41

Example 2
Text:

Kannemeyer (2005) meen dat .

Source list:

KANNEMEYER, J.C. 2005. Bestekopname van die Afrikaanse

posie. http://www.litnet.co.za/seminaar/komrij/asp Datum van
gebruik: 7 Okt. 2005.

Example 3
Text:

When searching on the Internet, be on the lookout for the British or

American spelling of words like labour or labor (Open Text
Corporation, 1997).

Source list:

OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results.

http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access: 2 Dec.
1998.

Compare also National Commission on Higher Education (on Internet).

Example 4
Text:

Edited directories on the web are . (DMOZ Open Directory

Project, 1998-2005).

Source list:

DMOZ Open Directory Project. 1998-2005.

http://dmoz.org/about.html Date of access: 17 Nov. 2005.

The author of the document is not identified therefore the title is used.

19.9 Internet: newspaper reports

Provide the URL or Address and the date of access.
FERIS,M. 2005. Humans have a hand in disasters. City press: 27, 23 Oct.
http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/10/23/C1/27/01.html Date of
access: 21 Nov. 2005.
FERREIRA, B. 2005. Arbeidstekort in New Orleans. Die Beeld: 21, 10 Okt.
http://152,111,1,251/argief/berigte/beeld/2005/10/10/BM/21/01.html Datum van
gebruik: 24 Okt. 2005.

42

19.10 Internet: e-books

Provide the URL or Address and the date of access.
FREUD, S. 1999. Interpretation of dreams. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. http://www/psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.
BIBLE. 1983. The Bible: The New King James version. London: Thomas Nelson.
http:///www.blueletterbible.org Date of access: 18 Nov. 2005.
No date of publication.
MURRAY, A. s.a. The prayer life.
http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/praylife/indexpray.htm Date of access: 21 Nov.
2005.
e-Thesis:
DLOMO, S.A. 2005. Turnover among mathematics and physical science educators
in the Vaal Triangle. Potchefstroom: NWU. Vaal Triangle Campus. (Thesis M.
Ed.) http://fpb-1nx1.puk.ac.za/search Date of access: 21 Nov. 2005.

19.11 Internet: government publications

Provide the URL or Address and date of access.
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Education. Directorate: Inclusive Education. 2005.
Conceptual and educational guidelines for the implementation of inclusive education:
full-service schools. 42 p. http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdf
Date of access: 26 Oct. 2005.
SOUTH AFRICAN LAW REFORM COMMISSION. 2005. Administration of estates.
151 p. (Discussion paper, 110. Project, 134.)
http://www.doj.gov.za/salrc/dpapers/dp_110.pdf Date of access: 26 Oct. 2005.
SANGWENI,S.S., chair. 2005. State of public service report 2005. 51 p.
http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/otherdocs/2005/spos.pdf Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.

43

According to legislation no act number is to be associated with the 1996 Constitution

of the Republic of South Africa:
SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.
SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. National Ports Act 12 of 2005. (Notice No. 792.)
Government gazette, 482(27863):8-74, 4 Aug.
http://info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2005/a12-05.pdf Date of access: 24 Oct. 2005.

19.12 Electronic mail (E-mail)

SENDER. (Senders e-mail address) Date. Title/heading/subject of the
message. E-mail to: Receiver. Receivers e-mail address.

Text:

The statistics of the PU and RAU libraries ... (Swanepoel, 1996).

Source list:

SWANEPOEL, C.B. (cbs@info.rau.ac.za) 30 Jul. 1996.

Discussion of library statistics. E-mail to: Van der Walt, E.J.
(fpbejvdw@puknet.puk.ac.za).

19.13 Discussion groups

SENDER. (Senders e-mail address if available) Date. Title/heading/subject
of message. E-mail address of the newsgroup.
Text:

According to Drabenstott (1996) strategic planning

Source list:

DRABENSTOTT, K.M. (karen.drabenstott@umich.edu) 9 Oct.

1996. Strategic planning. Discussion group: cristaled@sils.umich.edu

44

19.14 News groups

AUTHOR. Date of posting. Title/heading/subject of message.
address of the news group. Date of access.

Newsgroup:

Text:

According to Wilber (2005) dramatherapy

Source list:

WILBER, K. 24 Feb. 2005. Dramatherapy, spiral dynamics.

Newsgroup: http://alt.psychology.dramatherapy Date of access: 24
Oct. 2005.

19.15 Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media include: Motion pictures, CDs, Videos, Cassette recordings,
Television broadcasts, DVDs, PowerPoint presentations, Music recordings
Specify the medium in brackets at the end of the reference.
Text:

Maltin (1995) states that the special effects in the film Jurassic Park
are the best in the history of the film industry.

Source list:

MALTIN, L. 1995. Leonard Maltin review: Jurassic Park. (In

Microsoft Cinemania 95.) [CD].

Compare also:

Article from an encyclopaedia on CD

Dictionary on CD
SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. New
York: Legacy. [CD].

WISE, R., producer. 2002. The sound of music. Produced by Argyle Enterprises
Inc. and released by Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation. Beverley Hills, Calif.:
Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment. [DVD].

BLUESTEIN, J., presenter. 1998. Discipline and achievement. Jim Thompson

Productions. San Pedro, Calif.: Quality Educational Media Inc. [Video].
45

McKINSEY & COMPANY. 2002. Configuring a world-class procurement function.

Witbank. [PowerPoint presentation].
PowerPoint presentation on the internet:
KUNKA, J.L. 2005. Understanding writing: the rhetorical situation. A workshop
brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab. [PowerPoint presentation].
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/2 Date of access: 23 Nov. 2005.

20. THE SOURCE LIST

What should be included in the source list/bibliography?

An important question which arises is: What sources should I include in the
bibliography? Only the works to which I referred in the text, or other sources
which I consulted but did not refer to in the text?

A serious warning should be sounded against the trend among students to try to
impress a lecturer with a very extended bibliography. In most cases it is quite
easy for the lecturer to discover that the student is using tricks, and this will
reflect negatively on the student.

The rule is that your bibliography should consist of the materials that you
used, PLUS other sources which really contributed to your insight. In
undergraduate work a source list which consists only of the materials that
you used and referred to in the text, is adequate.

If for some good reason you want to include more than these two categories (if,
for example, it is part of your aim to establish a full bibliography about the
topic) then you have to motivate this clearly, and call it a bibliography.

The golden rule, however is:

All sources referred to in the text have to be included in the source list.
Remarks

The difference between a source list and a bibliography: a source list

comprises of sources which were directly used for a treatise and a
bibliography is a more substantial list covering the subject.

Complete bibliographical information for every source is essential so that

the source may be easily traced.
46

To ensure swift and easy reference from the text to the source list, all sources
must be included in one integrated alphabetical list.
If more than one publication of an author is used, his publications are
arranged chronologically: from old to new.
Type the surnames and initials of the authors in CAPITAL LETTERS. This
makes them more noticeable and eases the search between text and source
list.

47

What does the source list or bibliography look like?

EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST

1 Your textual references should be
supported by a bibliography or source
list at the end of the assignment in
which you provide full bibliographical
details with regard to the works to
which you refer.
2 The reader of the study should be
able to trace the sources listed.
Complete, correct and full
bibliographical details should
therefore be provided.
3 Your source list consists of one
alphabetical list (arranged
alphabetically according to the
authors' surnames) of all the books,
journals, newspaper reports and
other material which you used. Do
not number references.
4 Arrange the sources by the same
author as follows:
(compare the
references to JONES
in the next column)

chronologically (from old to new)

first works by one author

then works involving a co-author

(Jones & Smith), etc.
5 Leave enough space (lines)
between references so that
references can stand out.
6 In the case of two sources from the
same author in the same year, use
an a or b after the year - compare the
references to SMITH in the next
column.

ANON. 1978. A bull market. Financial news,

53(1):3, 7 Jan.
BRUNNER, H. 1984. Hieroglyphic writing. (In
The new encyclopaedia Britannica
(Macropaedia), 8:853-857.)
BURGER, W.D. 1995. An integrated financial
management information system in the chemical
industry. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO.
(Dissertation - MBA.) 287 p.
CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fiber can prevent
arterial disease. Journal of dietary science,
19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.
GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The
intensive therapy unit and the nurse. London:
Faber and Faber. 162 p.
JONES, S. 1989. Handbook for parents. New
York: Wiley. 213 p.
JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York:
Wiley. 305 p.
JONES, S. & SMITH, J. 1995. The teenager.
New York: McGraw-Hill. 92 p.
JONES, S., FAURE, M. & SMITH, J. 1993. Drug
abuse and teenagers. London: Wiley. 52 p.
SMITH, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet.
Cape Town: Tafelberg. 61 p.
SMITH, H. 1996b. Evaluation of information on
the Internet. Journal for computer science,
2(4):14-18, Apr.

48

21. TYPING HINTS

21.1 Textual references
Note the spaces between the different elements.

Spaces are indicated with an asterisk ( * = one space)

Jones*(1998:12)*noted ...

21.2 Source list

Use capital letters for the author's surname and initials to make it more visible.
For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and the source list.

Leave at least one line open between references - this also improves
readability.

Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly.

Note the spaces in the following examples - leave two spaces between
"elements" such as between the author, year, title, etc.

Book

JONES,*S.J.,*SMITH,*L.*&*GREEN,*D.**1998.**Psychology:*an
*introduction.**2nd*ed.**London:*Wiley.**209*p.
Journal

RABBI,*J.**1995.**Drinking among college students.**Journal*of*

alcohol*and*drug*education,*40(3):52-64,*12*Oct.

49

22. EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST

ACTS see SOUTH AFRICA.
ANON. 1974. Sudwala caves. (In Standard encyclopaedia of Southern Africa,
10:340-341.)
ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tablets? South African medical
journal, 53(1):3, 7 Jan.
ANON. 1996. Don't believe your eyes. Financial news, 45(3):3, 21 Jan.
ASPY, D.N. 1974. Towards a technology of humanizing education.
Champaign,Ill.: Research Press. 217 p.
BARTLETT, C. 1997. Corporate communication. Journal of communication,
13(1):22, 6 Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul.
2000.
BEALE, P., ed. 1989. A concise dictionary of slang and unconventional English.
London: Routledge. 534 p.
BIBLE. 1983. The Bible: The New King James version. London: Thomas Nelson.
http://www.blueletterbible.org Date of access: 18 Nov. 2005.
BIBLE. 1989. Life application Bible: King James version. Wheaton, Ill.:
Tyndale.
BIBLE. 1995. The Holy Bible: New International version. Cape Town: Bible
Society of South Africa.
BLUESTEIN, J., presenter. 1998. Discipline and achievement. Jim Thompson
Productions. San Pedro, Calif.: Quality Educational Media Inc. [Video].
BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: who's for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754):1402, 6
Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2000.
BRUNNER, H. 1984. Hieroglyphics. (In World book encyclopedia, 3:213-215.)
CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease. Journal of dietary
science, 19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.

50

CILLIERS, S. 1986. Psychiatric nursing (VPE 420). Potchefstroom: PU for CHE.

148 p. (Notes S92/86.)
COMMISSION of Inquiry into Certain Organisations see SOUTH AFRICA.
Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations.
CONSTITUTION see SOUTH AFRICA. 1996.
COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE. 1994. Annual report, 1 November 1993 to 31
March 1994. Pretoria. 30 p.
CRONJE, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning process. (In
South African Society for the Promotion of Education. A few modern pedagogic
principles for education: papers read at the Third Annual Congress of SASPE held
in Pretoria on 29 and 30 September 1961. Pretoria. p.65-74.)
CSS (Central Statistics Service). 1996. Population statistics. Pretoria. 88 p.
DE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek nie meer die stiefkind van die teologie nie.
Kerkblad, 108(3179): Sep. http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van
gebruik: 12 Okt. 2005.
DEPARTMENT of Agricultural Technical Services see SOUTH AFRICA.
Department of Agricultural Technical Services.
DEPARTMENT of Mineral and Energy Affairs see SOUTH AFRICA.
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.
DE WIT, H.E.D. & NTULIE, R.M. 1995. Die onderrig van funksies in n
kommunikatiewe aanpak: metodologiese probleme. South Afrikcan journal of
Afircan languages, 15(3):108, 6 Aug. Beskikbaar: MLA. Datum van gebruik: 5
Okt. 2005.
DLOMO, S.A. 2005 Turnover among mathematics and physical science
educators in the Vaal Triangle. Potchefstroom: NWU. Vaal Triangle Campus.
(Thesis M.Ed.) http://fpb-1nx1.puk.ac.za/search Date of access: 21 Nov. 2005.
DRABENSTOTT, K.M. (karen.drabenstott@umich.edu) 9 Oct. 1996. Strategic
planning. Discussion group: cristal-ed@sils.umich.edu
DSAE (Dictionary of South African English on historical principles). 1996. Oxford,
N.Y.: Oxford University Press. 825 p.
DU PLESSIS, J. 1986. Stability of emulsions in parenthetical nutritional
mixtures. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO. (Dissertation - M.Sc.) 150 p.

51

FERIS, M. 2005. Humans have a hand in disasters. City press: 27, 23 Oct.
http://152.111.251/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/10/23/C127/01.html Date of
access: 21 Nov. 2005.
FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide. 2nd
ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.
FERREIRA, B. 2005. Arbeidstekort in New Orleans. Beeld: 21, 10 Okt.
http://152.111.251/argief/berigte/bee;d/2005/10/10/BM/21/01.html Datum van
gebruik: 24 Okt. 2005.
FREUD, S. 1999. Interpretation of dreams. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.
GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the
nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
GAUTENG (South Africa). 1996. Constitution of a Valuation Appeal Board. (In
Gauteng Province ordinances. Land and townships. Local authorities rating.
Doornfontein: Lex Patria. (Premiers notice, P.N. 9.)
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.
GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism.
British book news:133-137, Mar.
HENDERSON, R. 1978. The purple membrane of halobacteria. (In Stanier,
R.Y., Rogers, H.J. & Ward, J.B., eds. Relations between structure and function in
the prokaryotic cell: Twenty-eighth symposium of the Society for General
Microbiology held at the University of Southampton, April 1978. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. p.225-230.)
HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German by John Ayles.
London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.
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VENTER, H. 1996b. Evaluating information on the Internet. Journal for
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57

23. OTHER STYLES

The following directions (APA, MLA, AMA) were compiled (with permission) from
Web pages by R. Delaney of the B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, Long Island
University, C.W. Post Campus.

23.1 APA
style
Association)

(American

Psychological

Official Source: Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 4th edition.
NOTES

Doublespace all lines and indent the first line five spaces.
Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
Magazine articles: include the month (and day) as shown under
Newspapers.
Websites: if the date the page was created (or updated) is not given, use
4the date you looked at it.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for
purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the
manual.

BOOK
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the
future. New York: Pocket Books.

JOURNALS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The
Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13 (2), 53-65.

58

APA style (continued)

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore
modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.

APA style (continued)

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol.
24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated.

BOOK ARTICLE OR CHAPTER

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to
Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223).
Westport, CT: Greenwood.

ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the
Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED 364 932)

WEBSITE (for more details, see the American Psychological

Association's official site)
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Peoria, IL: Psi Phi:
Bradley's Science Fiction Club. Retrieved October 8, 1997 from the World Wide
Web: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep /503r.html

JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM AN INTERNET DATABASE

(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official
site)
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November-December). Star Trek on the
brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.
Retrieved July 29, 1999 from InfoTrac database (Expanded Academic
ASAP) on the World Wide Web: http://infotrac.galegroup.com
/itweb/liulibs_main

59

23.2 MLA style (Modern Languages Association)

Official source: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 4th
edition.

NOTES
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces.
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically,
treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire
web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as
the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was
created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date
you looked at it.
Internet Magazine Articles: Include the company that provides the
database service and its home webpage; the full date of the article
(day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it; as well
as the library or other organization (and its location) that provided
you with access to the service.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here.
See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual.

BOOK
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):53-65.

60

MLA style (continued)

NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern
Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.
1995: A3.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
Ed. Patricia Bayer, et al. Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated, 1995.

BOOK ARTICLE OR CHAPTER

James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to
Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.

ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami, FL: Speech
Communication Association; Springfield, VA: ERIC Document
Reproduction Service, 1993. ED364932.

WEBSITE (see MLA's official site for more details.)

Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997.
<http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>.

NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE ON THE INTERNET

(see MLA's official site for more details.)
Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It
Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky."
Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe. B. Davis
Schwartz Memorial Library, Brookville, NY. 7 Feb. 1999. <web.lexisnexis.com/universe>.

61

23.3 AMA style (American Medical Association)

Official source: American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th
edition.

NOTES
Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text
If you are using a typewriter and cannot use italics, then use
underlining.
Authors: use initials of first and second names with no spaces.
Include up to six authors. If there are more than six, include the first
three, followed by et al. If no author is given, start with the title.
Books: include the edition statement (ex: 3rd ed. or Rev ed.)
between the title and place if it is not the first edition.
Place: use abbreviations of states, not postal codes.
Journals: abbreviate titles as shown in Index Medicus. If the
journal does not paginate continuously through the volume, include
the month (and day).
Websites: include the name of the webpage, the name of the
entire website, the full date of the page (if available), and the date
you looked at it.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual. A similar styleguide is the Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.

BOOK
1. Okuda M, Okuda D. Star Trek Chronology: the History of the
Future. New York: Pocket Books; 1993.

JOURNAL OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE (with volume numbers)

2. Wilcox RV. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The
Next Generation. Stud Pop Culture. 1991;13:53-65.

62

AMA style (continued)

NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINE, OR JOURNAL ARTICLE (without

volume numbers)
3. Di Rado A. Trekking through college: classes explore modern
society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles Times. March 15,
1995:A3.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
4. Sturgeon T. Science fiction. In: Lorimer LT, editorial director;
Cummings C, ed-in-chief; Leish KW, managing ed. The Encyclopedia
Americana. Vol 24. International ed. Danbury, Conn: Grolier
Incorporated; 1995:390-392.

BOOK ARTICLE OR CHAPTER

5. James NE. Two sides of paradise: the Eden myth according to Kirk
and Spock. In: Palumbo D, ed. Spectrum of the Fantastic. Westport,
Conn: Greenwood; 1988:219-223.

ERIC DOCUMENT
6. Fuss-Reineck M. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts Between Brothers. Miami, Fla: Annual Meeting
of the Speech Communication Association; 1993. ERIC Document
Reproduction Service ED364932.

WEBSITE
7. Lynch T. DSN Trials and tribble-ations review. Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club Web site. 1996. Available at:
http://www.bradley.edu /campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.htm. Accessed
October 8, 1997.

JOURNAL ARTICLE ON THE INTERNET

8. McCoy LH. Respiratory changes in Vulcans during pon farr. J Extr
Med [serial online]. 1999;47:237-247. Available at
http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/nysl_li_liu. Accessed April 7, 1999.

63

23.4 CHEMISTRY
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.

South African journal of chemistry. Instructions to authors:

"References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text, as
unparenthesised superscripts to the right of any punctuation and are listed at the end of the
paper. Authors should avoid using footnotes."

Journal of the American Chemical Society. Instructions to authors:

"References ... should be numbered in one consecutive series, repetition of references being
avoided by using the superscript number corresponding tot the original reference. Reference
numbers in the text should be typed as unparenthesized superscripts, but enclosed in
parentheses in the rererences and notes section following the text. Bibliographic references to
classified documents and reports or to unpublished material not generally available to the
scientific public should not be used. Authors should obtain written permission from any person
whose work is cited as a personal communication, unpublished work, or work in press."

References to BOOKS
South African journal of
chemistry

6 N.E. Gronlund and R.I. Linn, Measurement and

Evaluation in Teaching, Collier Macmillan, NY,
1990.
Instructions to authors:
"Book references are given by initials and surnames of all
authors, title, volume, edition, publisher, date, page(s)."

Journal of the American

Chemical Society

(2) Smith, A. B. Textbook of Organic Chemistry;

D. C. Jones: New York, 1961; pp 123-126.

CHEMISTRY (continued)
64

References to JOURNALS
South African journal of
chemistry

L. Wu, W.Forsling, Acta Chem. Scand., 1992, 46,

418.
Instructions to authors:
"Journal references are given by initials and surnames of
all authors, journal, year, volume, first page. Titles of
journals are abbreviated according to Chemical Abstracts
practice (see 'Bibliographic Guide for Editors and
Authors', American Chemical Society, Washington,
1974)."

Journal of the American

Chemical Society

(1) Doe, J. S.; Smith, J.; Roe, P. J. Am. Chem.

Soc. 1968,90, 8234-8265.
Instructions to authors:
"Include initials of authors and the journal abbreviation
used in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index
(CASSI) 1907-1989 Cumulative and its supplements.
Inclusive pagination as indicated is strongly
recommended."

65

23.5 PHYSICS
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
American journal of physics. Information for contributors.
"Footnotes. Footnotes should be typed in double space and grouped together in sequence at
the end of the manuscript. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the
article, regardless of whether they are explanatory or literature references, except when they
are appended to the author's name. In these exceptional cases, Latin letters are used.
Explanatory footnotes may not themselves be footnoted. The abstract cannot contain footnote
references."
Astrophysical journal. Official manual: Chicago manual of style.
Text references: References should be cited in text by giving the last name of the author and
the date of publication, e.g., (Hale 1929). There is no comma before the date. For papers by
two authors, the last names are joined by an ampersand, e.g., (Press & Rybicki 1992). Papers
by three authors should list all three authors (Camilo, Nice, & Taylor 1996) at the first citation;
all subsequent citations should list the first author followed by et al., e.g., (Camilo et al. 1996).
Papers by more than three authors should be cited by giving the last name of the first author
followed by et al. and the date.
References are given in parentheses unless the author's name is part of the sentence, e.g.,
"the -model (Smoot et al. 1992)" but "according to Smoot et al. (1992)." If a parenthetical
citation cites two or more papers, they should be separated by a semicolon: (Vittorio & Turner
1987; Peebles 1993). If two or more papers by the same author(s) are cited together, the
author(s) should be listed once, with the dates of the papers separated by a comma: (Peebles
1982, 1993). Papers by the same author(s) published in the same year should be distinguished
by appending a, b, c, etc., to the date: e.g., Paczyski (1995a, 1995b). Parentheses around the
date are omitted for references appearing in a table or in a note to a table.

Reference List: All sources cited in the text and tables must appear in the reference list at
the end of the paper, and all entries in the reference list must be cited in the text. Reference
entries should be ordered alphabetically, starting with the last name of the first author, followed
by the first author's initial(s), and so on for each additional author. For papers with more than
eight authors, the last name and initials of the first author only should be listed, followed by a
comma and et al. Multiple entries for one author or one group of authors should be ordered
chronologically, and multiple entries for the same year (including references with three authors
that may be cited in the text as "et al.") should be distinguished by appending sequential
lowercase letters to the year: e.g., Smith, E., Rowe, T., & Jones, A. B. 1999a; Smith, A. B.,
Thomas, J. R., & Peebles, P. J. E. 1999b; Smith et al. 1999c.
References to papers in preparation, preprints, or other sources generally not available to
readers should be avoided if possible.
Reference entries should take the following forms. In all cases, there should be a space
between initials of the first name, a comma and ampersand (&) before the last author, no "p."
for page number, no final period, and no comma before parenthetical place of publication.

66

PHYSICS (continued)

References to BOOKS
American journal of
physics
Astrophysical journal

David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics

(Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989), 2nd
ed., pp. 331-334.
Donat, W., & Boksenberg, A. J. 1993, The
Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1994, Vol.2
(2d ed.; Washington, DC: GPO)

Note space between initials, comma and ampersand (&)

between authors, no comma before parentheses for
place of publication and no page number page
numbers should be given in the text.

References to JOURNALS
American journal of
physics

Freeman J. Dyson, "Feynman's proof of the

Maxwell equations." Am. J. Phys. 58(3), 209-211
(1990).
Information for contributors:
"Footnote references to periodical articles should have
the above form, providing title and final as well as initial
page numbers. Use of the issue number is encouraged
but not required unless the reference would otherwise be
ambiguous."

Astrophysical journal

Martn, E. L., Rebolo, R., & Zapatero Osorio, M.

R. 1996, ApJ, 469, 706
Note space between initials, comma and ampersand (&)
between authors, no comma before parentheses for
place of publication and no page number page
numbers should be given in the text.

67

PHYSICS (continued)

References to a CHAPTER in an edited collection

29

American journal of
physics

R.P. Feynman, The Behavior of Hadron

Collisions at Extreme Energies, in High Energy
Collisions, Proceedings of the Third International
Conference, Stony Brook, New York, edited by
C.N. Yang et al. (Gordon and Breach, New York,
1969), pp.237-249.

Astrophysical journal

Huchra, J. P. 1986, in Inner Space/Outer

Space, ed. E. W. Kolb et al. (Chicago: Univ.
Chicago Press), 65
Author(s) [Last name, First-name initials]. Year, in
Collection Title, ed. Editors by first-name initials followed
by last name (City of publication: Publisher), first page of
article

References to CONFERENCE proceedings

29

American journal of
physics

R.P. Feynman, The Behavior of Hadron

Collisions at Extreme Energies, in High Energy
Collisions, Proceedings of the Third International
Conference, Stony Brook, New York, edited by
C.N. Yang et al. (Gordon and Breach, New York,
1969), pp.237-249.

Astrophysical journal

Salpeter, E. E., & Wasserman, I. M. 1993, in

ASP Conf. Ser. 36, Planets around Pulsars, ed. J.
A. Phillips, S. E. Thorsett, & S. R. Kulkarni (San
Francisco: ASP), 345
Author(s) [Last name, First-name initials]. Year, in
Conference series title [ASP Conf. Ser., AIP Conf. Proc.,
IAU Colloq., IAU Symp., etc.] and number, Volume title,
ed. Editors by first-name initials followed by last name
(City of publication: Publisher), first page of article

68

23.6 ENGINEERING
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
Extract of Information for authors from the journal Heat transfer engineering
References are cited in the text in numerical sequence according to the order of appearance.
The text citations are indicated by full-sized numbers enclosed in brackets. The references are
listed in numerical order in a separate section at the end of the paper.

Extract of Information for authors from the journal Fuel

In the text, indicate references to the literature by Arabic numerals which run consecutively
through the paper. If you cite a reference more than once in the text, use the same number
each time. Please ensure that references are complete, i.e. that they include, where relevant,
authors name, journal or book title, year of publication, volume number, page number, editors,
publishers and place of publication. If in doubt, please include all available information. Take
care that references are mentioned in the text in the correct number order.

References to BOOKS
IEEE journal of solidstate circuits

[3] D.P. Bhandarkar, Alpha Implementations and

Architecture. Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1996. pp.
168-215.

Heat transfer
engineering

Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K., The

Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3d ed., pp. 1-25,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.

Fuel (Elsevier)

[12] Jones RB, Morley C, McCourt CB. Proceedings of

the 1985 International Conference on Coal Science.
Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1985. p. 669.

References to JOURNALS
IEEE journal of solid-state
circuits

[2] G. Gerosa, M. Alexander, and B. Burgess, A

250-MHz 5-W-PowerPC Microprocessor with OnChip L2 Cache Controller, IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, vol. 32, pp. 1635-1649, Nov. 1997.

Heat transfer engineering

[2] Cebeci, T., Heat Transformation from a Circular

Cylinder Impulsively Started from Rest, Numerical
Heat Transfer, vol.1, no. 4, pp. 557-567, 1978.
No abbrevation of journal titles.

Fuel (Elsevier)

[8] Sato Y. Fuel 1982;61:875.

69

Engineering (continued)

References to THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Fuel (Elsevier)

[9] Kizgut S. Separation and concentration of coal

macerals by flotation, PhD Thesis, University of
Nottingham, 1995.

References to proceedings of CONFERENCES

IEEE journal of solid-state
circuits

[10] W.J. Grundmann et al., Designing high

performance CMOS microprocessors using full
custom techniques, in Proc. 34th DAC, 1997,
pp.722-727.

Heat transfer engineering

[3] Terdtoon, P. and Nurakami, M., Investigation of

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Closed TwoPhase Thermosyphon, Proc. 7th Int. Heat Pipe
Conf., Minsk, USSR, 1990.

Fuel (Elsevier)

[1] Skorupska NM, Sanyal A, Hesselman G. Coal

science and technology II, Proceedings of the 1987
International Conference on Coal Science.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987. p.827.

References to CHAPTERS in collected works

IEEE journal of solid-state
circuits

[7] B. Gieseke et al., A 600 MHz superscalar ..

RISC microprocessor with out-of-order execution,
in ISSCC Dig. Tech.Papers, Feb. 1997, pp.176177

Heat transfer engineering

[3] Hewitt, G., Burnout, in Two-Phase Flows and

Heat Transfer with Application to Nuclear Reactor
Design Problems, ed. J. J. Ginoux, pp.133-155,
Hemisphere, Washington, DC., 1978.

Fuel (Elsevier)

[2] Bartle KD. In: Yurum Y, editor. New trends in

coal science, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer,
1988. p. 169.

70

23.7 LAW SCIENCES

These guidelines for Law references were taken from the PER-guidelines of the
Faculty of Law: http://www.puk.ac.za/lawper/
Please note: These guidelines are not comprehensive. For the complete set of
guidelines please consult the above mentioned source on the Web.

Books
One author

Smith C The Law of Insolvency 3rd ed

(Butterworths Durban 1988)
(Foot note: Smith Insolvency 32.)
Two or three authors

Basson DA en Viljoen HP Suid-Afrikaanse

Staatsreg 2nd ed (Juta Kaapstad 1988)
(Footnote: Basson en Viljoen Staatsreg 32.)

Journal articles

Volumes, numbers or months are only given where such information is essential
to find the page, in other words, where they are numbered separately.

The titles of journals are, wherever possible, abbreviated, with an explanatory

list of abbreviations supplied. The abbreviation is italicized. Capital letters and
lower-case in the title of the article should be supplied as they were published in
the article.

Van der Merwe CG en Dirix E "The literature of

Scots private law" 1997 Stell LR 3-15
(Foot note: Van der Merwe en Dirix 1997 Stell
LR 11.)

71

23.7.1.1

Legislation

The basic form is the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. The
first time where reference is made to an act, the full reference is given in the text or
in a footnote. After that an abbreviated form can be used, such as the "1996
Constitution", if it is indicated in the footnote that the shortened form will henceforth
be used. If there are references in the text to only one specific act, the later
references after the first full reference to the specific act are to "the Act" or to an
abbreviated form, for example the "Matrimonial Property Act", if it is indicated in the
footnote that the shortened form will henceforth be used. If reference should be
made to a whole series of different acts, a list of the acts should be supplied in the
bibliography.

Register of cases
Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215
(Footnote: Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215 217.)
S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
(Footnote: S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
218B-219A.)

72

24. INDEX
Copyright sign ................................ 10
Councils ......................................... 29

A
Abstracts........................................ 37
Acts................................................ 26
AMA style....................................... 62
American Medical Association ....... 62
American Psychological Association
................................................... 58
And others (Et al.) .......................... 12
Anon. ............................................. 12
Anon. (encyclopaedias) ................. 20
APA style ....................................... 58
Author(s)
books ............................................... 11
journals ............................................ 34
none indicated.................................. 12
one ................................................... 11
three or more.................................... 12
two ................................................... 11
two with same surname ................... 13
Author(s) Institute/Society as ......... 13
Author(s) or editor(s) of books ....... 11

D
Databases.................... 37, 38, 39, 40
Date of publication (books) ............ 14
Departments (Governmental) ........ 26
Dictionaries .................................... 21
Dictionary on CD-ROM .................. 21
Dictionary with an editor................. 22
Direct citations ................................. 7
Discussion groups.................... 44, 45
Dissertations and theses................ 23
E
EBSCOHost................................... 38
Edition (books) ........................... 4, 14
Editor
dictionaries.......................................22
Editor (collection) ........................... 18
Editor(s) - books ........................... 13
Editors
conference papers ............................19
Electronic sources.......................... 36
Encyclopaedia on CD-ROM ........... 20
Encyclopaedias.............................. 20
anonymous article ............................20
signed article ....................................20
Engineering.................................... 69
Et al................................................ 12

B
Bible............................................... 22
Bibliographical databases .............. 37
Books (monographs)..................... 10
C
CD-ROM
databases.......................................... 37
dictionaries ...................................... 21
encyclopaedias................................. 20
Chapter in a collected work............ 18
Chemistry (bibliographic style) ....... 64
Citations........................................... 7
Collected works.............................. 18
Commissions ................................. 29
Commissions of Inquiry.................. 25
Computerised sources ................... 36
Conference papers ........................ 19
Constitution.................................... 27
Copyright ......................................... 6

F
Full text databases............. 38, 39, 40
G
Gazette, Government..................... 27
Gazette, Provincial......................... 28
Geoscience, Council for................. 29
Government gazette ...................... 27
Government publications ............... 25
Green papers................................. 28

73

Online databases ............... 38, 39, 40

Ordinances .................................... 27
Other styles.................................... 58
AMA-style .......................................62
APA-style ........................................58
Chemistry.........................................64
Engineering......................................69
Languages ........................................60
Law sciences ....................................71
Medical sciences ..............................62
MLA style........................................60
Physics .............................................66
Psychology.......................................58
Oxford English Dictionary............... 21

H
Harvard style.................................... 2
I
In reference.................................... 18
Indirect citations ............................... 8
Institute/organisation/society as
author ......................................... 13
Internet........................................... 40
Interviews....................................... 31
ISBN .............................................. 10
J
Journal articles............................... 34
Journals
authors ............................................. 34
date of publication ........................... 34
pages................................................ 35
season .............................................. 36
title of article.................................... 34
titles ................................................. 35
volume, number ............................... 35
without volume or number............... 36
Journals, Electronic 40, 41, 42, 43, 44

P
Pages
books................................................17
journals ............................................35
Papers, Read at course ................. 30
Patents........................................... 32
Physics (bibliographic style)........... 66
Place of publication (books) ........... 15
Plagiarism ........................................ 5
Primary sources ............................... 4
Provincial gazette........................... 28
Provincial ordinances..................... 27
Psychology (bibliographic style) ..... 58
Publication, Date of........................ 14
Publication, Place of ...................... 15
Publisher (books) ........................... 16
Punctuation................................ 7, 49
Purpose of references/source lists... 1

L
Languages (bibliographic style....... 60
Law sciences ................................. 71
Laws .............................................. 26
Lectures ......................................... 30
Letters............................................ 31
M
Medical sciences (bibliographic style)
................................................... 62
MLA style ....................................... 60
Modern Languages Association..... 60
Month of journal ............................. 35

National commissions .................... 29

Newspaper reports......................... 33
No author (books) .......................... 12

Science direct database........... 38, 39

Season (journal)............................. 36
Second hand information ................. 4
Secondary citations.......................... 8
Secondary source, Reference to.... 24
Secondary sources .......................... 4

Readers Digest dictionary ............. 22

Reports .......................................... 30
Reprint ........................................... 14
Reserve Bank, South African........ 29

O
One author..................................... 11
2

Semi-government Institutions ........ 29

Series............................................. 17
Sets ............................................... 17
Society as author ........................... 13
Source list ...................................... 46
Source list (Example) ............ 48, 50
South African Reserve Bank.......... 29
States of the USA......................... 15
Study guides .................................. 23
Symposium .................................... 19

journals ............................................35
Translations ................................... 24
Two authors ................................... 11
Two authors, same surname.......... 13
Typing hints ................................... 49
V
Volume/number of journal.............. 35
Volume/number, Journal without.... 36
W

White papers.................................. 28
World Wide Web ............................ 40

Textual references ........................... 7

Theses and dissertations ............... 23
Three authors or more ................... 12
Titles
books ............................................... 14
journal articles ................................. 34

Y
Year of publication ......................... 14