Chapter 20 Reading Worksheet (2016)

Name ________________________

1. Define antibiotic
- Substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another
microbe
2. List several sources of antibiotics.
- More than half of antibiotics produced by species of Streptomyces: filamentous
bacteria that commonly inhabit soil
- Bacillus: endospore-forming bacteria forms produces some antibiotics
- Molds, mostly of genera Penicillum and Cephalosporium, produce other
antibiotics
3. What is meant by the term spectrum when referring to antibiotics?
4. - Range of distinctly different types of microorganisms affected by an antimicrobial
drug
5. What is the difference between a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a narrow spectrum
antibiotic?
- Broad-spectrum: effective against a wide range of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria
- Narrow-spectrum: may affect gram-positive but very few gram-negative bacteria
6. a.
b.
-

Give an example of a broad spectrum antibiotic:

Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin, Gentamycin)
Tetracyclines
Give an example of a narrow spectrum antibiotic:
Natural penicillins (Penicillin G)

7. Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic.

- Bactericidal: kill microbes directly
- Prevent microbes from growing
8. List the 5 most common ways that antibiotics work and give an example of an
antibiotic for each of these mechanisms. (Use Fig. 20.2)
1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) Inhibition of protein synthesis
3) Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
4) Injury to plasma membrane
5) Inhibition of essential metabolic synthesis
9. What is meant by semisynthetic penicillin? List the two different groups of
semisynthetic penicillins and the special advantage of each of these groups.
- Developed by scientists to overcome disadvantages of natural penicillins part of
penicillin is produced by mold and part is added synthetically
1) Oxacillin: Resistant to penicillinase
2) Ampicillin: Broad spectrum

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10. Explain why penicillin is sometimes combined with a -lactamase inhibitor. What
is an example?
- To make penicillin resistant to the effects of penicillinase (-lactamase) that
destroys penicillin inhibits bacterial -lactamase
- Ampicillin + Sulbactam = Unasyn
- Amoxacillin + Clavulanic acid = Augmentin
11. What antibiotics are classified as -lactam antibiotics?
- Amoxacillin
12. What organisms is vancomycin most often used to treat?
- Staphylococcus aureus
13. Antimycobacterial antibiotics often interfere with the synthesis of
_________________ found in Mycobacterial cell walls.
- Mycolic acids
Chloramphenical, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and erythromycin (macrolide) are
inhibitors of ______________________ in bacteria.
- Protein synthesis
14. What are the two problems with aminoglycoside drugs? Also list several examples
of aminoglycosides.
1) Can affect hearing by causing permanent damage to auditory nerve
2) Kidney damage
- Neomycin
- Gentamicin
- Topramycin
15. What macrolide antibiotic has a narrow spectrum and is used primarily to treat
Clostridium difficile infections?
- Fidaxomicin
16.

Bacitracin and polymyxin B inhibit bacteria by:

- Injury to plasma membrane
- Inhibits synthesis of cell walls at earlier stage than penicillins and cephalosporins
- Interferes with synthesis of linear strands of peptidoglycans

17.
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and gemifloxacin are in a class of antibiotics referred to as
____________________ which inhibit bacteria by:
- Fluroquinolone class of antibiotics
- Selectively inhibiting enzyme (DNA gyrase) needed for replication of DNA
18. Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the synthesis of:
- Folic acid
19. List several antifungal drugs.
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Amphotericin B Polyene antibiotic

Cancidas
Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole Azole antibiotic
Flucytosine
Griseofluvin
Tolnaftate
Pentamidine isethionate

20. List several antiviral drugs.

- Maraviroc
- Enfuvirtide
- Neuraminidase inhibitors: Zanamivir (Relenza), Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
- Amantadine
- Acyclovir
- Protease inhibitors
21. List several drugs which are effective against Pseudomonas sp.
- Aztreonam
- Gentamicin
- Polymyxin B
22. List several drugs that are effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Isoniazid
- Ethambutol
Tests to Guide Chemotherapy read through this section thoroughly. This topic will be
covered in lab.

23. What are the 4 mechanisms by which bacteria resist the activity of antibiotics?
(see figure 20.20) Do the Antibiotic Resistance Concept Map in the Study Area of
MMB.
1) Blocking entry
2) Inactivating enzymes
3) Alteration of target molecule
4) Efflux of antibiotic
24. What are the four most problematic organisms with respect to emerging antibiotic
resistance? (will be discussed in lecture)
1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) Oxacillin/Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
3) Vancymycin Resistant Enterococcus
4) Cre: carbapenam resistant enterobacteria
25. Briefly describe the concerns with heavy use of antibiotics in animal feeds.
- Animals eventually retain strains of bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics
transmitted to other animals
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- Transfer from animal to human in farms and slaughterhouses, eating meat from
animals with resistant bacteria
- Transmission to other humans though aerosol, physical contact, bodily fluids, via
hospital environment or health care workers hands
- Colonization in patients can produce bacteria with multi-drug resistance
supergerm production
26. Does antibiotic usage cause mutations that bring about antibiotic resistance?

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