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Before you attempt the questions based on synthesis and transformation you need to
know certain concepts.
WHAT IS A PHRASE ?
A group of words without a subject or a verb, making no complete sense is called a phrase.
e.g. in a corner, at home, turning away.
WHAT IS A CLAUSE ?
A part of a sentence which has its own subject and a predicate is known as a clause.
e.g. : He is sad because he failed the exam.
This sentence has two parts
(a)
He is sad
(b)
because he failed the exam.
Both these are parts of a sentence and both have their own subject and predicate.
Thus they are called clauses
WHAT IS A SENTENCE ?
A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one predicate and
makes complete sense.
Note : a sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop.
eg. : A good businessman maintains good relations with his customer.
Sometimes the subject may be absent or implied.
eg. : Thank you. ( I thank you )
Shocking. (It is shocking )
Simple
A Simple sentence contains one subject and one finite verb.
eg. : I saw a beautiful house.
Compound
A Compound sentence is made up of two or more coordinate clauses joined with a
coordinating conjunction (coordinator).
eg. : I saw a house and it was beautiful
Complex
A Complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses,
which start with a subordinator.
eg. : I saw a house which was beautiful.
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Transformation
Changing a sentence from one form to another.
Synthesis
Combining two or more sentences into one single sentence.
TYPE OF
SENTENCES
OPTIONS
EXAMPLE
1.
ing
Ans.
adverb
2.
Ans.
3.
Ans.
4.
Ans.
5.
Ans.
Opposite /
Contrast ideas
inspite of +
ing
Condition /
Alternative
ideas
without + ing
but for + ing
ing
1.
Ans.
2.
Ans.
3.
Similar / Time
related ideas
on + ing,
after + ing
noun / phrase
in apposition,
adjective
Reason /
Illative ideas
by + ing
to + verb
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English Grammar
Though I was joyous in my marriage, that was the difficult year of 1968.
Inspite of being joyous in my marriage, that was the difficult year of 1968.
As I was fixing supper, there was a knock at the door.
At the time of fixing supper, there was a knock at the door.
That night Keryn had a dream. It was more like a nightmare.
That night Keryn had a dream like a nightmare.
I turned tail and fled away.
Turning tail, I fled away.
When the mate dies she doesnt take a new one.
On the death of the mate, she doesnt take a new one.
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TYPES OF COORDINATORS
Type of sentences
Coordinators
Examples
Opposite / Contrast
ideas
Condition / Alternative or , either / or, neither/ Either bring the book tomorrow or
you will have to pay a fine.
ideas
nor
Reason / Illative ideas
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Synthesis to Compound
only use a coordinator
Complex to Compound
Remove the subordinator
and use a coordinator
Simple to Compound
Add another finite verb (a
sentence) and use a
coordinator
Q. It was a stormy night. Q. Although they lost the Q. Being an expert orator, he
We ventured out.
match, they enjoyed
gave an excellent speech.
playing.
A. He was an expert oratorso
A. It was a stormy night A. They lost the match but
he gave an excellent
yet we ventured out.
speech.
they enjoyed playing.
Q. They saw a lion. They Q. Since they played well, Q. Inspite of being naughty,
saw an elephant
they won the match.
he was sincere.
A. They not only saw a A. They played well so they A.He was naughty but he was
lion but also saw an
won the match.
sincere.
elephant.
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English Grammar
The cowboy had made millions of dollars. He had also lost them all.
One day he walked into my office. He had a contract in his hand.
The spot was bigger. She could see it from far.
India sheltered Dalai Lama. His life would have been in danger.
Kantabai Wali laughs heartily as she declares she is an angutha chhap.
He was so focused on success that I decided to give him a chance.
Because you are the son of an old and valued customer of ours, I will not accept
your order.
A banana offers the best value for money, as its much cheaper than other fruits.
We walked through the hallways before paying our respects at the little lingam.
I was surprised at the Indian English he spoke.
Suddenly a little shy, he put his arm in mine.
Although the birds are active all the day long, their activities greatest during
the early morning.
After returning to our resort, we checked into the Ayurvedic centre.
Exercise wasn't something you took. It was something you got.
LIST OF SUBORDINATORS
Type of sentences Subordinators
Examples
Similar /Time
related ideas
Opposite /
Contrast ideas
though, although,
even though, even if
Condition /
Alternative ideas
If, unless
Reason / Illative
ideas
as, since, because, so As she was hungry, she ate her meal.
He walked quickly so that he could
that, so.that
reach in time.
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Synthesis to Complex
only use a subordinator
Compound to Complex
Remove the coordinator and
use a subordinator
Simple to Complex
Add another finite verb ( a
sentence ) and use a
subordinator
Time
Reason
Compound
and
so
He was hungry so he
ate lunch.
Q. Encouraged by Meenakshi
Pahuja, she took to
swimming.
A. Since she was encouraged
by Meenakshi Pahuja, she
took to swimming.
Simple
Inspite of + ing
Contrast
but
He played well but
he lost the match.
or
Work hard or you
will fail
Complex
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