The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 2

The word Holocaust originates from the Greek language words holos, which means
whole, and kaustos, which means burned, it was originally used to describe a sacrificial
offering burned on an altar. In the last seventy years it has taken on a completely different
meaning in reference to the genocide and mass murder of six million Jews at the hands of Adolf
Hitler and the German Nazi regime during World War II.
Hitler was an Austrian-born anti-Semitic leader who began to rise to power when he became
the leader of the Nazi party.
Previous to this, he served in the German army and became embittered by Germanys
surrender of World War I, in answer to this, Hitler and a group of supporters stormed a public
meeting of three thousand people at a large beer hall in Munich, announcing that the national
revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government, but after twenty deaths,
the overthrow, known as Beer Hall Putsch, failed. Three days later, he was arrested and tried
for high treason, serving a year in prison, during which, he dictated most of the first volume of
Mein Kampf to Rudolf Hess, his deputy. This book was
the outlook of Hitlers plans for turning German society into
one based on race, it outlined the fact that he blamed the
Jews for losing the war. He saw them as a threat to a pure
German community, his vision for Germanys future, the
Aryan race. The Aryan race was Hitlers theory for a
Germanic master race, these people were pure-blood
German and ideally blonde-haired, blue-eyed and physically
fit. This idea was the fuel of the creation of what the word
Holocaust is defined as in modern times; the mass murder
and genocide of millions of Jews, and other persecuted
groups, under the German Nazi regime during the period
from 1941-1945.

Aryan

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 3

The Nazis were racists and believed that the German race was superior to all others. Hitler
was excellent at speaking in front of crowds and by early 1921, the crowds he spoke in front of
were ever-growing, coming to a crowd of over six thousand in Munich after he had sent out
supporters to publicize the meeting. His
popularity was growing, mainly because of
his wild outbursts against the Treaty of
Versailles, rival politicians and political
groups, which generally included Marxists
and most specifically, the Jews. Although
his popularity was inevitable, the executive
committee that ran the Nazi Party had
Adolf Hitler

begun to consider Hitler as highly

controlling and overbearing. While he was away, travelling around Germany to promote the Nazi
Party, the executive committee formed an alliance with a group of socialists from Augsburg to
weaken Hitlers position. When he returned, facing a revolt within his party, he resigned to
counter the attack. He took advantage of the realization that without him there would be no Nazi
Party, announcing that he would return on the condition that he was made chairman and given
dictatorial powers. The enraged committee did all in their power to make Hitler take back his
conditions, but eventually backed down and the conditions were put to vote. He won, five
hundred and forty-three votes to one.
A few years after, he was elected Chancellor of Germany, in 1933. After the political
elections of the 5th of March that year, the Nazis began an organized takeover of all the state
governments throughout Germany, ending the tradition of local independence. Armed followers
were sent into local government offices to throw out legitimate office holders and replace them
with Nazi Reich commissioners. With this action, the Nazi Party took over Germany, with Hitler
becoming head of state.
A short time after coming into this role he introduced new laws discriminating against Jewish
people who lived in the areas that he was in control of, these laws included the ban of Jewish

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 4

children from going to school, and the inability to keep pets or a bicycle. It was his belief that the
Jewish race was a problem that needed to be exterminated, a Final Solution, his solution for
this is what we know today as the Holocaust.
One of Hitlers colleagues was Heinrich
Himmler, the Reich Leader of the SS of the
Nazi party from 1929-1945. He controlled
an enormous political and organizational
empire that defined him as the second most
powerful man in Germany during WWII.
He had responsibility for the security of the
Heinrich Himmler and Hitler
the

Nazi empire and single handedly oversaw

implementation of the Final Solution, the plan of

massacre. Within just five years of Nazi control, Himmler had built an unquestionable position
for the SS by taking control of the German police forces, by late 1934, he had control of each of
the state political police departments in Germany and created a headquarters in a single agency
in Berlin, the Secret State Police.
The Final Solution was the effort exerted by the German Nazi regime to exterminate certain
groups because of their racial inferiority. The groups that were mainly targeted include: European
Jews, gypsies, the disabled, Slavic people, Communists, Socialists, Jehovahs Witnesses and
homosexuals. People part of these groups had slight chance of survival during WWII, most of
these people were tossed into concentration camps or ghettos established by the National
Socialist government and the German collaborators. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union
in June 1941, Nazi authorities had German SS and police units deport millions of Jews from
Germany and its allies to extermination camps with new, specially developed gassing chambers.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 5

There were many groups that experienced the Holocaust first-hand, two of these were the
Jews and the gypsies.
German Jews During the Holocaust
In January 1933, at least five hundred and twenty-two thousand Jews lived in Germany. Over
half of these people emigrated during the first six years of the rule of the Nazi Regime, this is
approximately three hundred and four thousand, which left only about two hundred and fourteen
thousand Jews in the country on the night before WWII.
From 1933-1939, during the Nazi dictatorship, radical changes had been brought to social,
economic and communal aspects of the German Jewish community. The previous six years of
Nazi rule had completely belittled the Jewish religion, revoking citizenships, expelling from
professions and denying basic human rights. By early 1939, only around sixteen percent of
Jewish people had any kind of steady employment, most had been taken to concentration camps,
taken during the arrests of the repercussion of Kristallnacht in November the year before.
The outbreak of the war saw new restrictions for the German Jewish community which
included strict curfews, and banning from certain areas in German cities. Because of the war
food was rationed, Jews receiving even further reduced rations and further rulings limited the
time periods they could buy food and other supplies in, with restricted access to stores, Jewish
households often faced shortages of basic items such as food and toiletries. It was also demanded
by the German authorities that Jews surrender property useful to the war, such as radios,
bicycles, cameras, electrical appliances and other valuables to resident bureaucrats. In 1941, a
new law was implemented that Jews could no longer use public transport, and soon after another
law was passed that all Jews from the age of six were to wear the yellow Star of David on their
outermost layer of clothing. Ghettos were not officially established in Germany, but strict
regulations and compulsory forced labour led to vast similarities.
By early 1943, the last major deportations of German Jews to concentration camps had been
underway and an ordinance had taken place, removing the German Jewish population from the
protection of German law, placing them under the direct authority of the Reich Security Main

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 6

Office. By this time, the majority of the remaining Jews had already been sent directly to death
camps, and initially, German Jewish war veterans, elderly Jews over the age of sixty-five, Jews
living in mixed marriages with Aryans and the offspring of those marriages were exempt from
deportations to ghettos, concentration camps and death camps. This no longer applied nearing the
end of the Holocaust, all these people were deported to ghettos and then to killing centres.
In total, the Germans and their allies killed approximately between one hundred and sixty
and one hundred and eighty thousand German Jews in the Holocaust, including most who
deported out of Germany.
Inge Auerbacher
Inge was the only child of Berthold and Regina Auerbacher, born on the 31st of
December, 1934, in Kippenheim, Germany. He parents were very religious
Jews, living in a village in south-western Germany. They were a fairly
wealthy family, they lived in a large house with seventeen rooms, and also
had servants to help with housework.
On the night of Kristallnacht, rocks were thrown at their house and all of
the

windows were broken and Inges father and grandfather were arrested,

while she, her mother and her grandmother hid in a shed until all was quiet. When they came out,
it was found that all the Jewish men in the town had been taken to a concentration camp, Dachau,
but were allowed to return in a few weeks, unfortunately Inges grandfather died of a heart
attack.
A couple of years later Inge and her family were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in
Czechoslovakia and had everything taken from them, apart from the clothes they were wearing,
when they arrived. Everyone was very poor in the ghetto, potatoes were as valuable as diamonds,
hunger and sickness took their toll on Inge. For the three years she live here, the three birthday
presents she received from her parents were: a tiny potato cake with a tiny amount of sugar, an
outfit for her doll, which was sewn out of rags, and a poem which her mother wrote.
At the end of the war, Inge and her parents were liberated from the ghetto, which they had
spent three years, and emigrated to America shortly after.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 7

Gypsies
From the period from 1939-1945, European gypsies (Roma) were also singled out as one of
the inferior races and targeted by the Nazis. Although they received support from non-Nazi
Germans, their fate was deemed to be quite like the Jews. The German authorities subjected the
gypsies to imprisonment, forced labour and genocide, tens of thousands of gypsies were
murdered in German-occupied countries and even more in death camps.
The German authorities deported some of the gypsies to camps in Poland, in which they had
to live and work in extremely harsh conditions that in most cases proved fatal. Gypsies who lived
in ghettos were often gassed along with the Jews in gas vans. There were exemptions for some
gypsy categories, these included people of pure Gypsy blood who did not behave like gypsies,
and people (and their families) who were involved in the German military. These exemptions
protected between five and fifteen thousand gypsies from prosecution, although local authorities
often ignored these exemptions and some even seized deported gypsie soldiers who had been
serving in the German army, while they were home on leave.
The precise number of gypsies who were murdered during the Holocaust is not known, the
estimate is that the Germans killed around a quarter of the European gypsies, which is about two
hundred and twenty.

Joseph Muscha Mueller

Joseph was born in 1932, in Bitterfeld, Germany, to gypsy parents and for a reason which is
unknown, he was raised in an orphanage for the first one-and-a-half years of his life. Around the
time of his birth, approximately twenty-six thousand gypsies lived in Germany, and although

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 8

they were mostly German citizens, they were often subject to discrimination
and harassment.
At the age of one-and-a-half, Joseph was taken into foster care by a
family who lived in Halle, which was twenty miles from Bitterfeld. This
was the year the Nazis came to power. When he was in school, Joseph was
often blamed for pranks and other misbehaviour, which he was beaten
for. He was also teased by the other students who were members of the Hitler Youth movement.
At the age of twelve, Joseph was taken from his classroom by the German authorities, who
told him he had appendicitis and needed surgery immediately, and when he protested he was
beaten and taken into a surgery room where he was sterilised (legalised sterilisation of asocials
by Nazi law). After recovering, the intention was for him to be deported to a concentration camp,
but his foster father had managed to have him smuggled from the hospital and hidden.
Joseph hid in a garden shed for five months, surviving the remainder of the war.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 9

Kristallnacht is German for night of broken glass, it was a massive, synchronized attack
on Jews belonging to the German Reich on the night of the 9th of November, 1938, that followed
into the next day.
The fuel for this attack was a disruption in Paris, when seventeen year old Herschel
Grynszpan shot dead a member of the German Embassy staff, in retaliation to the ill-treatment of
his suffering family in Germany. In response to this, Grynszpans family and fifteen thousand
other Polish Jews were sent out of Germany, without warning and dumped at the Polish border.
Hitler used the shooting as an opportunity to attack the Jewish population in Germany and allied
countries.
On the night of November 9th , Nazi storm troopers invaded cities and towns in all Germancontrolled areas with the SS and Hitler Youth. The start of it was just smashing windows of
Jewish properties. By the end, many Jews had been murdered, beaten, buildings had been
wrecked, and Jewish women and children brutalized.
All over Germany and

other

controlled areas, Jewish

shopfronts had all be
smashed in and everything

inside destroyed.

Synagogues were also a

large target, hundreds were
methodically burned and the
sacred Torah scrolls were
defaced.
The following day, thousands of Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps,
where they were often abused and randomly chosen to be beaten to death by the SS guards.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 10

The countries not necessarily allied with Germany were now reacting in shock and outrage,
negative publicity involving Hitler and the Nazis filled newspapers and was a main topic in
radio. All this served to isolate Nazi Germany from the civilised nations and to attempt to
weaken the ideas of Nazi supporters, the United States of America also permanently recalled its
ambassador.
Kristallnacht was incidentally how the mass murder of the Holocaust began.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 11

Hitler did not come up with the idea of confining Jews to ghettos, for centuries, Jews had
faced discrimination, being forced to live in designated areas. Having to live in ghettos was not a
big problem for them, religiously, Judaism encouraged them to live in close vicinity to each
other, starvation and disease was more of an issue. The living conditions consisted of: rundown
housing, appalling sanitary conditions, no sewage system, limited access to running water,
insufficient, undernourishing food quality, and the lack of medicinal supplies and facilities. Most
deaths were caused by starvation, disease, and exhaustion.
The first ghettos were never supposed to be permanent, it was just a step to contain Jews
while the Final Solution was underway. The ghettos in small towns were the most temporary
measure used, and generally, were not sealed off, unlike lager city ghettos, which were closed in
with brick or stone walls, with barbed wire defining the boundaries. Guards were placed at each
gate or opening, if a Jew attempted to leave, the penalty was death. In total, there were three
hundred and fifty-six ghettos established is Nazi-occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945,
ranging in
population size from
just a few families to
approximately four
hundred and fortyfive thousand in the
Warsaw ghetto.
Ghettos had become
transition areas, used
as collection points
for deportation to
killing centres and
concentration camps.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 12

The German authorities controlled the food supply, and anyone found trying to increase their
ration by smuggling would surely face death. Nevertheless, to stay alive, the people who lived in
the ghettos would pay any price to obtain extra food to support their families.
Many of the ghetto inhabitants were from the local area, or neighbouring villages. These
people resisted dehumanisation. This meant that parents would still continue to educate their
children, although it was considered an illegal activity, they also held secret religious services
and attempted to celebrate Jewish holidays.

The Nazis undertook to discharge the ghettos as they began to fully implement the Final
Solution in 1942. There were massive deportations of Jews to concentration and death camps,
this continued until 1944, almost all of the ghettos had been emptied.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 13

Auschwitz is one

of the most well-

known concentration camps that was built during the Holocaust. It has become a symbol of
Genocide and mass murder at the hands of Nazi Germany. It was established by the Germans in
1940, in the suburbs of Oswiecim, a Polish city that was occupied by the Nazis, who changed its
name to Auschwitz.
The main reason for the construction of Auschwitz was the fact that mass arrests were
increasing beyond the capacity of the existing prisons. To begin with, it was to be just another
concentration camp, functioning through this role throughout its existence, also becoming the
largest death camp in 1942.
Auschwitz did not just house Jews. There were many other categories of people who were
deported to the camp, these include Poles, gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war, Jehovahs Witnesses,
other ethnic groups and homosexuals. Upon arrival to Auschwitz, the prisoners who were not
Jewish were marked with a system of triangles, with a different colour triangle for which group
they belong to. For example gypsies were marked with a black triangle, Jehovahs Witnesses
were marked with a purple triangle and homosexuals were marked with a pink triangle. Jewish
prisoners were tattooed with a number, this was their identification.
Auschwitz was opened in former Polish army barracks, which were twenty brick buildings,
six two-story and fourteen single-story. These buildings had to be adapted to house thousands of
prisoners, who of which built the rest of the complex, which ended to be forty square kilometre
of twenty-eight two-story blocks. The area in which these blocks resided was divided into three
sections: Auschwitz I (the base camp and central office), Auschwitz II (Birkenau), and Auschwitz
III (Monoscwitz with the sub-camp and buna). The two-story blocks were designed to hold seven
hundred people, but in actual fact housed up to one thousand, two hundred.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 14

Auschwitz camp layout

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 15

During the first several months, these blocks contained no furniture whatsoever, prisoners
slept on straw-stuffed mattresses on the floor, piling them in the corner of the room each
morning. The rooms were so crowded that the prisoners had to sleep on their sides, in three rows.
By 1941, three-tiered bunks were the new sleeping arrangements, which were only supposed to
sleep three prisoners, but in reality they slept more. Insects and vermin also shared the beds. Bed
bugs, lice and rats were all common in the poor living arrangements and many prisoners would
wake up to find the person they were sleeping next to dead.

Sleeping quarters in the womens barracks

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 16

In the first few months, before adequate facilities had been put in, the prisoners drew their
own water from a well and relieved themselves in temporary outdoor facilities. The newer
facilities included twenty-two toilets, urinals and basins in each building, with restricted access.
Before sunrise, the prisoners were awoken from their sleeping quarters for roll call, after
making their beds, which consisted of a small, thin blanket and a mattress made of wooden
boards. An unsatisfactory job would lead to punishment from the guard. Roll consisted of the
entire camp standing, for up to four hours, in their striped uniforms and with no protection from
the weather. Some of the extremely weak and sick prisoners died during roll call. Roll call was
also used as a punishment for the wrongdoing of one prisoner, it lasts all night long and includes
beatings and shootings.
The majority of breakfasts consisted of ten ounces of bread with a small piece of salami or
one ounce of margarine and tasteless coffee, with no sugar. Directly after breakfast, the prisoners
would get to work. Everyone on specific groups, escorted by armed guards to ensure that no
prisoner escaped. The inmates were treated more like animals than humans by the Nazi soldiers,
this was revealed when the camp was liberated, discovering their attempts to destroy all
evidence.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 17

During the Holocaust several German medical professionals participated in criminal medical
experiments on the prisoners of the concentration camp. The originators and implementers of
these experiments were Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Grawitz (the chief physician of the SS), and
Wolfram Sievers (Military-scientific research institute director). These experiments were painful
and often deadly.
There were three categories of experiments conducted on prisoners.
The first category consist of experiments aimed at extending the survival of military soldiers.
Physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for Aviation
conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum
altitude from which crews can parachute to safety from damaged aircraft. Freezing experiments
were also carried out to find and effective treatment for hypothermia.
The second category targeted developing and testing treatments and treatment methods for
injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel faced in the field.
Immunisations were tested for the prevention of contagious diseases including malaria, typhus,
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis. Bone-grafting experiments and
experiments to test the effects of newly developed drugs as antidotes also took place.

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 18

The third pursued to prove the racial and ethical beliefs of the Nazi view of the world.
Experiments were conducted on twins to see if an Aryan woman could give birth to twins who
would definitely be both blonde-haired and blue-eyed. Experiments were conducted on gypsies
to determine how different races withstood diseases. The most well-known for experiments with
twins was Josef Mengele, and educated, experienced medical researcher.
The illegal experimentation tainted the
names of the German physiologists and trampled
medical ethics, many people disgusted at what
had occurred when it was discovered at the end
of the war.
Mengele tried to create Siamese
twins by sewing twins together

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 19

The trial of the major German war criminals held in Nuremberg, Germany are the most
well-known war crime trials held after WWII. The leading officials of the Nazi regime were put
on trial before the International Military Tribunal, before judges from Great Britain, France, the
Soviet Union and the United States. Twenty-two Germans were tried as major war criminals on
charges of conspiracy (to commit crimes alleged in the next three counts), crimes against peace
(including planning, preparing, starting or waging aggressive war), war crimes (including
violations of laws or customs of war), and crimes against humanity (including murder,
extermination, enslavement, persecution on political or racial grounds, involuntary deportment,

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 20

and inhumane acts against civilian populations). Its permanent legacy included the deliberate
congress of a public record of the horrific crimes, in particular those of the Holocaust, committed
by the Germans and their co-workers during WWII.

The prosecutors from the United States decided that the record Nazi Germany left was the
best evidence against the German war criminals, their intension was to let their own words
prosecute them. The majority of the defendants claimed that they were unknowing pawns who
just followed Hitlers orders, however, there was significant evidence in the form of medias such
as propaganda films and photographs, and extensive paperwork which documented the mass
murders and other crimes. There was also films shown, which were taken by the Allies after

liberation
hardware
as a

The accused and their defence attorneys at the International Military

Tribunal courtroom.

along with
items such
shrunken

head of an inmate and a lampshade made from tattooed human skin (just one example of what
human skin was made from). Although the Germans had destroyed some of the evidence and
some more was destroyed in the allied bombings, more than three thousand tons of records were

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 21

submitted at the Nuremberg trials, and in many following years, a total of ninety-two volumes of
finding aids were published from this.
Where many files had been destroyed, the Allies were
still able to reconstruct events and operations from the
records which were salvaged. A lot of the files which had
been destroyed by the Germans were copied and kept
elsewhere, and these copies were found usually at secret
police offices across Germany. Nazi Germanys persistent
filming and photographing itself turned into significant
evidence, it almost seemed that they were so proud of what
they were doing, it had to be documented, this included
military invasions,
operations against

Shrunken head of Jewish inmate

Jews and other civilians, public humiliation, deportation, mass murder and confinement in
concentration camps. These films turned into hard evidence against them during the trials, the
Allies had worked determinedly to locate, collect and organise the media record. On the 29th of
November, 1945, the Holocaust was brought into the courtroom when an hour-long film of the
Nazi concentration camps was introduced. This visual evidence caused a huge impact on the trial
and was the turning point when all assembled just sat in silence.
Much of what we know about the Holocaust today is from the testimonies from offenders and
survivors, this includes the details of Auschwitz death machinery, slaughters committed by the
Nazis, the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto, and the statistical estimation of the murder of six
million Jews. Most of the perpetrator who were still alive after the war were interrogated, and
none denied the Holocaust, but did try to put the responsibility on others. Three individuals were
completely open about the Holocaust and didnt deny anything, Hermann Goring testified openly
and bluntly about the persecution of German Jews from the Nazi partys rise to power in 1933
until the outbreak of the war in 1939; Otto Ohlendorf gave evidence directly about his unit,
which killed ninety thousand Jews in the southern Ukraine in 1941; and Rudolf Hoess, the

The Holocaust A Written and Visual History / 22

commandant of Auschwitz, spoke truthfully about the gassing of more than one million Jews at
Auschwitz killing centre. These three were all high up in Nazi Germany and all of them claimed
that they carried out the legitimate orders of the state.
The testimonies of the survivors was the best antidote to the denial of the Holocaust from the
perpetrators. These survivors directly experienced genocidal treatment by the Nazis, and their
testimonies were so personal and compelling, there was no doubt whose testimony was most
truthful.

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