Protection functions

Overfluxing (V/Hz)
ANSI code 24

Protection of magnetic circuits in

transformers and generators.

Description
Protection which detects overfluxing of transformer or generator magnetic circuits by
calculating the ratio between the greatest phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase
voltage divided by the frequency.
Overfluxing of magnetic circuits is caused by machine operation with excessive
voltage or insufficient frequency. It provokes saturation of the magnetic materials and
results in temperature rise. In severe cases, a major leakage flux may occur and
seriously damage the materials around the magnetic circuit.
The protection function picks up when the U/f or V/f ratio, depending on machine
coupling, exceeds the set point. The function is delayed (definite time (DT) or IDMT)
according to three curves (see tripping curve equation on page 226).
The typical tripping set point is 1.05 pu.

Block diagram
DE51541

where G = U/f or V/f depending on machine coupling

Gn = Un/fn or Vn/fn depending on the voltage
Gs = the set point
1

phase-to-neutral voltage, see the table below.

phase-to-phase voltage, see the table below.

Machine coupling
This setting adapts the function voltage measurement to the coupling of the magnetic
circuit, depending on the measurements made possible by Sepam wiring.
Voltage used by the protection function

92

VT wiring
Delta coupling

3V
2

2U + V 0 2U
2

1U + V 0 1U
2

1V + V 0
1

1V
1

Star coupling

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

Protection functions

Overfluxing (V / Hz)
ANSI code 24

DE50718

Characteristics
Settings
Machine coupling
Setting range
Tripping curve
Setting range

Voltage/frequency ratio IDMT tripping curves

Gs set point
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution
Drop out/pick up ratio
Time delay T (operation time at 2 pu)
Definite time
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
IDMT
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution

Characteristic

Delta / star
Definite time
IDMT: type A, type B, type C
1.03 to 2.0 pu (2)
2 %
0.01 pu (2)
98 % 1 %
0.1 to 20000 s
2 % or from -10 ms to +25 ms
0.1 to 1250 s
5 % or from -10 ms to +25 ms
10 ms or 1 digit

times (1)

Operation time
Overshoot time
Reset time

pick-up < 40 ms from 0.9 Gs to 1,1 Gs at fn

< 40 ms from 0.9 Gs to 1.1 Gs at fn
< 50 ms from 1.1 Gs to 0.9 Gs at fn

Inputs
Designation
Protection reset
Protection inhibition

Syntax
Equations Logipam
P24_x_101 b
b
P24_x_113 b
b

Outputs
Designation
Syntax
Instantaneous output (pick-up)
P24_x_1
Delayed output
P24_x_3
Protection inhibited
P24_x_16
x: unit number.
(1) Under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).
(2) 1 pu represents 1 x Gn.

Equations
b
b
b

Logipam
b
b
b

Matrix
b

Example 1. synchronous generator

DE50635

A generator is often protected with two tripping set points:

b an IDMT set point, set to 1.05 Gn with a long delay.
Example: type B curve, Gs1 = 1.05 and T1 = 8 s
b a definite time (DT) set point, set to approximately 1.2 Gn with a tripping time of
approximately ten seconds.
For example: DT, Gs2 = 1.2 and T2 = 5 s.

Example 2. transformer
DE50662

A transformer is generally protected by an IDMT set point, set to 1.05 Gn with a long
delay.
For example: type C curve, Gs = 1.05 and T = 4 s.

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

93

Protection functions

General
Tripping curves

Current IDMT tripping curves

Multiple IDMT tripping curves are offered, to cover most applications:
b IEC curves (SIT, VIT/LTI, EIT)
b IEEE curves (MI, VI, EI)
b commonly used curves (UIT, RI, IAC).
IEC curves
Equation

Curve type

Coefficient values
k

0.14
0.02
13.5
1
120
1
80
2
315.2
2.5

Standard inverse / A
Very inverse / B
Long time inverse / B
Extremely inverse / C
Ultra inverse

k
T
t d ( I ) = -------------------- --
---I- 1
I s

RI curve
Equation:

2.97
1.50
13.33
0.808
1

1
T
t d ( I ) = ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------I 1 3.1706

0.339 0.236 --- I s

IEEE curves
Equation

Curve type

Coefficient values
A
B
0.010
0.023
3.922
0.098
5.64
0.0243

Moderately inverse
Very inverse
Extremely inverse

T
A
t d ( I ) = ---------------------- + B --p
I

- 1
--
I

0.241
0.138
0.081

p
0.02
2
2

IAC curves
Equation

Curve type
Inverse
Very inverse
Extremely inverse

Coefficient values
A
B
0.208
0.863
0.090
0.795
0.004
0.638

C
0.800
0.100
0.620

D
-0.418
-1.288
1.787

E
0.195
7.958
0.246

0.297
0.165
0.092

T
B
E
D
t d ( I ) = A + ------------------- + ---------------------- + ---------------------- x ----2
3
I
---- C ---I- C

---I- C
I
I

I

s
s

Voltage IDMT tripping curves

Equation for ANSI 27 - Undervoltage

T
t d ( V ) = --------------------V
1 ------
V s

Equation for ANSI 59N - Neutral voltage displacement

T
t d ( V ) = ---------------------V
------ 1
V
s

Voltage/frequency ratio IDMT tripping curves

Equation for ANSI 24 - Overfluxing (V/Hz)
Where G = V/f or U/f

1
t d ( G ) = ------------------------- x T
p
G
------ 1
G

Curve type
A
B
C

p
0.5
1
2

226

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013