Sei sulla pagina 1di 8

17

Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.

1F-PH

Exercise #5
1.Products for altering gastric pH 2.
Protectives for intestinal inflammation
Adsorbents for internal toxins 4. Cathartics or Laxatives for constipation
2. Peptic ulcer - a specified circumscribed erosion Esophageal ulcer - located in the esophagus Gastric ulcer - located in the
stomach Duodenal ulcer - located in the duodenum.
3. Antacids are available over the counter and are taken by mouth to quickly relieve occasional heartburn, the major symptom of
gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor
symptoms. Criteria of an ideal antacid preparation: The antacid should not be absorbable or cause systemic alkalosis The antacid
should not be a laxative or causes constipation The antacid should exert its effect rapidly and over a long period of time The
antacid should buffer in the pH 4-6 range The reaction of the antacid with gastric HCl acid should not cause a large evolution of
gas The antacid should probably inhibit pepsin
4. Sodium bicarbonate antacids- used in laundry detergents and additives, machine dishwashing products, surface cleaners, toilet
cleaners and other household cleaning products. It is also used as a food additive.
Calcium Carbonate- Adhesives and sealants
Animal and pet feeds
Carpet-backing
Construction (concrete, plasters, asphalt)
Environment (desulphurisation of flue gas)
Fertilisers and agricultural liming
Food and pharmaceuticals
Glass and ceramics
Household products
Paints and surface-coatings
Paper
Plastics and composites
Rubber and elastomers
Aluminum Hydroxide- used as a mordant in dyeing, manufacture of aluminosilicate glass, a high melting point glass used in
cooking utensils, the waterproofing of fabrics, and the production of fire clay, paper, pottery, and printing inks.
5. 2HCl + CaCO3 --> H2O + CO2 + CaCl2
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
6. Na- attracts water and causes transport of other electrolytes
K- promote the wellbeing of the patient
7. Atropine, Loperamide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bismuth Subsalicylate, Attapulgige, crofelemer and etc.
8. Laxatives are used to treat constipationthe passage of small amounts of hard, dry stools, usually fewer than three times a
week. Constipation may be caused by several conditions, some of which are potentially serious, and require medical attention:
Neurologiccaused by failure of nerves to stimulate movement of the muscles of the intestines. Obstructivefailure of the
muscles in the intestine to open, or presence of a mass that's blocking passage of the feces through the intestine.

Endocrine/metaboliccaused by some diseases including hypothyroidism. Medicinalcaused by some drugs, including narcotic
analgesics, iron, and some drugs used in cancer treatment.
9. Types of laxatives:
Stimulant laxatives act by local irritation on the intestinal tract, which increases peristaltic activity. Stimulant laxatives induce
bowel movements by increasing the contraction of muscles in the intestines, and are effective when used on a short-term basis.
Bulk-forming laxatives swell when wet and with the increased bulk stimulates peristalsis. They dissolve or swell in the
intestines, lubricate and soften the stool, and make the passage of stool easier and more frequent.
Stool softeners, called emollient laxatives, prevent hardening of the feces by adding moisture to the stool.
Saline cathartics act by increasing the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract.
10. Phosphate, biphosphate, tartrate, magnesium, and sulfate ions are usually used as saline cathartics.
11. a. Precipitated chalk - calcium carbonate
b. Milk of magnesia - Magnesium Hydroxide suspension
c. Magnesia - Magnesium oxide
d. Amphogel - Aluminum Hydroxide
e. Epsom Salt - Magnesium Sulfate
f. Porcelain Clay - Kaolin
g. White Bismuth - Bismuth Subnitrate
h. Maalox - Aluminum Hydroxide gel - magnesium hydroxide
i. Fehling's solution - Alkaline Cupric Tartrate
j. Gelusil - Aluminum Hydroxide Gel - magnesium trisilicate
k. Mylanta - Simethicone
l. Gavison - Alginic acid - sodium bicarbonate
m. Limonada Purgante - magnesium citrate
n. Cream of tartar - potassium bitartrate
o. Rochelle Salt - potassium sodium tartrate
p. Glauber's salt - Sodium sulfate

17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.

1F-PH

Exercise #6
1
2
3

5
6
7

10

How can one categorize a product for external use?


- a product used externally is categorized as topical which means use of compounds on body surfaces
Give some properties of topical protective.
- topical protective should be insoluble, chemically inert and adsorptive
What are the advantages of using smaller particles for protective?
- smaller particles offer larger surface area, allowing protective and adsorbent to adhere each other, adhere better to the
surface of the skin and adsorb moisture more efficiently
Name some protective products.

Talc

Zinc oxide

Calamine

Titanium dioxide

Silicon polymers
What is the advantage of zinc stearate over protective products?
- it is not wetted by moisture
What property of Titanium Dioxide makes it useful as a solar ray protective?
- the opacity of Titanium dioxide
Explain the 3 mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents?
a
Oxidation protein has a specific function in the microorganism, the formation of the disulfate bridge will alter its
function; the change will cause the destruction of microorganisms
b
Halogenation the substitution of the chlorine atom for hydrogen produces changes in hydrogen bonding
responsible for proper conformation of protein molecule
c
Protein Precipitation various polar groups on the protein act as ligands. The complexation of the metal results in
the radical change in the properties of the protein
Give some ways of controlling antimicrobial/ astringent actions.
- make solutions of appropriate concentration of desired use of water soluble compounds
- soluble compounds may also be controlled by placing them in a vehicle which will slow their release to the site of
action
- complexation of ligand
- synthesis into soluble form
Explain astringent action.
- application of a very dilute solution of a metal cation to a local or surface protein precipitant action; its effect is
described as a shrinkage or firming of tissues
Name some official antibacterial agents and give its mechanism of action.

Hydrogen Peroxide solution = oxygen acts as an oxidizing agent on bacteria

Potassium Permanganate = oxidation of protein on other bio-organic substances in neutral media


Sodium Hypochlorite solution = Labarrques Solution
Chlorinated Lime = passing chlorine gas over slaked lime
Chloramines = chlorine gas is dissolved in neutral or acidic water to form hypochlorous acid
Povidone-Iodine = member of iodophors which slowly liberates iodine in solution
Silver Nitrate = protein precipitant
Ammoniated Mercury = protein precipitant
Sublimed sulfur = 1g dissolves in 2 mL carbon disulfide
Precipitated Sulfur = Sulfur Ointment USP at conc. Between 9.5 to 10.5%
Sulfurated Potash = mixture of potassium polysulfides and potassium thiosulfate
Selenium Sulfide = used in shampoos
11 Give the meaning of 10 volumes of Hydrogen Peroxide.
- It indicated that 1 mL of the solution will liberate a total of 10 mL of oxygen at standard temperature and pressure.
12 How can you prepare Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite from the official Sodium Hypochlorite which meets USP
Standards?
- The solution is prepared by diluting Sodium Hypochlorite Solution with five times the quantity of purified water and
adjusting the pH with a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate until no color is produced with phenolphthalein.
13 Name some Iodine Preparations.
- Some iodine preparations are Iodine solution and Iodine tincture.
14 Give some antidotes for Iodine poisoning.
- Antidotes used for iodine poisoning is gastric lavage with a soluble starch solution or administration of a 5% sodium
thiosulfate solution.
15 Name some silver nitrate preparations with their corresponding uses.
Silver Nitrate USP 31 = antimicrobial and astringent
Silver Nitrate Ophthalmic Solutions USP 31 = instillation into the eyes of newborn babies; effective against gonococcal
organisms; wet dressing for third degree burns
Toughened Silver Nitrate USP 31 = escharotics and germicide
16 Differentiate the kinds of sulfur and give their manner of preparation.
Sublimed Sulfur USP 31 = condensing the sulfur vapors produced by heating any form of sulfur
Precipitated Sulfur USP 31 = mixing sulfur with metal hydroxides to form sulfides and thiosulfates
Sulfurated Potash = mixture composed of potassium polysulfides and potassium thiosulfate
17 Give some uses of astringent compounds.
Styptic = constriction of small capillaries to stop the bleeding of small cuts
Antiperspirant = constriction of pores at the surface of the skin to decrease perspiration
Restriction of the supply of blood to the surface of mucous membranes as a means of reducing inflammation.
Corrosives= direct actions on skin to remove unwanted tissues
18 Name some compounds used as astringent official in the compendia.
- Zinc Sulfate USP 31, Zinc Chloride USP 31, Aluminum Chloride USP 31, Alum USP 31, Aluminum USP 31 and
Aluminum Acetate Solution USP 31

Exercise #7
1. The formation of caries is attributed to the actions of acids mostly lactic, obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary
carbohydrates. The build-up of plaque on the tooth surface usually aids the decay process by forming pockets or crevices on the
teeth surface in which food particles can lode and can be degraded by the bacteria of the mouth.
2. There are two current hypothesis. First, that fluoride decreases the solubility of enamel in acid. Second, the bacterial inhibition
hypothesis which is based on the enzyme inhibitory properties of fluoride.
3. Fluoride is administered by two routes: orally and topically.

4. The fluoride salt used for dental prophylaxis is sodium fluoride.


5. Dentifrices are pastes or powders for cleaning the teeth. One example of dentifrice is the pumice which is a dental abrasive.

17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.

1F-PH

Exercise #8
1. The 5 official gases used as inhalants are oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrous oxide and nitrogen
2.
Compound
Sodium Fluoride
Stannous Fluoride
Pumice
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Ammonium Carbonate
Nitrous oxide

Synonyms
--Pumice stone
-Bakers Salt
Laughing Gas

Ammonium chloride
Potassium Iodide
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium thiosulfate
Activated Charcoal
Cupric sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Colloidal Sillicon Dioxide
Calcium stearate

Salmiac
kalium Jodatum
Natrium
antichlor
Carbon ligni
Blue vitriol
Gypsum, alabaster
---

Magnesium stearate

--

Bentonite

Soap clay

Uses
Dental prophylactic agent
For topical fluoride application
Dental abrasive
To revive unconscious person
Principal source of ammonia
Inhalation when momentary anesthesia is
desired
Aromatic acidifier
For asthma
Antidote for cyanide poisoning
Antidote Cyanide poisoning
General purpose antidote
Antidote for phosphorus poioning
Used as Drierite
Diluent, suspending agent
To eject the tablet cleanly leaving no residue
behind the mold
To eject the tablet cleanly leaving no residue
behind the mold
Suspending agent

3. colors of the cylinder.


Oxygen- green-colored
Carbon dioxide- gray metallic color
Helium- brown
Nitrogen-black
4. What proportion of hydrogen and helium gives a lighter respirable air?
Because the relatively low density of helium and consequently high diffusibility, a mixture of 80 parts of helium and 20 parts of
oxygen is used in respiratory diseases.
5. Give a chemical test to differentiate oxygen and nitrous oxide.
Nitrous oxide can be distinguished from oxygen using the following test: with nitric oxide, oxygen forms reddish
brown vapors of NO2 and N2O3 while nitrous oxide will not have any reaction.

6. What is the use of nitrous oxide in dentistry?


This gas is largely used by inhalation when momentary anesthesia is desired, as by a dentist for the extraction of teeth,
opening of the abscesses and the like.
7. Give the use of the respiratory stimulants.
They are used to revive an unconscious person who may have fainted or had the wind knocked out of him.
8. Name the only official inorganic agent used as respiratory stimulant and give its active ingredients.
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit is the only official inorganic agent used as respiratory stimulant and its active ingredients are
Ammonium Carbonate NF XV and Strong Ammonia Solution NF XV.
9. What are the expectorants and give the mechanisms of antidotal action?
Expectorants are used orally to stimulate the flow of respiratory tract secretions. They are mucolytic (destroying or
destroying the active agents which make up the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic that decreases the vicosity of mucus. It is
also an antidote to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Examples of this are: Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Iodide
10. Define antidote and give mechanisms of antidotal action.
An antidote is an agent that counteracts a poison. The mechanism of antidotal action usually occurs in one of the three
ways:
a. By counteracting the effects of a poison by producing other effects (physiological antidote).
b. By changing the chemical nature of the poison (chemical antidote).
c. By preventing the adsorption of the poison into the body (mechanical antidote).
11. Name some tableting aids and give examples.
Calcium Sulfate- plaster of paris (used for making supportive casts and dental impressions)
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide- tablet diluent, suspending and thickening agent.
12. Give the property of Bentonite making it a good suspending agent.
- It is insoluble in water, but swells to approximately 12 times its volume when added to water. This property of adsorbing large
amounts of water enables it to form highly viscous suspensions or gels. Bentonite is insoluble in and does not swell in inorganic
solvents.

17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.

1F-PH

Exercise #9
1

What are the major particles of decay? Give their symbols and equivalents?

Alpha particles (, 4He2+)


- It is equivalent to a Helium nucleus, containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons of an atomic mass of 4 and atomic

number of 2.

Beta particles (+, -)o

Negatron- emitted by unstable nuclei having neutrons in excess of protons.

Positron- is identical to the electron with the exception of having a positive charge.

Gamma radiation () It may be described as a photon of electromagnetic radiation.

When will a radioactive element emit a beta particle? A positron?


-It will emit when the neutrons in excess of protons. If the neutron or proton ratio exceeds stable limits, a
transformation of a neutron to a proton will occur, with the expulsion of beta radiation. Elements emitting positron
radiation will decay to the element having the next lowest atomic number.

Give the distractive biological effects of radiation.


-It is directly related to its interaction with molecules present in the tissue to form abnormal amounts of ion and/or free
radicals. These chemical species can alter the local pH or serve to initiate free radical chain reactions, resulting in the
production of peroxides or other toxic compounds. These and other events can create a hostile environment for tissue
cells, leading to necrosis and ultimately, complete destructio of the tissue or organ.

What are the common means of measuring radioactivity in diagnostic procedures?


-It depends upon a number of factors related to the ability of the radiation to penetrate tissue, the energy of the
radiation, the particular tissue and the surface area exposed and the dose rate of the radiation.

What isotopes are important as radiopharmaceutical?


-Those emitting beta and gamma radiation since they can penetrate body tissues, Isotopes which can be concentrated in
specific manner in certain organ or cells, Isotopes which should be eliminated from the body easily and aside from the

associated radioactivity, they and the decay products should be of low toxicity.
6

Using the following format, tabulate the different preparations studied:

Radiopharmaceutical Preparations
1

Sodium Chromate Cr 51 Injection

Synonyms

Uses

Chromitope Sodium Rachromate -51

Diagnostic determination of red blood cell


mass, volume & survival time, and scanning
of the spleen.

Aurocoloid -198, Aureotope, Auroscan

Gold Au 198 Injection

Diagnostic

preparation

for

scintillation

scanning of the liver.


3

Sodium Iodide I 123 Solution

Sodium Iodide I 131 Capsules and Solution

Iodotope I 125

Diagnostic aid in the study of the function of

Iodotope I-131

the thyroid gland, for scanning of thyroid


gland. For I-131, determination of cardiac
output.

Sodium Rose Bengal I-131 Injection

Robengatope I-131

Radioactive tracer in the determination of the


liver function.

Sodium

Iodohippurate

I-131

Hippuran -131

Diagnostic agent to determine kidney function.

Injection
6

Scintillation scanning of the kidneys

Chlormerodin Hg 197 Injection

and brain.

and Hg 203 Injection

Sodium Phosphate P 32 Solution

Technetium Tc 99m Injection

Cyanocobalamin Co -57 and Co -60

Phosphotope

Treatment of polycythemia vera (increase in

Sodium Pertechnetate

RBC), localization of intraocular tumors.


Brain scanning to determine the presence
and location of neoplastic lesions.
Diagnostic agent for pernicious anemia.

Capsules and solutions


7

What are radiopaque contrast media? Give some compounds used as such.
-These are chemical compounds containing elements of high atomic number which will stop the passage of x-rays.
Example: Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)

Potrebbero piacerti anche