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1F-PH
Exercise #5
1.Products for altering gastric pH 2.
Protectives for intestinal inflammation
Adsorbents for internal toxins 4. Cathartics or Laxatives for constipation
2. Peptic ulcer - a specified circumscribed erosion Esophageal ulcer - located in the esophagus Gastric ulcer - located in the
stomach Duodenal ulcer - located in the duodenum.
3. Antacids are available over the counter and are taken by mouth to quickly relieve occasional heartburn, the major symptom of
gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor
symptoms. Criteria of an ideal antacid preparation: The antacid should not be absorbable or cause systemic alkalosis The antacid
should not be a laxative or causes constipation The antacid should exert its effect rapidly and over a long period of time The
antacid should buffer in the pH 4-6 range The reaction of the antacid with gastric HCl acid should not cause a large evolution of
gas The antacid should probably inhibit pepsin
4. Sodium bicarbonate antacids- used in laundry detergents and additives, machine dishwashing products, surface cleaners, toilet
cleaners and other household cleaning products. It is also used as a food additive.
Calcium Carbonate- Adhesives and sealants
Animal and pet feeds
Carpet-backing
Construction (concrete, plasters, asphalt)
Environment (desulphurisation of flue gas)
Fertilisers and agricultural liming
Food and pharmaceuticals
Glass and ceramics
Household products
Paints and surface-coatings
Paper
Plastics and composites
Rubber and elastomers
Aluminum Hydroxide- used as a mordant in dyeing, manufacture of aluminosilicate glass, a high melting point glass used in
cooking utensils, the waterproofing of fabrics, and the production of fire clay, paper, pottery, and printing inks.
5. 2HCl + CaCO3 --> H2O + CO2 + CaCl2
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
6. Na- attracts water and causes transport of other electrolytes
K- promote the wellbeing of the patient
7. Atropine, Loperamide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bismuth Subsalicylate, Attapulgige, crofelemer and etc.
8. Laxatives are used to treat constipationthe passage of small amounts of hard, dry stools, usually fewer than three times a
week. Constipation may be caused by several conditions, some of which are potentially serious, and require medical attention:
Neurologiccaused by failure of nerves to stimulate movement of the muscles of the intestines. Obstructivefailure of the
muscles in the intestine to open, or presence of a mass that's blocking passage of the feces through the intestine.
Endocrine/metaboliccaused by some diseases including hypothyroidism. Medicinalcaused by some drugs, including narcotic
analgesics, iron, and some drugs used in cancer treatment.
9. Types of laxatives:
Stimulant laxatives act by local irritation on the intestinal tract, which increases peristaltic activity. Stimulant laxatives induce
bowel movements by increasing the contraction of muscles in the intestines, and are effective when used on a short-term basis.
Bulk-forming laxatives swell when wet and with the increased bulk stimulates peristalsis. They dissolve or swell in the
intestines, lubricate and soften the stool, and make the passage of stool easier and more frequent.
Stool softeners, called emollient laxatives, prevent hardening of the feces by adding moisture to the stool.
Saline cathartics act by increasing the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract.
10. Phosphate, biphosphate, tartrate, magnesium, and sulfate ions are usually used as saline cathartics.
11. a. Precipitated chalk - calcium carbonate
b. Milk of magnesia - Magnesium Hydroxide suspension
c. Magnesia - Magnesium oxide
d. Amphogel - Aluminum Hydroxide
e. Epsom Salt - Magnesium Sulfate
f. Porcelain Clay - Kaolin
g. White Bismuth - Bismuth Subnitrate
h. Maalox - Aluminum Hydroxide gel - magnesium hydroxide
i. Fehling's solution - Alkaline Cupric Tartrate
j. Gelusil - Aluminum Hydroxide Gel - magnesium trisilicate
k. Mylanta - Simethicone
l. Gavison - Alginic acid - sodium bicarbonate
m. Limonada Purgante - magnesium citrate
n. Cream of tartar - potassium bitartrate
o. Rochelle Salt - potassium sodium tartrate
p. Glauber's salt - Sodium sulfate
17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.
1F-PH
Exercise #6
1
2
3
5
6
7
10
Talc
Zinc oxide
Calamine
Titanium dioxide
Silicon polymers
What is the advantage of zinc stearate over protective products?
- it is not wetted by moisture
What property of Titanium Dioxide makes it useful as a solar ray protective?
- the opacity of Titanium dioxide
Explain the 3 mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents?
a
Oxidation protein has a specific function in the microorganism, the formation of the disulfate bridge will alter its
function; the change will cause the destruction of microorganisms
b
Halogenation the substitution of the chlorine atom for hydrogen produces changes in hydrogen bonding
responsible for proper conformation of protein molecule
c
Protein Precipitation various polar groups on the protein act as ligands. The complexation of the metal results in
the radical change in the properties of the protein
Give some ways of controlling antimicrobial/ astringent actions.
- make solutions of appropriate concentration of desired use of water soluble compounds
- soluble compounds may also be controlled by placing them in a vehicle which will slow their release to the site of
action
- complexation of ligand
- synthesis into soluble form
Explain astringent action.
- application of a very dilute solution of a metal cation to a local or surface protein precipitant action; its effect is
described as a shrinkage or firming of tissues
Name some official antibacterial agents and give its mechanism of action.
Exercise #7
1. The formation of caries is attributed to the actions of acids mostly lactic, obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary
carbohydrates. The build-up of plaque on the tooth surface usually aids the decay process by forming pockets or crevices on the
teeth surface in which food particles can lode and can be degraded by the bacteria of the mouth.
2. There are two current hypothesis. First, that fluoride decreases the solubility of enamel in acid. Second, the bacterial inhibition
hypothesis which is based on the enzyme inhibitory properties of fluoride.
3. Fluoride is administered by two routes: orally and topically.
17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.
1F-PH
Exercise #8
1. The 5 official gases used as inhalants are oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrous oxide and nitrogen
2.
Compound
Sodium Fluoride
Stannous Fluoride
Pumice
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Ammonium Carbonate
Nitrous oxide
Synonyms
--Pumice stone
-Bakers Salt
Laughing Gas
Ammonium chloride
Potassium Iodide
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium thiosulfate
Activated Charcoal
Cupric sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Colloidal Sillicon Dioxide
Calcium stearate
Salmiac
kalium Jodatum
Natrium
antichlor
Carbon ligni
Blue vitriol
Gypsum, alabaster
---
Magnesium stearate
--
Bentonite
Soap clay
Uses
Dental prophylactic agent
For topical fluoride application
Dental abrasive
To revive unconscious person
Principal source of ammonia
Inhalation when momentary anesthesia is
desired
Aromatic acidifier
For asthma
Antidote for cyanide poisoning
Antidote Cyanide poisoning
General purpose antidote
Antidote for phosphorus poioning
Used as Drierite
Diluent, suspending agent
To eject the tablet cleanly leaving no residue
behind the mold
To eject the tablet cleanly leaving no residue
behind the mold
Suspending agent
17
Go, Jenicca Pamela Y.
1F-PH
Exercise #9
1
What are the major particles of decay? Give their symbols and equivalents?
number of 2.
Positron- is identical to the electron with the exception of having a positive charge.
associated radioactivity, they and the decay products should be of low toxicity.
6
Radiopharmaceutical Preparations
1
Synonyms
Uses
Diagnostic
preparation
for
scintillation
Iodotope I 125
Iodotope I-131
Robengatope I-131
Sodium
Iodohippurate
I-131
Hippuran -131
Injection
6
and brain.
Phosphotope
Sodium Pertechnetate
What are radiopaque contrast media? Give some compounds used as such.
-These are chemical compounds containing elements of high atomic number which will stop the passage of x-rays.
Example: Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)