CONTENTS I. PENGENALAN KEPADA EDISI PERTAMA, II, PANDUAN MENDAPAT GRED A1 CHAPTER 1 : INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (ICTS). 1.0 INTRODUCTION To ICT 2.0 COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES .... 3.0 COMPUTER SECURITY. CHAPTER 2 : COMPUTER SYSTEMS... 1.0 SYSTEM CONCEPT. 2.0 HARDWARE. 3.0 SOFTWARE CHAPTER 3 : COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS .......:.39 1.0 BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS... 2.0 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING... 3.0 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS sees CHAPTER 4 : MULTIMEDIA. 1.0 MULTIMEDIA CONCEPTS... 2.0 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARi 3.0 Multimedia Development. CHAPTER 5 : PROGRAMMING.. 1.0 BASIC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 2.0 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PHASES .. CHAPTER 6 : INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1.0 CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS. 2.0 SOFTWARE : 3.0 DATABASE DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 1 : INFORMATION AND COMMUNI- CATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (ICTS) 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ICT Overview 1.1 State the definition of ICT. ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use electronics computers, communication devices and application software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. 1.2 Describe the brief EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. First generation computers (1940-1956) - During the first generation, computers were with vacuum tubes. Vacuum tube is an electronic tube is made of glass used as computer components to store and process data. The problems of vacuum tube are generates lots of heat that can damage computer and tubes can burnt out frequently. ENIAC is first generation computer that contains weights of 30 tons, 18000 vacuum tubes, 30-50 foot space and 16000 watts of power. Advantages of computers in this era: The using of vacuum tubes that can store and process data. Second generation computers (1956 until 1963) - Transistors were used to replace vacuum tubes in computers. Transistors are small devices that transfer electronic signal across resistor. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes, Transistors do not produced lots of heats and use less power. Transistors were faster, cheaper and smaller than vacuum tubes. The new computers were faster, smaller, and more reliable than the first generation machines. Advantages of computers in this era: The using of transistors was better than vacuum tubes. Third generation computers (1964-1971) - In 1964, computer manufacturers began replacing transistors with integrated circuits, An integrated circuit (IC) is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip made of silicon. These computers were more reliable and ‘compact than computers made with transistors, and they cost less to manufacture. Advantages of computers in this era: Integrated circuits were reliable, compact and cheaper than transistors. @Fourth generation computers (1971-Present) - The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip. Advantages of computers in this era: Computers are 100 times smaller than ENIAC computers in first generation. Fifth generation computers ( Present and beyond ) - Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though ‘there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. Generation | Component Picture Computer First 1940 1956 Second 1956 Transistor 1963 Third 1964 1971 rach : teh ig. present Fane Artificial D ry Present ant beyond | Mtelligence ‘ iH