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ABSTRACT
This paper presents a knowledge-based system (KBS) for the
identification of problems in producing wells. The KBS is
based on a general Well Problems Analysis (WPA)
methodology that entails three main activities: verification of
a problem's existence, identification of a preliminary set of
possible problems, refinement of the most plausible
problem(s). The relevant experts' knowledge has been
formalized by means of a classification approach based on the
organization of all problems in a hierarchy of classes and, by
associating the corresponding symptomatology with them.
The system, validated at the company headquarters, is
currently in use in the operating districts.
The system is a part of a more comprehensive project, called
PROGRESS (pRoduction Optimization inteGRated Expert
SystemS), aimed at providing a decision support system for
well production optimization.
INTRODUCTION
367
SPE24997
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Conceptual Model and Reasoning Process
368
SFE 24997
explanations.
369
SPE24m
considered well?
CONCLUSIONS
For each type of the above questions the users can choose
different levels of explanation. Each test is associated with a
textual explanation (top level explanations) dynamically
composed by the system from the values assigned to the well
parameters occurring in the test clauses. When the top level
explanations do not satisfy the user, he can ask the system to
produce more detailed explanations exploiting each test
clause until it reaches atomic clauses2 .
Our experience has shown that this explanations module has
a high impact not only on the acceptance of system results by
the users, but also on the system v~dation phase.
NOMENCLATURE
SPI
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Llp
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the management of AGIP SpA for
permission to publish this paper. We also wish to
acknowledge the contnbution ofL.Tomada to the project.
REFERENCES
[1] Brown, K.E.: The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods,
PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Vol.4.
[2] Turner, RG., Hubbard, M.G., and Dukler, A.E.:
"Analysis and prediction of minimum flow rate for the
continuous removal of liquids from gas wells" J.Pel Tech.,
November 1969
[3] Chandrasekaran, B: "Generic Tasks in Knowledge-based
Reasoning: High-level Building Blocks for Expert System
Design", IEEE Expert, Fall 1986, 23-30
[4] Clancey,W.G.: "Heuristic Classification" Artif.Intell. 27
(1985) 289-350
[5] Matteini, L., Cosenza, G., Paccaloni, G., and Beranger,
A.: "A Knowledge-based approach to Matrix Stimulation",
paper SPE 20966 presented at Europec 90, The Hague,
Netherlands, 22-24 October 1990, 283-287
370
SPI Analysis
~
I
No Field Operation
~
I
Well Monitor
Well Problems
ffI.
r--
Expert
positive
J
\\ Low Permeability
Solution
negative
Formation Damage
System
IProductivity Change
Gas Coning
Water Cut
Problem Identification
WPA
Solutions
Sanding
I
FIG.1 SPI ANALYSIS
I~
Depletion
+positive
Field Operation
...
Hydraulic Fracturing
..
Artificial Lifting
---
Unproper Ccmpl.String
Economical Analysis
Sand Control
Ccmpl.Design Optimlz.
Symptomatology
Symptomatology
Production Rate Trend:
Flowing Temperatl.l'D:
< 248 F.
< 86 F.
-.{;21
FIG.3 COMPLETION CHOKED BY ASPHALTENE
"
L.... '
Progressive
MlJdInWel:lore
EnUilon In WeIbore
~ 8IIrwinWelbore
ProductMty
Loss
L
I
Corrmun SYfTJloma
Tenrineldesses
Overdlmensloned S01ng
:;:
Uldardlmeoslooed StrIng
-=:::::::::.
Roa:Cless
DewIopmtft Wels
PtwlllljFkMingMonolayef
Paro&t.i FMf'Ig
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~HgIlOlIVlSCOSIty
InsLllldent Permeebiltt
~~"'Chod<edbv""""
C~on Chocked bV IIIspheleoet
CompIedon Chocked bV PeralliOi
Completion
Chocked by
Chocked by
Chocked by
Asphaltenes
Paraffins
Scales
Speclfte Symptoms
Specific Symptoms
Speelfte Symptoms
(0)
-=
Completion
Completion
static Pressure
Decline
WfllMCoRng
WeterFlnoefing
I
I
Speclftc Symptoms
Well Problems
Problem Solution
ProbiemEldSI*Q
Diagnostic
Expert
System
WPA
STEPM2
(c)
Chemicals
DataBase
Stimulation
Expert
Design
System
Exp.Sys.
Stimulation
Risk Analysis
Exp.Sys.
P.....
'Ii,..
Equlpments
DataBase