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Topics
Introduction
ATM Architecture Overview
ATM Cell
ATM Connections
Addressing and Signaling
ATM Layer Services
IP over ATM
1
Introduction
2
Traditional Network Infrastructure
B-ISDN
Company
Company Broadband B
A Integrated Services
Network
(B-ISDN)
Residential
user
x
3
ATM: The official definition
Why “asynchronous”?
H 1 H 3 H 3 H 2 H 1 H 4
© Jörg Liebeherr, 1998-2003
4
ATM’s Key Concepts
Header
Data (48 byte)
(5 byte)
53 Byte Cells
• Why 53 Bytes?
A 48 byte payload was the result of a compromise between a 32 byte
payload and a 64 byte payload
• Advantages
– Low packetization delay for continuous bit rate applications (video,
audio)
– Processing at switches is easier
• Disadvantages
– High overhead (5 Bytes per 48)
– Poor utilization at lower line rates links
5
ATM Standardization
Uses of ATM
6
ATM Architecture
Overview
7
Layers of ATM
ATM
Host A Host B
Switch
Upper Upper
Upper Layer Protocol
Layers Layers
Convergence
AAL
Segmentation and Reassembly
8
ATM Layer
ATM Layer
9
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Data Data
Cells Cells
ATM Network
ATM Cells
10
ATM Cells
8 bits
• 4-bit Generic flow control
• 8/12 bit Virtual Path Identifier 1 GFC VPI
• 16 bit Virtual Channel Identifier
• 3 bit Payload Type 2 VPI VCI
• 1 bit Cell Loss Priority
• 8 bit Header Error Control 3 VCI
• 48 byte payload C
4 VCI PT L
P
6- 53 Payload
UNI Cell
© Jörg Liebeherr, 1998-2003
ATM Cells
8 bits
• 4-bit Generic flow control
• 8/12 bit Virtual Path Identifier 1 VPI
• 16 bit Virtual Channel Identifier
• 3 bit Payload Type 2 VPI VCI
• 1 bit Cell Loss Priority
• 8 bit Header Error Control 3 VCI
• 48 byte payload C
4 VCI PT L
P
NNI Cell
© Jörg Liebeherr, 1998-2003
11
ATM Connections
A Packet Switch
Header Data
Packet
12
Forwarding with VCs
X C D
13
Virtual Paths and Virtual Circuits
Link
Virtual
Channel
Connection
Virtual Path
Connections
VPI identifies virtual path (8 or 12 bits)
VCI identifies virtual channel in a virtual path (16 bits)
© Jörg Liebeherr, 1998-2003
Port 2 Port 4
2 3/24 3 7/24
1 1/24 4 1/40
2 2/17 3 3/24
14
Addressing and Signaling
15
ATM Endsystem Addresses (AESA)
20 bytes
16
Example: Default Assignment of ATM
addresses by Cisco Systems
47.00918100000001604799FD01.0050A219F03B.0
17
ATM UNI Signaling
• ATM Forum:
• UNI 3.0. UNI signaling protocol for point-to-point connections.
• UNI 3.1. Supports point-to-multipoint connections.
• UNI 4.0. Supports Leaf initiated join multipoint connections
• PNNI. for network node signaling
ATM
A B
Setup to B
Setup to B
Call Proceeding
Call Proceeding
Connect
Connect
Connect ACK
Connect ACK
18
Basic Signaling Exchange: Tear down
ATM
A B
Release
Release
Release complete
Release complete
6
ATM Layer Services
19
ATM Services at the ATM Layer
VBR
CBR
© Jörg Liebeherr, 1998-2003
Time
20
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
rate
and delay variations
time
16000
Terminator)
10000
8000
4000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frame number
21
Available Bit Rate (ABR)
PCR
ACR
MCR
22
Guaranteed Frame Rate (UBR)
9
IP-over-ATM
23
Issues with sending IP traffic over ATM
• Address resolution:
– IP address ßà VPI/VCI
– IP address ßàATM address
• Routing
IP Networks 1 (simplified)
128.143.137.1 128.143.71.1
IP Router
128.143.137.144 128.143.171.21
128.143.137.0/24 128.143.71.0/24
Subnet Subnet
24
IP Networks 2 (simplified)
25
Classical IP over ATM
IP Router
128.143.137.144
ARP message: What is the ATM Address
address of 128.143.137.1?
ATM Network
128.143.137.143 Setup VC and send datagram
26
Problem with Classical IP-over-ATM
IP Router IP Router
27