References

1. Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Walters, John K. Vennard. Elementary Fluid Mechanics. 7th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Anthony Esposito. Fluid Mechanics with Applications. Prentice Hall International Inc.
3. Robert L.Mott. Applied Fluid Mechanics 5th Ed. Prentice Hall International Inc.

Summary
Flowmeter Measurement Apparatus is designed to measure a flow of an incompressible fluid.
From this experiment, we will obtain the flow rate measurement with comparison of pressure
drop by utilizing three basic types of flow measuring techniques, ratometer, venture meter and
orifice meter. Meanwhile, the loss coefficient can be determined when fluid flows through a 90
elbow by measuring flow rate on manometers. Actual flow rate for the water is determined by
using a constant volume of 10L and the time taken for the water to reach until 10L for each
experiment. We could compare the flow rates of the flowmeter based on the results we get from
the graph. It shows that venturi meter is more accurate compare to orifice meter which the flow
rates of venturi meter is closer to the actual value of the flow rates. On the whole, our experiment
was successfully done because we has achieved the objective of the experiment.

Conclusion
Knowing that, flowrate is quantity of a gas or liquid moving through a pipe which passes per unit
time. The SI unit is m3/s (cubic metres per second). In this experiment, flowrate was measured by
using orifice meter, venturi meter and the rotameter. This measuring technique operation and
characteristics are to be determined by comparing pressure drop that will be calculated that
related to the velocity of the fluid in the pipe using the Bernoulli and Continuity equations. From
the data obtained, for the orifice meter high pressure drop is unrecovered this is due to the flow
rate is increased at the opening of the orifice plate and not much energy is lost but as it flows
through and starts slowing down, much of the excess energy is lost. Then as for the rotameter,
the energy losses were significantly higher than the Venturi and orifice flowmeters. This high
energy loss is due to the large drop in pressure due to friction. For the venturi meter, the value
obtained were closer to the actual flow rate this this is due to lower pressure drop that results
from its streamlined shape and almost eliminates boundary-layer separation and thus form drag
is assumed negligible. It has a converging and a diverging part, Although, there may be some
pressure loss in the converging part of the venturi meter but in a properly designed venturi meter
some percentage of pressure loss is attained back in the diverging part of the meter. This meter is
good for high pressure and energy recovery. To be concluded, venture meter was more accurate
compared to orifice meter and rotameter.