Effect of Several Factors On Peracetic Acid Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse For Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:11151121 (2007)
Effect of several factors on peracetic

acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse
for enzymatic hydrolysis
Xue-bing Zhao, Lei Wang and De-hua Liu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose should undergo pretreatment to enhance its enzymatic digestibility before being
saccharified. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidant that can remove lignin under mild conditions. The sulfuric
acid in the PAA solution also can cause degradation of hemicelluloses. The objective of the present work is to
investigate the effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse.
RESULTS: It was found that PAA charge, liquid/solid (l/s) ratio, temperature, time, interactions between PAA
charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all had a very significant effect on the enzymatic conversion ratio of
cellulose. The relative optimum condition was obtained as follows: PAA charge 50%, l/s ratio 6:1, temperature
80 C and time 2 h. More than 80% of the cellulose in bagasse treated under the above conditions was converted to
glucose by cellulase of 20 FPU g1 cellulose. Compared with H2 SO4 and NaOH pretreatments under the same mild
conditions, PAA pretreatment was the most effective for enhancement of enzymatic digestibility.
CONCLUSION: PAA pretreatment could greatly enhance the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by
removing hemicelluloses and lignin, but removal of lignin was more helpful. This study can serve as a step
to further optimization of PAA pretreatment and understanding the mechanism of enhancement of enzymatic
digestibility.
2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Keywords: sugarcane bagasse; peracetic acid; pretreatment; enzymatic hydrolysis
INTRODUCTION
Due to increasing energy consumption and environmental concerns, during recent years there has been
increased interest in using ethanol as a transportation
fuel. Lignocellulosic materials are attractive feedstocks
for ethanol production because they are abundant,
cheap and renewable. One of the major lignocellulosic materials to be considered in tropical countries
is sugarcane bagasse, the fibrous residue obtained
after extracting the juice from sugar cane in the sugar
production process.1 In general, sugar factories generate approximately 270 kg of bagasse (50% moisture)
per metric ton of sugarcane.2 Therefore, it can be
estimated that the yield of sugarcane bagasse (50%
moisture) is approximately 10 million tons per year in
China.
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a promising way to obtain
sugars from lignocellulosic materials, but the low
enzymatic accessibility of the native cellulose is
a key problem for biomass-to-ethanol processes.
Therefore, pretreatment is an essential element in
the bioconversion of lignocellulosic substrates. The
objective of biomass pretreatment is to alter the
structure of the lignocellulosic matrix to increase
cellulose digestibility using cellulase enzymes, which

can be done by removing lignin, hemicelluloses,
or a combination of the two. Several processes
have been developed for pretreatment of sugarcane
bagasse, including steam explosion,3,4 liquid hot water
process,5 acid hydrolysis,6 alkali pretreatment7 and
wet oxidation.1 All of these processes enhance the
enzymatic digestibility of bagasse to some extent.
However, most of them should be operated at high
temperature resulting in high pressure, which increases
the energy consumption and costs of equipments.
Furthermore, these processes still leave most of
the lignin in the material and limit the complete
bioconversion of cellulose to sugar. Lignin is believed
to be a major hindrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.8 12
Low-lignin substrates have improved microbial activity
and enzyme efficiency, eventually lowering the enzyme
requirement.13
Peracetic acid (PAA) is recognized as a powerful
oxidizing agent and is quite selective towards the
lignin structure. It oxidizes the aromatics in lignin,
generating dicarboxylic acid and their lactones.14 The
enzymatic digestibility of PAA-pretreated or PAA prepretreated biomass was effectively enhanced.8,15 17
Correspondence to: De-hua Liu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
E-mail: dhliu@tsinghua.edu.cn
(Received 6 June 2007; revised version received 16 July 2007; accepted 17 July 2007)
Published online 15 October 2007; DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1775
2007 Society of Chemical Industry. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 02682575/2007/$30.00
XB Zhao, L Wang, DH Liu
Gharpuray found that ball milling followed by

PAA treatment could decrease the crystallinity and
lignin content and enhance the hydrolysis.18 Teixeira
studied PAA pretreatment of woody biomass and
sugarcane bagasse at ambient temperature for a 7day period, with PAA concentrations varying from
6% to 60%. The pretreated samples had a greatly
enhanced enzymatic digestibility.17 He also found
that alkaline treatments were helpful in reducing
PAA requirements.19 However, these processes are
very slow, leading to a decrease in productivity.
Furthermore, the authors did not discuss the factors
affecting PAA pretreatment and their significance.
Therefore, the objective of this present work is to
investigate the factors that affect PAA pretreatment of
sugarcane bagasse and analyze their significance for
enzymatic hydrolysis.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials and analytical methods
Sugarcane bagasse was obtained from Guanxi province
in the south of China. It was ground and screened.
The fraction not passing through a 20-mesh sieve was
used in all pretreatment experiments. The composition
of sugarcane bagasse was determined according to
corresponding Chinese standards. The data are shown
in Table 1.
The chemicals, including anhydrous acetic acid,
30% hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate,
potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate and sulfuric acid
were analytically pure, obtained from Beijing Beihua
Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Peracetic acid was prepared
by reaction of acetic acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide,
with volume ratio 2:1 at room temperature for 72 h.
3% (w/w) of sulfuric acid was added as a catalyst.
Determination of peracetic acid concentration was
made in accordance with Chinese standard GB/T
19 108-2003.
The cellulase enzyme used in the experiment was
Cellulase R-10, obtained from Yakuh Honsha Co.
Table 1. Chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and
corresponding test methods
Items
Values
Methods
Moisture content (%, w/w)

3.426.07 GB/T 2677.2-1993
Ash (%, w/w)
1.38
GB/T 2677.3-1993
Hot water extractives (%,
5.16
GB/T 2677.4-1993
w/w)
1% NaOH extractives (%,
34.20
GB/T 2677.5-1993
w/w)
Benzene-ethanol extractives
3.17
GB/T 2677.6-1994
(%, w/w)
Cellulose (%, w/w)
44.98
Nitric acid-ethanol
method
Holocellulose (%, w/w))
76.76
GB/T 2677.10-1995
Klason lignin (%, w/w)
18.45
GB/T 2677.8-1994
Acid-soluble lignin (%, w/w)
1.80
GB/T 7472003
Total lignin (%, w/w)
20.25
GB/T 2677.8-1994,
GB/T 10337-1989
1116
Ltd in Japan. The cellulase activity was determined

by the method recommended by Ghose,20 and
expressed in filer paper units (FPU): 1 FPU
was defined as the amount of enzyme capable of
producing 1 mole of reducing sugars in 1 min.
The main monosaccharides in the liquid phase
were determined by Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan) high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using
an Aminex HPX-87H column and RID-10A detector.
The mobile phase was 0.05 mol L1 H2 SO4 at a
flow rate of 0.8 mL min1 . Standard glucose, xylose
and arabinose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(Shanghai, China).
Pretreatment process
The pretreatment was carried out in a 1000 mL glass
flask immersed in a water bath. 30 g of screened
bagasse was packed into the flask and a specific
volume of prepared PAA solution was added. A
Teflon paddle was used for intermittent stirring to
keep the system as homogeneous as possible. After
pretreatment, the bagasse was washed with water until
neutrality and dried at 105 C for 6 h. The oven-dried
samples were stored in valve bags for further analysis
and enzymatic hydrolysis. The liquid was collected for
analysis of sugars and recovery of acetic acid.
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Before enzymatic hydrolysis, the cellulose content in
the treated samples was determined. Then the samples
were digested by cellulase loading of 20 FPU g1
cellulose. The enzymatic digestibility tests were
conducted as follows: temperature 50 0.5 C, pH
4.8 (0.1 mol L1 sodium acetate buffer), 130 rpm
in an air-bath shaker. The digestibility, denoted as
conversion ratio of cellulose (CRC), was defined as
the percentage of cellulose converted to glucose after
72 h of incubation with cellulase enzyme.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of PAA charge and liquid/solid ratio (l/s)
PAA charge (based on raw material) and l/s ratio (v/w)
were varied from 2050% and 3:17:1, respectively,
keeping other conditions at 80 C, reaction time
2 h. Figure 1 shows that the cellulose content in
the treated materials increases with increasing PAA
charge or decreasing l/s ratio. PAA charge and l/s ratio
reflected the corresponding PAA concentration in the
liquid phase and percentage solids. At a fixed PAA
charge, increase in l/s ratio (decrease in percentage
solids) resulted in a decrease of PAA concentration
in the liquid phase (as shown in Fig. 2), which
reduced the reaction rates of degradation of lignin and
hemicelluloses. Similarly, at a fixed l/s ratio, increase of
PAA charge enhanced the rates of delignification and
dissolving of hemicelluloses. Therefore, more lignin
and hemicelluloses were removed with higher PAA
charge or lower l/s ratio for the same reaction time.
It can be seen that the material contained over 80%
DOI: 10.1002/jctb
Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis
100
l/s ratio=3
l/s ratio=4
l/s ratio=5
l/s ratio=6
l/s ratio=7
Cellulose content (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
10
20
30
40
50
60
PAA charge (%)

Figure 1. Effect of PAA charge and l/s ratio on cellulose content in
the treated materials.
PAA concentration
in the liquid phase (g/L)
200
20 % PAA
30 % PAA
40 % PAA
50 % PAA
60 % PAA
150
100
50
5
l/s ratio (v/w)
Figure 2. PAA concentrations in the liquid phase at several l/s ratios.

DOI: 10.1002/jctb
100
Degree of delignification (%)
(w/w) of cellulose when treated with 50% PAA at a

l/s ratio of 35:1 at 80 C for 2 h. However, further
increase of PAA charge at a l/s ratio of 3 conversely
led to lower cellulose content, compared with those
at l/s ratios of 4 and 5. This may be because the
decreasing l/s ratio accelerated recondensation and
deposition of dissolved lignin on the cellulosic fibers,
a phenomenon known to occur in acidic organosolv
delignification process.21 It can also be confirmed from
Fig. 3 that for a PAA charge over 50% the degree of
delignification at a l/s ratio of 3 was lower than those
at l/s ratios of 4 and 5, probably due to the effect
of solubility limitations with less liquid being present.
On the other hand, some cellulose was also dissolved
under conditions of high PAA charge and low l/s ratio.
It was found that 8% of the cellulose was dissolved
in the liquid phase with a PAA charge of 60% and l/s
ratio 3:1.
Since PAA was prepared by reaction of acetic
acid and hydrogen peroxide, with sulfuric acid as
a catalyst, the acids in the system could cause
degradation of glycans, especially hemicelluloses. The
pK a values of acetic acid and PAA at 25 C were
4.76 and 8.20, respectively.22 Therefore, sulfuric
80
60
l/s ratio=3
l/s ratio=4
l/s ratio=5
l/s ratio=6
l/s ratio=7
40
20
10
20
30
40
PAA Charge
50
60
70
Figure 3. Effect of PAA charge and l/s ratio on degree of

delignification.
acid played the major role in hydrolysis of the

glycan. Table 2 shows concentrations of the main
monosaccharides (xylose, glucose and arabinose) in
the liquid phase under different conditions. These
monosaccharides were mainly from the hydrolysis
of hemicelluloses. It can be observed that all the
concentrations of monosaccharide increased with PAA
charge or concentration of sulfuric acid, but decreased
with l/s ratio. However, when the PAA charge was
increased to 60% at a l/s ratio of 3, the xylose
concentration decreased. This may be explained
by decreased solubility of the ligninhemicellulose
complex polymers owing to reduced liquid volume
and significant oxidation of xylose by PAA when its
charge was too high. Formic acid was detected in
the HPLC analysis, which could also be formed by
oxidation of xylose. There are also other oxidized
products, which should be analyzed further in future
work. Nevertheless, almost no solid cellulose was
lost when the l/s ratio was more than 4:1. This
indicates that PAA could selectively react towards
lignin without significant degradation of cellulose,
which contributes to the fractionation of cellulose from
other components.
The treated materials were hydrolyzed by cellulase
of 20 FPU g1 cellulose at 50 C for several days. The
time profiles are shown in Fig. 4. It is clear that
the untreated bagasse was hard to digest. Almost
no further sugar was formed after 4 h. However,
the enzymatic digestibility of treated bagasse was
greatly enhanced and maintained a relatively high
saccharification rate for the first 12 h, but no obvious
difference was found between samples treated with
PAA charges of 50% and 60%. This shows that
increase of PAA charge beyond 50% gave no
enhancement of enzymatic digestibility.
Figures 5 and 6 show the conversion ratio of
cellulose (CRC) after the treated materials were
digested for 72 h. A PAA charge of 0 means that
the bagasse did not undergo pretreatment. The CRC
increased with PAA charge because more lignin and
hemecelluloses were removed with higher PAA charge.
1117

Table 2. Concentrations of several monosaccharides in the liquid
phase at different l/s ratios with different PAA charges and
concentrations of sulfuric acid
PAA
Concentration
Concentration (g L1 )
charge l/s ratio
of sulfuric
(%)
(v/w)
acid (%,w/w) Glucose Xylose Arabinose
3:1
3:1
3:1
3:1
3:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
5:1
5:1
5:1
5:1
5:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
7:1
7:1
7:1
7:1
7:1
1.11
1.67
2.22
2.78
3.33
0.83
1.25
1.67
2.08
2.50
0.67
1.00
1.33
1.67
2.00
0.56
0.83
1.11
1.39
1.67
0.48
0.71
0.95
1.19
1.43
0.86
1.10
1.26
1.89
2.11
0.28
0.31
0.56
0.82
1.10
0.15
0.26
0.40
0.64
0.83
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.55
0.73
4.19
8.01
27.10
36.54
31.39
2.63
2.92
9.78
18.51
32.14
1.16
2.75
8.39
15.07
26.27
2.31
3.69
5.12
7.81
9.73
1.73
1.99
2.89
5.79
6.69
0.86
1.70
3.34
5.24
5.53
0.96
1.17
2.75
2.78
4.69
1.87
2.32
3.26
3.60
3.84
2.30
3.92
3.63
3.72
3.67
0.29
0.56
1.39
1.69
1.92
60
40
20
control
Conversion ratio of cellulose (%)
80
30% PAA
50% PAA
70
20% PAA
40% PAA
60% PAA
30
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (h)
Figure 4. Time profiles of enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse treated
with different PAA charge at a l/s ratio of 6:1.
For PAA charges greater than 50%, the CRC increased

only slightly or decreased. Thus, 50% of PAA was
considered the optimum for the pretreatment process.
It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the CRC was initially
enhanced with increase of the l/s ratio. In fact, for
the same PAA charge (based on raw material), a
higher PAA concentration in the liquid was obtained
at a lower l/s ratio. It thus appears that a lower
l/s ratio should more effectively enhance enzymatic
saccharification. In fact, experimental results proved
1118
30
40
50
60
20% PAA
40% PAA
60%PAA
80
30%PAA
50%PAA
60
40
20
5
l/s ratio
Figure 6. Effect of l/s ratio on CRC.
40
10
20
100
50
10
Figure 5. Effect of PAA charge on CRC.
60
PAA charge (%)
90
l/s ratio=3
l/s ratio=4
l/s ratio=5
l/s ratio=6
l/s ratio=7
80
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
100
that a too small l/s ratio reduced the CRC: a l/s

ratio of 6:1 gave the highest reducing sugar yield,
with 80% of the original cellulose being transformed
to glucose. When the l/s ratio was increased to 7:1,
the CRC drastically reduced, probably due to the
decrease of PAA concentration in the liquid, which
reduced the degree of delignification. In a chemical
pulping process, cellulose fibers cannot be significantly
separated unless the degree of delignification is over
80%. It was found that the bagasse was softened when
treated at a l/s ratio of 7:1, however, its structure was
still compact. In comparison, at a l/s ratio of 6:1, most
of the bagasse became pulp whose specific surface
was greatly increased and the CRC was significantly
enhanced.
Thus, the effects of l/s ratio on CRS can be
summarized as follows. First, the l/s ratio affected
the PAA concentration in the liquid, consequently
affecting the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses;
however, when the l/s ratio was too high, it reduced
the PAA concentration in the liquid phase, resulting
in a decrease in CRC. Second, sufficient liquid is
required to dissolve lignin, hemecelluloses and their
degradation products; too small a l/s ratio decreases
DOI: 10.1002/jctb
the solubility because less liquid is present, and this

accelerates recondensation and deposition of dissolved
lignin, leading to a decrease in CRC.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then used to
further study the effects of PAA charge and l/s ratio on
CRC. The results are shown in Table 3, which shows
that PAA charge, l/s ratio and their interaction all had
very significant effects on CRC.
Effect of reaction temperature and time
Temperature and time are two important factors
affecting reaction rate. Experiments were done
to investigate their effects on pretreatment, by
fixing the PAA charge at 50%. The effects of
temperature and time on cellulose content are shown
in Fig. 7. Two l/s ratios, 4 and 6, were selected for
comparison. Prolonging the reaction time naturally
increases cellulose content by removing more lignin,
hemicelluloses and other substances. It is also clear
that the cellulose content increased markedly at a l/s
ratio of 6 when the reaction temperature was increased.
However, at a l/s ratio of 4:1, no improvement was
obtained when bagasse was treated at temperatures
above 70 C for 2 h.
Increasing temperature could dramatically enhance
the xylose concentration in the liquid phase at a
l/s ratio of 4:1 (see Table 4). This is because the
higher temperature leads to greater degradation of
hemicelluloses. However, the concentrations of the
three monosaccharides were not increased significantly
at a l/s ratio of 6. Degradation of glycans was mainly
Table 3. Analysis of variance for effects of PAA charge and l/s ratio
on CRC
Source
SS
DF
SS/DF
F
Value
PAAcharge 12412.3 4 3103.08 1063.03

l/s ratio
5323.7 4 1330.92 455.94
Interaction
2435.3 16 152.21
52.14
Error
73
25
2.92
Total
20244.3 49
Proba- Signibility ficance

0
0
0
Very
Very
Very
l/s ratio=6:1, for 2h

90
80
70
60
50
60
65
70
75
80
Temperature (C)
Table 4. Concentrations of several monosaccharides in the liquid

phase at different temperatures for different reaction times
Temperature
( C)
100
caused by acid hydrolysis, which is a temperaturedependent process. In the conventional acid hydrolysis
of lignocellulose, high temperatures and pressures are
usually employed, which leads to the formation of
furfural from xylose. No furfural was detected in the
liquid phase here, probably due to the mild conditions
of the PAA pretreatment.
Figure 8 shows the effect of temperature and
time on CRC after 72 h. CRC increased when
the temperature was changed from 60 C to 80 C.
However, further increase of temperature did not
notably enhance CRC. Similarly, temperature had
a more significant influence on CRC at a l/s ratio
of 6 than at 4. It can also be seen that a large
increase in CRC was observed when increasing the
pretreatment time from 1 h to 2 h, but according
to these experiments, longer time did not give
more glucose. There are several fundamental factors
that affect enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose,
including lignin content, crystallinity, surface area,
particle size, etc.11 These factors are always related
to each other. Details on the mechanisms of PAA
pretreatment for the enhancement of enzymatic
digestibility will be discussed in more detail in future
studies.
The results of ANOVA shown in Table 5 indicate
that temperature, time and their interaction all had
very significant effects on CRC.
The optimum conditions for PAA pretreatment of
bagasse were obtained as follows: PAA charge 50%,
l/s ratio 6:1, temperature 80 C, time 2 h. PAA charge,
l/s ratio, temperature, time and interactions between
PAA charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all
had very significant effects on CRC. Treated under
these optimum conditions, the bagasse could be
easily digested by cellulase. Over 80% of the original
85
90
65
70
80
90
65
70
80
90
60
70
80
90
60
70
80
90
Concentration (g L1 )
Time
(h)
l/s ratioa
(v/w)
Glucose
Xylose
Arabinose
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
4:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
6:1
0.50
0.54
0.56
0.59
0.53
0.63
0.82
1.17
0.19
0.24
0.35
0.44
0.34
0.44
0.75
0.86
2.84
5.12
19.66
31.37
6.28
14.49
18.51
37.76
2.11
2.84
3.45
4.74
4.51
5.73
7.81
9.44
0.80
0.84
2.77
2.50
1.37
2.73
2.78
3.91
0.48
0.79
1.14
1.47
1.46
1.67
1.78
1.88
Figure 7. Effect of temperature and time on cellulose content.

DOI: 10.1002/jctb
The concentrations of sulfuric acid in the liquid phase was 2.08%

(w/w) at a l/s ratio of 4:1 and 1.39% (w/w) at 6:1.
1119
100

80
60
40
20
60
65
70
75
80
Temperature (C)
85
90
Figure 8. Effect of temperature and time on CRC.

Table 5. Analysis of variance for effects of temperature and time on
CRC
Source
SS
DF
SS/DF
F
value
Proba- Signibility ficance
PAA charge 3470.16 3 1156.72 851.27 0

l/s ratio
1836.55 1 1836.55 1351.59 0
Interaction
108.78 3
36.26
26.68 0.0002
Error
10.87 8
1.36
Total
5426.36 15
Very
Very
Very
hemicelluloses was dissolved. NaOH pretreatment

dissolved nearly half of the raw materials with
significant removal of hemicelluloses; however, the
residue still had relatively high lignin content. PAA
pretreatment gave the highest degree of delignification
with the least degradation of hemicelluloses. When
treated bagasse was digested by cellulase, the PAA
treated sample gave the highest saccharification rate
(Fig. 9) and CRC (Table 6). The H2 SO4 -treated
sample gave a CRC of less than 10%. Thus,
H2 SO4 pretreatment under mild conditions did not
effectively to enhance enzymatic digestibility, probably
because the temperature was not high enough to
remove significant hemicelluloses to increase enzyme
accessibility. Using a higher temperature and pressure
would hopefully alter the structure of the materials
and help to increase CRC. NaOH pretreatment
could remove most hemicelluloses, but the CRC
was lower than that for the PAA pretreatment. The
experimental results further indicated that in PAA
pretreatment, the enzymatic digestibility was increased
due to removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, but
removal of lignin was more helpful than removal of
hemicelluloses. However, the optimum conditions for
H2 SO4 and NaOH pretreatments would be at higher
temperatures, so a further economic comparison
taking into account the different optimum conditions
for these three processes should be done in the future.
cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose when digested at

50 C for 72 h by a cellulase loading of 20 FPU g1
cellulose.
COMPARISON OF PAA PRETREATMENT WITH

H2 SO4 AND NAOH PRETREATMENTS UNDER
THE SAME CONDITIONS
The PAA solution contains H2 SO4 , which is the
major acid causing degradation of hemicelluloses.
Removal of hemicelluloses can help the enhancement
of enzymatic digestibility. In order to further study
the effectiveness of PAA pretreatment, we compared
it with H2 SO4 and NaOH pretreatments under the
same conditions (chemical loading 50%, l/s ratio 6:1,
80 C for 2 h). The results are shown in Table 6
and Fig. 9. It can be seen that H2 SO4 treatment
dissolved only 21.3% of the raw materials and
3% of the original lignin, but about 64% of the
80
70
60
50
40
control
sulfric acid pretreatment
sodium hydroxide pretreatment
PAA pretreatment
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
Time (h)
40
50
60
Figure 9. Time profiles of enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated

by different methods.
Table 6. Comparison of PAA pretreatment with H2 SO4 and NaOH pretreatments
Dissolved (%)
Holocellulose content (%)
Hemicellulose removeda (%)
Total lignin content (%)
Lignin removed (%)
CRC after 72 h (%)
a
Control (Untreated bagasse)
H2 SO4 treated bagasse
NaOH treated bagasse
PAA treated bagasse
0
44.98
76.76
0.00
20.25
0
6.16
21.3
57.43
71.90
64.17
24.93
3.02
9.18
46.7
76.10
83.82
87.05
15.28
59.74
47.93
34.8
70.34
90.04
59.58
5.60
81.97
82.07
Hemicellulose content was determined by difference of holocellulose and cellulose.
1120

DOI: 10.1002/jctb
CONCLUSION
PAA pretreatment can effectively enhance the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse under mild
conditions. It was shown that PAA charge, l/s ratio,
temperature, time and interactions between PAA
charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all had very
significant effects on the enzymatic conversion ratio of
cellulose. Optimum conditions for PAA pretreatment
of bagasse were obtained as follows: PAA charge of
50%, l/s ratio 6:1, temperature 80 C, time 2 h. Over
80% of the cellulose in bagasse treated under the
above conditions was converted to glucose by cellulase
of 20 FPU g1 cellulose at 50 C for 72 h. Compared
with H2 SO4 and NaOH pretreatments under the same
conditions, PAA pretreatment obtained the highest
CRC. It was found that the enhancement of CRC by
PAA pretreatment was due to the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, with removal of lignin being more
helpful. This study thus can serve as a step towards
further optimization of PAA pretreatment and understanding the mechanism of enhancement of enzymatic
digestibility.
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Effect of Several Factors On Peracetic Acid Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse For Enzymatic Hydrolysis

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J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:11151121 (2007)