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Permeability
Loose Soil
High permeability
Dense Soil
Low permeability
Soil Permeability
Applications (examples):
1.
Water wells
a.
b.
2.
Earth dams
a.
b.
3.
Water production
Dewatering
Estimate quantity of water seeping through the dam
Evaluating stability of dam
Darcys Law
Q = V/t
Soil
Coefficient of Permeability k
k=v/i
Note:
flow of water through soil is governed by:
1.
2.
Bernoullis Equation
G.S.
hv1=v12/2g
Clay
hp1=u1/w
1
ht1
Water
flow
Sand
z1
Clay
h t = z + hp + h v
h
hv2=v22/2g
hp2=u2/w
ht2
z2
Datum
where:
z = position head (elevation head)
hp = pressure head = u/w: u = pore-water pressure
hv = velocity head = v2/2g
very small in soil and may
be neglected
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
Bernoullis Equation
G.S.
hv1=v12/2g
Clay
hp1=u1/w
1
ht1
Water
flow
Sand
h
2/2g
hv2=v2
hp2=u2/w
z1
ht2
z2
Clay
Datum
h t ~ z + hp
hp is determined using piezometer (later)
h = total head difference, if h = 0, no flow.
Total area
(A)
Area of voids
(Av)
Q = Av = Avvs
Therefore: vs = v ( A/AV)
Multiplying both areas (A and Av) by the length of the
medium (L)
vS = v ( AL / AVL ) = v ( VT / VV )
where:
VT = total volume of sample
VV = volume of voids within sample
By Definition, Vv / VT = n, the soil porosity
Thus
vS = v/ n
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
Factors affecting k
Soil type
ksand > kclay
Void ratio
kloose sand > kdense
A
sand
Particles orientation
kB > kA
Soil Structure
kflocculated > kdispersed
Type of fluid
Viscosity
,k
flocculated
dispersed
Temperature
Temperature
, Viscosity
,k
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
Laboratory determination of k
1.
2.
Head difference
constant
Continuous
water supply
Q = Av
V/t = Akh/L
k = VL/Aht
Overflow:
Volume V in
Time t
where
V = volume of water collected
in time = t
h = constant head difference
Direction
of flow
Head is variable
h
Ak
ln 1 =
T
h2 La
ho
hf
where:
Overflow
Direction of
flow
dh.a
dt
A.k.
aL dh
.
Ak h
h
T
aL f dh
dt =
Ak ho h
0
hf
aL
ln h ho
T =
Ak
h o Ak
ln h = La T
f
dt =
h
-------- (1)
L
-------- (2)
h
dh.a
=
L
dt
ho
hf
Overflow
Direction of
flow
Non-homogeneity of soil
Anisotropy of soil
Sampling disturbance
Field determination of k
Definitions:
Field determination of k
Definitions:
Piezometers
Field determination of k
1.
Aquitard
Field determination of k
1.
Aquitard
Field determination of k
1.
Aquitard
10
Field determination of k
1.
Piezometer (1)
Q
r1
r2
Piezometer (2)
h2
h1
Draw down water table
h2
h1
Aquitard
Field determination of k
1.
Pumping well
Initial water
table
Piezometer (1)
r2
r1
Piezometer (2)
h2
h1
Draw down water
table
h1
h2
Aquitard
Calculate k
k=
Q ln(r2 / r1 )
h22 h12
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
11
Field determination of k
2.
Aquitard
Aquitard
Field determination of k
2.
Pumping well
Aquitard
12
Field determination of k
2.
Q
Pumping well
Draw down
piezometric line
Aquitard
Field determination of k
2.
Q
Pumping well
r1
Piezometer (1)
r2
Piezometer (2)
h2
h1
Draw down
piezometric line
h1
h2
Aquitard
13
Field determination of k
2.
Pump water
from well at a
constant rate (Q)
until reach
steady state
Initial piezometric
Pumping well
surface
Field
measurements:
Q, r1, r2, h1, h2,
where:
h1 = H h1
h2 = H h2
Piezometer (1)
r2
r1
Piezometer (2)
h2
h1
Draw down
piezometric line
h1
h2
H D
Aquitard
Calculate k
k=
Q ln(r2 / r1 )
2D h2 h1
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
Field determination of k
14
Coarse-grained soils
Hazens (1930):
Chapuis (2004):
e3
k (cm / sec) = 2.4622 D102
(1 + e)
where
0.7825
e = void ratio
D10 = effective grain size in mm
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
Fine-grained soils
en
k = C
1+ e
where
C and n = constants determined experimentally
e = void ratio
15
k (cm/sec)
1.1
0.302 x 10-7
0.9
0.12 x 10-7
(1.1) n
0.302x10 = C
1
1
.
1
+
en
k = C
1
+
e
(0.9) n
0.120x107 = C
1 + 0.9
Dr. Manal A. Salem Soil Mechanics
k (cm/sec)
1.1
0.302 x 10-7
0.9
0.12 x 10-7
0.302x107
0.120x107
(1.1) n
1
1
.
1
+
=
(0.9) n
1 + 0.9
n = 5.098
16
k (cm/sec)
1.1
0.302 x 10-7
0.9
0.12 x 10-7
(1.1)5.098
0.302x107 = C
1 + 1.1
C = 0.390x107
(0.75)5.098
= 0.051x107 cm / sec
k = 0.390x10
1 + 0.75
7
Typical Values of k
Soil Type
k (cm/sec)
Gravel
100 10-1
Coarse Sand
10-1 10-2
Fine Sand
10-2 10-3
Silty Sand
10-3 10-4
Silt
10-4 10-5
Clay
<10-6
17