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Introduction
Water is one of the vital necessities for the survival of human beings. Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse are vital to meet the water requirements for irrigation, industry and domestic use due to increasing population and development in many parts of the
world. Industrial wastewaters largely possess organic and inorganic materials such as dyes, phenols, aromatic compounds, and heavy metals [1].
Phenols cause bad taste and odor of drinking water and can exert negative effects on different biological processes. Phenol and its derivatives also show mutagenic effects by unbinding of the DNA helix, inhibition of DNA synthesis in human, induction of gene
mutations, chromosome aberrations and a neuploid formations (phenol, catechol) [2]. Because of this increased awareness and concern about environmental pollution, stringent national and international legislation has been set up, generating more efforts of research
work in this area, especially in finding better and more efficient techniques to treat wastewater bearing these organic pollutants [3]. Bio-sorbents are certain types of biomass used to bind and concentrate pollutants from even very diluted aqueous solution [4]. A
biosorption process offers a number of advantages compared to conventional methods currently used. These include low operational costs and minimizing the volume of chemical and/or biological waste sludge as well as a high degree of efficiency in decontamination
of very diluted effluents. Banana peel, a discarded agricultural waste, was used to produce bio-adsorbent through easy and environmental friendly processes [5 -7]. This natural bio-sorbent was evaluated for adsorptive removal of 2-chlorophenol compound from water.
The characterization results showed this bio-sorbent has very high specific surface area, potential binding sites and functional groups which support the adsorption process.
SEM characterization
Method
(%) = x 100
The dried banana peel was grounded into powder (0.5-1 mm),
several washing steps needed (about 20 times) with
shaking for 1 hour and change to pure water to remove the
colored pigment of the washing water as its absorbance
could interfere with the results. Then dried again in oven
for 24 hours at 105C. Kept in an air tied bottle prior to the
experiments, fig (1).
Where;
R (%) = percentage of removal
C = initial concentration of 2-Chlorophenol in solution (g/L).
Ce = Remaining concentration of 2-Chlorophenol in solution at equilibrium (g/L).
Results
Fig (4), Calibration Curve for 2-Chlorophenol
Banana peel dose as adsorbent, initial concentration, pH value , and shaking time parameters were studied as shown in figures
0,95
0,9
y = 0.000x + 0.451
R = 0.998
0,85
(5, 6, 7, 8) respectively to maximize the adsorption process and increase the % of removal of 2-chlorophenol.
0,8
Absorbance
The results showed that maximum removal of the 2-chlorophenol compound (400g/L) was at pH 6 with recovery in the range
91.25% and equilibration was achieved after 60 min of contact time with shaking at 230 rpm.
0,75
0,7
0,65
0,6
0,55
0,5
0,45
0,4
0,35
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
90
90
Conc., g/L
80
80
Removal %
log C peel
50
100
100
0,3
70
70
60
60
Removal %
50
40
50
40
5,5
30
30
20
20
4,5
10
10
0
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,1
3,5
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,4
0,5
100
200
300
400
Sorbent dose, g
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Conc. g/L
3
2
3,5
4,5
log cw
First approach
y = 1,0465x + 1,5331
R = 0,9611
Second approach
y = 1,236x + 0,8598
R = 0,9587
Mean
y = 1,1398x + 1,2172
R = 0,9718
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
60
Removal %
Removal %
70
Transmittance%
2,5
50
40
60
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
2
10
11
10
20
30
40
50
60
90
120
Time, min
pH
References
The present work explored a new, less expensive, economic and selective adsorbent as an alternative to expensive adsorbents
for the removal of 2-chlorophenol from water.
[1] Pankaj, Bhawna Tanwar, Shikha Goyal & Prem Kishore Patnala, A Comparative study of Sonosorption of Reactive Red 141 Dye on
TiO2 , Banana Peel, orange Peel and Hardwood Saw Dust :Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (4):505-511. [2] U.A. El-Nafaty,
I.M. Muhammad and S. Abdulsalam, Biosorption and Kinetic Studies on Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Banana Peel, : Civil
and Environmental Research, Vol.3, No.7, 2013. [3] Cong Liu , Huu Hao Ngo , Wenshan Guo., Optimal conditions for preparation of
banana peels, sugarcane bagasse and watermelon rind in removing copper from water.: Bioresource Technology 119 (2012) 349354.
[4] B. Volesky, and S. Schiewer, Biosorption of metal in Encyclopedia of bioprocess Technology: fermentation, Biocatalysis, and
Bioseparation, John Wiley & Sons,1999. [5] B.H. Hameed , D.K. Mahmoud, A.L. Ahmad, Sorption equilibrium and kinetics of basic
dye from aqueous solution using banana stalk waste.: Journal of Hazardous Materials 158 (2008) 499506. . [6] Jamil R. Memon ,
Saima Q. Memon , M.I. Bhanger , G. Zuhra Memon , A. El-Turki , Geoffrey C. Allen, Characterization of banana peel by scanning
electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and its use for cadmium removal.: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 66 (2008) 260
265. [7] M. Achaka , A. Hafidi , N. Ouazzani ,S.Sayadi , L. Mandi, Low cost biosorbent banana peel for the removal of phenolic
compounds from olive mill wastewater: Kinetic and equilibrium studies.: Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 117125. [8]
H.M.F. Freundlich, Adsorption in solution, Zeitschrift fr Physikalische Chemi 57 (1906) 384470. [9] M. Thirumavalavan, Y.L.
Lai, L.C. Lin, J.F. Lee, Cellulose-based native and surface modified fruit peels for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from
aqueous solu-tion: Langmuir adsorption isotherms, J. Chemical Engineering Data 55 (2010) 11861192.
The adsorption process was very fast, and it reached equilibration after 1 hour. The equilibrium of the solid-phase extraction
of chlorophenols decreased with increasing adsorbent concentration and it was reached at 0.2 g of banana peel/10mL, to
91.25% for removal of 400g/L of 2-chlorophenol in 10 ml solution.
The results reached by this project work can be used for determination of optimum conditions for removal of chlorophenols in
aqueous solutions by banana peel as an agricultural waste.
Although the biosorption application is facing a great challenge, there are two trends for the development of the biosorption
process for chlorophenol compounds removal:
1. One trend of research is to develop commercial biosorbents using immobilization technology.
2. The other trend of research conducted is focusing on the use of granulized biosorbents packed in columns, resembling ionexchange resins.
Contact: Salma Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim, Holding Company for Potable Water & Sanitation, Fayoum, Egypt, E-mail: salma_ibrahim86@yahoo.com
Funded by:
www.uni-due.de/zwu/iwatec