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Coordinates:1258N7734E

Bangalore
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bangalore/blr/,officiallyknownasBengaluru[8]([beuu]),isthecapitaloftheIndian
stateofKarnataka.Ithasapopulationofabout8.42millionandametropolitanpopulationofabout
8.52million,makingitthethirdmostpopulouscityandfifthmostpopulousurbanagglomerationin
India.[5]LocatedinsouthernIndiaontheDeccanPlateau,ataheightofover900m(3,000ft)abovesea
level,Bangaloreisknownforitspleasantclimatethroughouttheyear.Itselevationisthehighestamong
themajorlargecitiesofIndia.[9]

Bangalore

Megacity
Bengaluru

AsuccessionofSouthIndiandynasties,theWesternGangas,theCholasandtheHoysalas,ruledthe
presentregionofBangaloreuntilin1537CE,KempGowdafeudalrulerundertheVijayanagara
EmpireestablishedamudfortconsideredtobethefoundationofmodernBangalore.In1638,the
MarthsconqueredandruledBangaloreforalmost50years,afterwhichtheMughalscapturedandsold
thecitytotheMysoreKingdomoftheWadiyardynasty.ItwascapturedbytheBritishaftervictoryin
theFourthAngloMysoreWar(1799),whoreturnedadministrativecontrolofthecitytotheMaharajaof
Mysore.TheoldcitydevelopedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysoreandwasmadecapitalof
thePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedasanominallysovereignentityoftheBritishRaj.In1809,
theBritishshiftedtheircantonmenttoBangalore,outsidetheoldcity,andatowngrewuparoundit,
whichwasgovernedaspartofBritishIndia.FollowingIndia'sindependencein1947,Bangalorebecame
thecapitalofMysoreState,andremainedcapitalwhenthenewIndianstateofKarnatakawasformedin
1956.ThetwourbansettlementsofBangalorecityandcantonmentwhichhaddevelopedas
independententitiesmergedintoasingleurbancentrein1949.TheexistingKannadaname,Bengalru,
wasdeclaredtheofficialnameofthecityin2006.
Bangaloreisknownasthe"SiliconValleyofIndia"(or"ITcapitalofIndia")becauseofitsroleasthe
nation'sleadinginformationtechnology(IT)exporter.[10][11][12]Indiantechnologicalorganizations
ISRO,InfosysandWiproareheadquarteredinthecity.Ademographicallydiversecity,Bangaloreisthe
secondfastestgrowingmajormetropolisinIndia.[13]Itishometomanyeducationalandresearch
institutionsinIndia,suchasIndianInstituteofScience(IISc),IndianInstituteofManagement
(Bangalore)(IIMB),NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology,Bangalore,NationalInstituteofDesign,
Bangalore(NIDR&DCampus),NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU)andNational
InstituteofMentalHealthandNeurosciences(NIMHANS).Numerousstateownedaerospaceand
defenceorganisations,suchasBharatElectronics,HindustanAeronauticsandNationalAerospace
Laboratoriesarelocatedinthecity.ThecityalsohousestheKannadafilmindustry.Asagrowing
metropolitancityinadevelopingcountry,Bangaloreconfrontssubstantialpollutionandotherlogistical
andsocioeconomicproblems.[14][15]Withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)of$83billion,Bangaloreis
rankedfourthinIndiabyoverallGDPcontribution,afteronlyMumbai,DelhiandKolkata.[16]

Clockwisefromtop:UBCity,Infosys,Glasshouse
atLalBagh,VidhanaSoudha,Shivastatue,Bagmane
TechParkii
Nickname(s):SiliconValleyofIndia
GardenCity

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Earlyandmedievalhistory
2.2 Foundationandearlymodernhistory
2.3 Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Civicadministration
5.1 Pollutioncontrol
5.2 Slums
5.3 Wastemanagement
6 Economy
7 Transport
7.1 Air
7.2 Rail
7.3 Road
8 Culture
8.1 Artandliterature
8.2 Theatre,music,anddance
9 Education
10 Media
11 Sports
11.1 Citybasedclubs
12 Seealso
13 References
14 Furtherreading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore

Bangalore

LocationinKarnataka

Coordinates:1258N7734E
Country
State
Region
District

India
Karnataka
Bayaluseem
BangaloreUrban

Established
Foundedby

1537
KempegowdaI

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15 Externallinks

Government
Type
Body
Mayor

MayorCouncil
BBMP

Commissioner

GKumarNayak[2]

Thename"Bangalore"representsananglicisedversionoftheKannadalanguagename,"Bengalru"
[beuru].Theearliestreferencetothename"Bengalru"wasfoundinaninthcentury
WesternGangaDynastystoneinscriptionona"vragallu"(
)(literally,"herostone",arockedict
extollingthevirtuesofawarrior).InthisinscriptionfoundinBegur,"Bengalr"isreferredtoasa
placeinwhichabattlewasfoughtin890CE.ItstatesthattheplacewaspartoftheGangaKingdom
until1004andwasknownas"Bengavaluru",the"CityofGuards"inHalegannada(Old
Kannada).[17][18]

Area[3]
Urban

709km2(274sqmi)

Elevation[4]

920m(3,020ft)

Anapocryphalorafabricatedstoryrecountsthatthe12thcenturyHoysalakingVeeraBallalaII,while
onahuntingexpedition,losthiswayintheforest.Tiredandhungry,hecameacrossapooroldwoman
whoservedhimboiledbeans.Thegratefulkingnamedtheplace"bendakaaluru"(literally,"townof
boiledbeans"),whicheventuallyevolvedinto"Bengalru".[17][19][20]SuryanathKamathhasputforward
anexplanationofapossiblefloraloriginofthename,beingderivedfrombenga,theKannadatermfor
Pterocarpusmarsupium(alsoknownastheIndianKinoTree),aspeciesofdryandmoistdeciduous
trees,thatgrewabundantlyintheregion.[21]

Metro[6]
Rank

Etymology

ManjunathReddy[1]

Population(2011)[5]
Megacity
Rank

8,443,675
3rd
8,728,906
5th

Demonym(s)

Bangalorean

Timezone

IST(UTC+5:30)

Pincode(s)
Areacode(s)
Vehicle
registration
Officiallanguage

560xxx
+91(0)80
KA01,02,03,04,05,41,50,
51,52,53,57,58,59,60,61

On11December2005,theGovernmentofKarnatakaannouncedthatithadacceptedaproposalby
Kannada[7]
JnanpithAwardwinnerU.R.AnanthamurthytorenameBangaloretoBengalru.[22]On27September
Website
www.bbmp.gov.in
2006,theBruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(BBMP)passedaresolutiontoimplementtheproposed
(http://www.bbmp.gov.in/)
namechange.[23]ThegovernmentofKarnatakaacceptedtheproposal,anditwasdecidedtoofficially
implementthenamechangefrom1November2006.[24][25]TheUniongovernmenthaveapproved(alongwithother12cities)thisrequestinOctober2014
andBangalorewasrenamedto"Bengaluru"onNovember1,2014.[26][27]

History
Earlyandmedievalhistory
AdiscoveryofStoneAgeartifactsduringthe2001censusofIndiaatJalahalli,SidhapuraandJadigenahalli,allofwhich
arelocatedonBangalore'soutskirtstoday,suggestprobablehumansettlementaround4,000BCE.[28]Around1,000BCE
(IronAge),burialgroundswereestablishedatKoramangalaandChikkajalaontheoutskirtsofBangalore.Coinsofthe
RomanemperorsAugustus,Tiberius,andClaudiusfoundatYeswanthpurandHALindicatethatBangalorewasinvolved
intransoceanictradewithancientcivilisationsin27BCE.[29]

TheBegurNageshwaraTemple
wasbuiltinBangalorearoundc.
860,duringthereignofthe
WesternGangaDynasty.

TheregionofmoderndayBangalorewaspartofseveralsuccessiveSouthIndiankingdoms.Betweenthefourthandthe
tenthcenturies,theBangaloreregionwasruledbytheWesternGangaDynastyofKarnataka,thefirstdynastytosetup
effectivecontrolovertheregion.[30]AccordingtoEdgarThurston[31]thereweretwentyeightkingswhoruledGangavadi
fromthestartoftheChristianeratillitsconquestbytheCholas.Thesekingsbelongedtotwodistinctdynasties:the
earlierlineoftheSolarracewhichhadasuccessionofsevenkingsoftheRattiorRedditribe,andthelaterlineofthe
Gangarace.TheWesternGangasruledtheregioninitiallyasasovereignpower(350550),andlaterasfeudatoriesof
theChalukyasofBadami,followedbytheRashtrakutastillthetenthcentury.[21]TheBegurNageshwaraTemplewas
commissionedaround860,duringthereignoftheWesternGangaKingEregangaNitimargaIandextendedbyhis
successorNitimargaII.[32][33]Around1004,duringthereignofRajaRajaCholaI,theCholasdefeatedtheWestern
GangasunderthecommandofthecrownprinceRajendraCholaI,andcapturedBangalore.[32][34]Duringthisperiod,the
Bangaloreregionwitnessedthemigrationofmanygroupswarriors,administrators,traders,artisans,pastorals,
cultivators,andreligiouspersonnelfromTamilNaduandotherKannadaspeakingregions.[30]TheChokkanathaswamy
templeatDomlur,theAigandapuracomplexnearHesaraghatta,MukthiNatheshwaraTempleatBinnamangala,
CholeshwaraTempleatBegur,SomeshwaraTempleatMadiwala,datefromtheCholaera.[32]

In1117,theHoysalakingVishnuvardhanadefeatedtheCholasintheBattleofTalakadinsouthKarnataka,andextended
itsruleovertheregion.[32]VishnuvardhanaexpelledtheCholasfromallpartsofMysorestate.[35]Bytheendofthe13th
century,Bangalorebecameasourceofcontentionbetweentwowarringcousins,theHoysalarulerVeeraBallalaIIIof
SomeshwaraTempledatesfrom
theCholaera
HalebiduandRamanatha,whoadministeredfromtheHoysalaheldterritoryinTamilNadu.[32]VeeraBallalaIIIhad
appointedacivicheadatHudi(nowwithinBangaloreMunicipalCorporationlimits),thuspromotingthevillagetothe
statusofatown.AfterVeeraBallalaIII'sdeathin1343,thenextempiretoruletheregionwastheVijayanagaraEmpire,
whichitselfsawtheriseoffourdynasties,theSangamas(13361485),theSaluvas(14851491),theTuluvas(14911565),andtheAravidu(1565
1646).[36]DuringthereignoftheVijayanagaraEmpire,AchyutaDevaRayaoftheTuluvaDynastyraisedtheShivasamudraDamacrosstheArkavatiriverat
Hesaraghatta,whosereservoiristhepresentcity'ssupplyofregularpipedwater.[37]

Foundationandearlymodernhistory

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ModernBangalorehaditsbeginningin1537byavassaloftheVijayanagaraEmpire,KempeGowdaI,whoalignedwith
theVijayanagaraempiretocampaignagainstGangarajawhohedefeatedandexpelledtoKanchi,andwhobuiltamud
brickfortforthepeopleatthesitethatwouldbecomethecentralpartofmodernBangalore.KempeGowdawasrestricted
byrulesplacedbyAchutaDevaRayawhofearedthepotentialpowerofKempeGowdaanddidnotallowfora
formidablestonefort.KempeGowdareferredtothenewtownashis"gandubhmi"or"LandofHeroes".[20]Withinthe
fort,thetownwasdividedintosmallerdivisionseachcalleda"pete"(IPA:[pete]).Thetownhadtwomainstreets
ChikkapetStreet,whichraneastwest,andDoddapetStreet,whichrannorthsouth.Theirintersectionformedthe
DoddapetSquaretheheartofBangalore.KempeGowdaI'ssuccessor,KempeGowdaII,builtfourtowersthatmarked
Bangalore'sboundary.DuringtheVijayanagararule,manysaintsandpoetsreferredtoBangaloreas"Devaryanagara"
and"Kalynapura"or"Kalynapuri"("AuspiciousCity").[39]
AfterthefalloftheVijayanagaraEmpirein1565intheBattleofTalikota,Bangalore'srulechangedhandsseveraltimes.
KempeGowdadeclaredindependence,thenin1638,alargeAdilShahiBijapurarmyledbyRanadullaKhanand
accompaniedbyhissecondincommandShhjiBhnsldefeatedKempeGowdaIII,[39]andBangalorewasgivento
Shhjiasajagir(feudalestate).In1687,theMughalgeneralKasimKhan,underordersfromAurangzeb,defeatedEkoji
I,sonofShhji,andsoldBangaloretoChikkadevarajaWodeyar(16731704),thethenruleroftheKingdomofMysore
forthreelakhrupees.[40]AfterthedeathofKrishnarajaWodeyarIIin1759,HyderAli,CommanderinChiefofthe
MysoreArmy,proclaimedhimselfthedefactoruleroftheKingdomofMysore.HyderAliiscreditedwithbuildingthe
DelhiandMysoregatesatthenorthernandsouthernendsofthecityin1760.[41]ThekingdomlaterpassedtoHyderAli's
sonTipuSultan.HyderandTipucontributedtowardsthebeautificationofthecitybybuildingLalBaghBotanical
Gardensin1760.Underthem,Bangaloredevelopedintoacommercialandmilitarycentreofstrategicimportance.[39]

BangaloreFortin1860showing
fortificationsandbarracks.The
fortwasoriginallybuiltby
KempeGowdaIasamudfortin
1537.

BangalorePalace,builtin1887in

Tudorarchitecturalstylewas
TheBangalorefortwascapturedbytheBritisharmiesunderLordCornwallison21March1791duringtheThirdAnglo
[42]
modelledontheWindsorCastlein
MysoreWarandformedacentreforBritishresistanceagainstTipuSultan. FollowingTipu'sdeathintheFourth
England. [38]
AngloMysoreWar(1799),theBritishreturnedadministrativecontroloftheBangalore"pt"totheMaharajaofMysore
andwasincorporatedintothePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedasanominallysovereignentityoftheBritishRaj.
Theoldcity("pt")developedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysore.TheResidencyofMysoreStatewasfirst
establishedinMysoreCityin1799andlatershiftedtoBangalorein1804.Itwasabolishedin1843onlytoberevivedin1881atBangaloreandtobeclosed
downpermanentlyin1947,withIndianindependence.[43]TheBritishfoundBangaloretobeapleasantandappropriateplacetostationtheirgarrisonand
thereforemovedtheircantonmenttoBangalorefromSeringapatamin1809nearHalsur,about6kilometres(4mi)northeastoftheCity.Atowngrewup
aroundthecantonment,byabsorbingseveralvillagesinthearea.Thenewcentrehaditsownmunicipalandadministrativeapparatus,thoughtechnicallyit
wasaBritishenclavewithintheterritoryoftheWodeyarKingsofthePrincelyStateofMysore.[44]Twoimportantdevelopmentswhichcontributedtothe
rapidgrowthofthecity,includetheintroductionoftelegraphconnectionstoallmajorIndiancitiesin1853andarailconnectiontoMadras,in1864.[45]

Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory
Inthe19thcentury,Bangaloreessentiallybecameatwincity,withthe"pt",whoseresidentswerepredominantly
KannadigasandthecantonmentcreatedbytheBritish.[46]Throughoutthe19thcentury,theCantonmentgradually
expandedandacquiredadistinctculturalandpoliticalsalienceasitwasgoverneddirectlybytheBritishandwasknown
astheCivilandMilitaryStationofBangalore.WhileitremainedintheprincelyterritoryofMysore,Cantonmenthada
largemilitarypresenceandacosmopolitancivilianpopulationthatcamefromoutsidetheprincelystateofMysore,
includingBritishandAngloIndiansarmyofficers.

AviewofBangalorePeteduring
the1890s

AviewofBangaloreCantonment
(c.1895)

Bangalorewashitbyaplagueepidemicin1898thatclaimednearly3,500lives.Thecrisiscausedbytheoutbreak
catalysedthecity'ssanitationprocess.Telephonelineswerelaidtohelpcoordinateantiplagueoperations.Regulationsfor
buildingnewhouseswithpropersanitationfacilitiescameintoeffect.Ahealthofficerwasappointedandthecitydivided
intofourwardsforbettercoordination.VictoriaHospitalwasinauguratedin1900byLordCurzon,thethenGovernor
GeneralofBritishIndia.[47]NewextensionsinMalleswaramandBasavanagudiweredevelopedinthenorthandsouthof
thept.[48]In1903,motorvehiclescametobeintroducedinBangalore.[49]In1906,Bangalorebecameoneofthefirst
citiesinIndiatohaveelectricityfromhydropower,poweredbythehydroelectricplantsituatedinShivanasamudra.[50]
TheIndianInstituteofSciencewasestablishedin1909,whichsubsequentlyplayedamajorroleindevelopingthecityas
ascienceresearchhub.[51]In1912,theBangaloretorpedo,adefensiveexplosiveweaponwidelyusedinWorldWarIand
WorldWarII,wasdevisedinBangalorebyBritisharmyofficerCaptainMcClintockoftheMadrasSappersand
Miners.[52]

Bangalore'sreputationasthe"GardenCityofIndia"beganin1927withtheSilverJubileecelebrationsoftheruleof
KrishnarajaWodeyarIV.Severalprojectssuchastheconstructionofparks,publicbuildingsandhospitalswereinstituted
toimprovethecity.[53]BangaloreplayedanimportantroleduringtheIndianindependencemovement.MahatmaGandhi
visitedthecityin1927and1934andaddressedpublicmeetingshere.[29]In1926,thelabourunrestinBinnyMillsdueto
TheBangaloretorpedowas
demandbytextileworkersforpaymentofbonusresultedinlathichargingandpolicefiring,resultinginthedeathoffour
inventedinBangalorein1922.
workers,andseveralinjuries.[54]InJuly1928,therewerenotablecommunaldisturbancesinBangalore,whenaGanesh
idolwasremovedfromaschoolcompoundintheSultanpetareaofBangalore.[55]In1940,thefirstflightbetween
BangaloreandBombaytookoff,whichplacedthecityonIndia'surbanmap.[51]

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AfterIndia'sindependenceinAugust1947,BangaloreremainedinthenewlycarvedMysoreStateofwhichtheMaharajaofMysorewastheRajapramukh
(appointedgovernor).[56]The"CityImprovementTrust"wasformedin1945,andin1949,the"City"andthe"Cantonment"mergedtoformtheBangalore
CityCorporation.TheGovernmentofKarnatakalaterconstitutedtheBangaloreDevelopmentAuthorityin1976tocoordinatetheactivitiesofthesetwo
bodies.[57]PublicsectoremploymentandeducationprovidedopportunitiesforKannadigasfromtherestofthestatetomigratetothecity.Bangalore
experiencedrapidgrowthinthedecades194151and197181,whichsawthearrivalofmanyimmigrantsfromnorthernKarnataka.By1961,Bangalorehad
becomethesixthlargestcityinIndia,withapopulationof1,207,000.[39]Inthedecadesthatfollowed,Bangalore'smanufacturingbasecontinuedtoexpand
withtheestablishmentofprivatecompaniessuchasMICO(MotorIndustriesCompany),whichsetupitsmanufacturingplantinthecity.
Bythe1980s,itwasclearthaturbanizationhadspilledoverthecurrentboundaries,andin1986,theBangaloreMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority,
wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentoftheentireregionasasingleunit.[57]On8February1981,amajorfirebrokeoutatVenusCircusin
Bangalore,wheremorethan92liveswerelost,themajorityofthembeingchildren.[58]Bangaloreexperiencedagrowthinitsrealestatemarketinthe1980s
and1990s,spurredbycapitalinvestorsfromotherpartsofthecountrywhoconvertedBangalore'slargeplotsandcolonialbungalowsintomultistoried
apartments.[59]In1985,TexasInstrumentsbecamethefirstmultinationalcorporationtosetupbaseinBangalore.Otherinformationtechnologycompanies
followedsuitandbytheendofthe20thcentury,BangalorehadestablisheditselfastheSiliconValleyofIndia.[39]Today,BangaloreisIndia'sthirdmost
populouscity.Duringthe21stcentury,Bangalorehassufferedterroristattacksin2008,2010,and2013.

Geography
BangaloreliesinthesoutheastoftheSouthIndianstateofKarnataka.ItisintheheartoftheMysorePlateau(aregion
ofthelargerPrecambrianDeccanPlateau)atanaverageelevationof900m(2,953ft).[60]:8Itislocatedat
12.97N77.56Eandcoversanareaof741km2(286sqmi).[61]ThemajorityofthecityofBangaloreliesinthe
BangaloreUrbandistrictofKarnatakaandthesurroundingruralareasareapartoftheBangaloreRuraldistrict.The
GovernmentofKarnatakahascarvedoutthenewdistrictofRamanagarafromtheoldBangaloreRuraldistrict.
ThetopologyofBangaloreisgenerallyflat,thoughthewesternpartsofthecityarehilly.Thehighestpointis
VidyaranyapuraDoddabettahalli,whichis962metres(3,156feet)andissituatedtothenorthwestofthecity.[62]No
majorriversrunthroughthecity,althoughtheArkavathiandSouthPennarcrosspathsattheNandiHills,60
TheHesaraghattaLakeinBangalore
kilometres(37miles)tothenorth.RiverVrishabhavathi,aminortributaryoftheArkavathi,ariseswithinthecityat
Basavanagudiandflowsthroughthecity.TheriversArkavathiandVrishabhavathitogethercarrymuchofBangalore's
sewage.Aseweragesystem,constructedin1922,covers215km2(83sqmi)ofthecityandconnectswithfivesewagetreatmentcentreslocatedinthe
peripheryofBangalore.[63]
Inthe16thcentury,KempeGowdaIconstructedmanylakestomeetthetown'swaterrequirements.TheKempambudhiKere,sinceoverrunbymodern
development,wasprominentamongthoselakes.Intheearlierhalfof20thcentury,theNandiHillswaterworkswascommissionedbySirMirzaIsmail(Diwan
ofMysore,192641CE)toprovideawatersupplytothecity.Currently,theriverKaveriprovidesaround80%ofthetotalwatersupplytothecitywiththe
remaining20%beingobtainedfromtheThippagondanahalliandHesaraghattareservoirsoftheArkavathiriver.[64]Bangalorereceives800millionlitres(211
millionUSgallons)ofwateraday,morethananyotherIndiancity.[65]However,Bangaloresometimesdoesfacewatershortages,especiallyduringsummer
moresointheyearsoflowrainfall.ArandomsamplingstudyoftheAirQualityIndex(AQI)oftwentystationswithinthecityindicatedscoresthatranged
from76to314,suggestingheavytosevereairpollutionaroundareasoftrafficconcentration.[66]
Bangalorehasahandfuloffreshwaterlakesandwatertanks,thelargestofwhichareMadivalatank,Hebballake,Ulsoorlake,YediyurLakeandSankey
Tank.Groundwateroccursinsiltytosandylayersofthealluvialsediments.ThePeninsularGneissicComplex(PGC)isthemostdominantrockunitinthe
areaandincludesgranites,gneissesandmigmatites,whilethesoilsofBangaloreconsistofredlateriteandred,fineloamytoclayeysoils.[66]
Vegetationinthecityisprimarilyintheformoflargedeciduouscanopyandminoritycoconuttrees.ThoughBangalorehasbeenclassifiedasapartofthe
seismiczoneII(astablezone),ithasexperiencedquakesofmagnitudeashighas4.5.[67]

Climate
Bangalorehasatropicalsavannaclimate(KppenclimateclassificationAw)withdistinctwetanddryseasons.Duetoitshighelevation,Bangaloreusually
enjoysamoremoderateclimatethroughouttheyear,althoughoccasionalheatwavescanmakesummersomewhatuncomfortable.[68]Thecoolestmonthis
Decemberwithanaveragelowtemperatureof15.4C(59.7F)andthehottestmonthisAprilwithanaveragehightemperatureof35C(95F).[69]The
highesttemperatureeverrecordedinBangaloreis38.9C(102F)(recordedinMarch1931).Thelowesteverrecordedis7.8C(46F)inJanuary
1884.[70][71]Wintertemperaturesrarelydropbelow14C(57F),andsummertemperaturesseldomexceed36C(97F).Bangalorereceivesrainfallfrom
boththenortheastandthesouthwestmonsoonsandthewettestmonthsareSeptember,OctoberandAugust,inthatorder.[69]Thesummerheatismoderatedby
fairlyfrequentthunderstorms,whichoccasionallycausepoweroutagesandlocalflooding.Theheaviestrainfallrecordedina24hourperiodis179
millimetres(7in)recordedon1October1997.[72]

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ClimatedataforBangalore
Month

Jan

Feb

May

Jun

Jul

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

RecordhighC(F)

32.8
(91)

35.9
(96.6)

37.3
38.3
(99.1) (100.9)

38.9
(102)

38.1
(100.6)

33.3
(91.9)

33.3 33.3
(91.9) (91.9)

32.4
(90.3)

31.7
(89.1)

31.1
(88)

38.9
(102)

AveragehighC(F)

27.6
(81.7)

30.2
(86.4)

33.2
(91.8)

35.4
(95.7)

33.8
(92.8)

29.4
(84.9)

28.1
(82.6)

27.5 28.3
(81.5) (82.9)

28.0
(82.4)

27.0
(80.6)

26.2
(79.2)

29.4
(84.9)

AveragelowC(F)

15.3
(59.5)

17.2
(63)

19.6
(67.3)

21.8
(71.2)

21.5
(70.7)

20.2
(68.4)

19.8
(67.6)

19.6 19.7
(67.3) (67.5)

19.4
(66.9)

17.7
(63.9)

16.0
(60.8)

19.0
(66.2)

RecordlowC(F)

7.8
(46)

9.4
(48.9)

11.1
(52)

14.4
(57.9)

16.7
(62.1)

16.7
(62.1)

16.1
(61)

14.4
(57.9)

13.2
(55.8)

9.6
(49.3)

8.9
(48)

7.8
(46)

1.8
7.9
7
(0.071) (0.311) (0.28)

40
(1.57)

110.2
89.1
108.9 142.5 241 154.5
54.1
17.5
(4.339) (3.508) (4.287) (5.61) (9.49) (6.083) (2.13) (0.689)

Averagerainfallmm(inches)

Mar

Apr

Aug

Sep

15.0
(59)

974.5
(38.368)

Averagerainydays

0.2

0.5

0.8

6.9

7.4

10

10.3

7.9

3.9

1.6

Averagerelativehumidity(%)

60

52

45

51

60

72

76

79

76

73

70

68

58.5
65.2

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

262.3

247.6

271.4

257.0

241.1

136.8

111.8

114.3

143.6

173.1

190.2

211.7

2,360.9

Source#1:IndianMeteorologicalDepartment[73][74]
Source#2:NOAA(humidityandsun:19711990) [75]

Demographics
Withanestimatedpopulationof8.5millionin2011,[78]BangaloreisthefifthmostpopulouscityinIndiaandthe18th
mostpopulouscityintheworld.[79]BangalorewasthefastestgrowingIndianmetropolisafterNewDelhibetween
1991and2001,withagrowthrateof38%duringthedecade.ResidentsofBangalorearereferredtoas"Bangaloreans"
inEnglishandBengaloorinavaruinKannada.Thecosmopolitannatureofthecityhasresultedinthemigrationof
peoplefromotherstatestoBangalore.[80]
Accordingtothe2001censusofIndia,79.4%ofBangalore'spopulationisHindu,roughlythesameasthenational
St.FrancisXavierCathedralisthe
average.[81]Muslimscomprise13.4%ofthepopulation.ChristiansandJainsaccountfor5.8%and1.1%ofthe
motherchurchoftheRomanCatholic
population,respectively,doublethatoftheirnationalaverages.Thecityhasaliteracyrateof89%.[82]Roughly10%of
ArchdioceseofBangalore
Bangalore'spopulationlivesinslums.[83]arelativelylowproportionwhencomparedtoothercitiesinthedeveloping
worldsuchasMumbai(50%)andNairobi(60%).[84]The2008NationalCrimeRecordsBureaustatisticsindicatethat
PopulationGrowth
Bangaloreaccountsfor8.5%ofthetotalcrimesreportedfrom35majorcitiesinIndiawhichisacascadingincreaseinthecrime
Census
Pop.
%
[85]
ratewhencomparedtothenumberofcrimesfifteenyearsago.
1941

406,760

Bangaloresuffersfromthesamemajorurbanisationproblemsseeninmanyfastgrowingcitiesindevelopingcountries:rapidly
escalatingsocialinequality,massdisplacementanddispossession,proliferationofslumsettlements,andepidemicpublichealth
crisisduetoseverewatershortageandsewageproblemsinpoorandworkingclassneighbourhoods.[86]

1951

778,977

91.5%

1961

1,207,000 54.9%

1971

1,654,000 37.0%

ThelanguagethatismainlyspokeninBangaloreisitsnativelanguageKannada.OtherlanguagessuchasIndianEnglish,Tamil,
Telugu,MalayalamandHindi/UrduarealsospokeninafewplacesmostlybythemigrantsfromnorthernIndia.[87]TheKannada
languagespokeninBangaloreisaformofKannadacalledas'OldMysuruKannada'whichisalsousedinmostofthesouthernpart
ofKarnatakastate.Avernaculardialectofthis,knownasBangaloreKannadaisspokenamongtheyouthinBangaloreandthe
adjoiningMysoreregions.[88]English,(asanIndiandialect),isextensivelyspokenandistheprincipallanguageoftheprofessional
andbusinessclass.[89]

1981

2,922,000 76.7%

1991

4,130,000 41.3%

2001

5,101,000 23.5%

2011

8,425,970 65.2%

ThemajorcommunitiesofBangalorewhosharealonghistoryinthecityotherthantheKannadigasarethe
Telugus,theTamiliansandtheMalayaleeswhomigratedtoBangaloreinsearchofabetter
livelihood.[90][91][92]Alreadyinthe16thcentury,BangalorehadspeakersofTamilandTelugu,besidesthose
whospokeKannadatocarryoutlowprofilejobs.[93]TeluguspeakingpeopleinitiallycametoBangaloreon
invitationbytheMysoreroyalty(afewofthemhavelineagedatingbacktoKrishnadevaraya.[94]

Source:CensusofIndia[76][77]

ReligioninBangalore
Percent

Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Jainism
Others

79.4%
13.4%
5.8%
1.1%
1%

OthercommunitiesincludetheTuluvasandtheKonkanisofcoastalKarnataka,theKodavasoftheKodagu
Distributionofreligions
IncludesSikism(<0.1%),Buddhists(<0.1%).
districtofKarnataka,aswellasMaharashtrians,Punjabis,Rajasthanis,Gujaratis,Sindhis,andBengalis.[90]
BangaloreoncehadalargeAngloIndianpopulation,thesecondlargestafterCalcutta.Today,thereare
around10,000AngloIndiansinBangalore.[95]ChristiansformasizeablesectionofBangaloreansociety,with
migrantTamilChristiansformingthemajorityoftheChristianpopulation,whileKannadaCatholics,MangaloreanCatholics,SyroMalabarNasranisand
othersformtherestofthepopulation.[96][97]Muslimsformaverydiversepopulation,consistingofDakhiniandUrduspeakingMuslims,KutchiMemons,
Labbay,andMappilas.[98]

Civicadministration
TheBruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(BBMP,GreaterBangaloreMunicipalCorporation)isinchargeof
thecivicadministrationofthecity.Itwasformedin2007bymerging100wardsoftheerstwhileBangalore
MahanagaraPalike,withsevenneighbouringCityMunicipalCouncils,oneTownMunicipalCounciland110
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TheKarnatakaHighCourtisthe
supremejudicialbodyin
Karnatakaandislocatedin
Bangalore.

TheVikasaSoudha,situated
adjacenttotheVidhanaSoudha,
housesmanystateministries.

BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

villagesaroundBangalore.Thenumberofwardsincreasedto198in
IAS[2]
2009.[101][102]TheBBMPisrunbyacitycouncilcomposedof250
ChiefCommissionerof
KKSatyanarayana
members,including198corporatorsrepresentingeachofthewardsofthe
IncomeTax:
IRS[99]
cityand52otherelectedrepresentatives,consistingofmembersof
Mayor:
Mrs.
Parliamentandthestatelegislature.Electionstothecouncilareheldonce
everyfiveyears,withresultsbeingdecidedbypopularvote.Members
S.Shantakumari[100]
contestingelectionstothecouncilusuallyrepresentoneormoreofthe
PoliceCommissioner:
M.N.ReddiIPS
state'spoliticalparties.Amayoranddeputymayorarealsoelectedfrom
amongtheelectedmembersofthecouncil.[103]ElectionstotheBBMPwereheldon28March2010,afteragapofthree
andahalfyearssincetheexpiryofthepreviouselectedbody'sterm,andtheBharatiyaJanataPartywasvotedinto
powerthefirsttimeithadeverwonacivicpollinthecity.[104]
Bangalore'srapidgrowthhascreatedseveralproblemsrelatingtotrafficcongestionandinfrastructuralobsolescencethat
theBangaloreMahanagaraPalikehasfoundchallengingtoaddress.Theunplannednatureofgrowthinthecityresultedin
massivetrafficgridlocksthatthemunicipalityattemptedtoeasebyconstructingaflyoversystemandbyimposingone
waytrafficsystems.Someoftheflyoversandonewaysmitigatedthetrafficsituationmoderatelybutwereunableto
adequatelyaddressthedisproportionategrowthofcitytraffic.[105]A2003BattelleEnvironmentalEvaluationSystem
(BEES)evaluationofBangalore'sphysical,biologicalandsocioeconomicparametersindicatedthatBangalore'swater
qualityandterrestrialandaquaticecosystemswereclosetoideal,whilethecity'ssocioeconomicparameters(traffic,
qualityoflife)airequalityandnoisepollutionscoredpoorly.[106]TheBBMPworksinconjunctionwiththeBangalore
DevelopmentAuthority(BDA)andtheAgendaforBangalore'sInfrastructureandDevelopmentTaskForce(ABIDe)to
designandimplementcivicandinfrastructuralprojects.[107]
TheBangaloreCityPolice(BCP)hassixgeographiczones,includestheTrafficPolice,theCityArmedReserve,the
CentralCrimeBranchandtheCityCrimeRecordBureauandruns86policestations,includingtwoallwomenpolice
stations.[108]AscapitalofthestateofKarnataka,Bangalorehousesimportantstategovernmentfacilitiessuchasthe
KarnatakaHighCourt,theVidhanaSoudha(thehomeoftheKarnatakastatelegislature)andRajBhavan(theresidence
oftheGovernorofKarnataka).BangalorecontributesfourmemberstothelowerhouseoftheIndianParliament,theLok
Sabha,fromitsfourconstituencies:BangaloreRural,BangaloreCentral,BangaloreNorth,andBangaloreSouth,[109]and
28memberstotheKarnatakaLegislativeAssembly.[110]
ElectricityinBangaloreisregulatedthroughtheBangaloreElectricitySupplyCompany(BESCOM),[111]whilewater
supplyandsanitationfacilitiesareprovidedbytheBangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard(BWSSB).[112]

Atypicaltrafficspeedinterceptor
usedbytheBangaloreCity
TrafficPolice

ThecityhasofficesoftheConsulateGeneralofGermany,[113]France,[114]Japan[115]Israel,[116]BritishDeputyHigh
Commission,[117]alongwithhonoraryconsulatesofIreland,[118]Finland,[119]Switzerland,[120]Maldives,[121]Mongolia,
SriLankaandPeru.[122]ItalsohasatradeofficeofCanada[123]andavirtualConsulateoftheUnitedStates.[124]

Pollutioncontrol
Bangaloregeneratesabout3,000tonnesofsolidwasteperday,ofwhichabout1,139tonnesarecollectedandsenttocompostingunitssuchastheKarnataka
CompostingDevelopmentCorporation.Theremainingsolidwastecollectedbythemunicipalityisdumpedinopenspacesoronroadsidesoutsidethecity.[125]
In2008,Bangaloreproducedaround2,500metrictonnesofsolidwaste,andincreasedto5000metrictonnesin2012,whichistransportedfromcollection
unitslocatednearHesaraghattaLake,tothegarbagedumpingsites.[126]Thecitysufferssignificantlywithdustpollution,hazardouswastedisposal,and
disorganized,unscientificwasteretrievals.[127]TheIThub,WhitefieldregionisthemostpollutedareainBangalore.[128]

Slums
Accordingtoa2012reportsubmittedtotheWorldBankbyKarnatakaSlumClearanceBoard,Bangalorehas862slumsfromtotalofaround2000slumsin
Karnataka.Thefamilieslivingintheslumarenotreadytomoveintothetemporaryshelters.[129][130]42%ofthehouseholdsmigratedfromdifferentpartsof
IndialikeChennai,HyderabadandmostofNorthIndia,and43%ofthehouseholdshadremainedintheslumsforover10years.TheKarnatakaMunicipality,
workstoshift300familiesannuallytonewlyconstructedbuildings.[131]Onethirdoftheseslumclearanceprojectslackbasicserviceconnections,60%of
slumdwellerslackcompletewatersupplylinesandshareBWSSBwatersupply.[129][132]

Wastemanagement
n2012Bangaloregenerated2.1milliontonnesofMunicipalSolidWaste(195.4kg/cap/yr).[133]ThewastemanagementscenariointhestateofKarnatakais
regulatedbytheKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB)undertheaegisoftheCentralPollutionControlBoard(CPCB)whichisaCentral
Governmententity.AspartoftheirWasteManagementGuidelinestheGovernmentofKarnatakathroughtheKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard
(KSPCB)hasauthorizedafewwellestablishedcompaniestomanagethebiomedicalwasteandhazardouswasteinthestateofKarnataka.

Economy

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BangalorecityskylineshowingUBCitytotheleftandRichmondTownareatotheright

Bangalore's523billion(US$7.8billion)economy(200607NetDistrictIncome)makesitoneofthemajor
economiccentresinIndia,[134]withthevalueofcity'sexportstotaling432billion(US$6.4billion)in2004
05.[135]Withaneconomicgrowthof10.3%,Bangaloreisthesecondfastestgrowingmajormetropolisin
India,[136]andisalsothecountry'sfourthlargestfastmovingconsumergoods(FMCG)market.[137]Forbes
considersBangaloreoneof"TheNextDecade'sFastestGrowingCities".[138]Withapercapitaincomeof74709
(US$1,100)in200607,[134]thecityisthethirdlargesthubforhighnetworthindividualsandishometoover
10,000dollarmillionairesandabout60,000superrichpeoplewhohaveaninvestmentsurplusof45million
(US$668,700)and5million(US$74,300)respectively.[139]
TheheadquartersofseveralpublicsectorundertakingssuchasBharatElectronicsLimited(BEL),Hindustan
AeronauticsLimited(HAL),NationalAerospaceLaboratories(NAL),BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited(BHEL),
BharatEarthMoversLimited(BEML),CentralManufacturingTechnologyInstitute(CMTI)andHMT(formerly
HindustanMachineTools)arelocatedinBangalore.InJune1972theIndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)
wasestablishedundertheDepartmentofSpaceandheadquarteredinthecity.Bangalorealsohousesseveral
researchanddevelopmentcentersformanyfirmssuchasABB,Airbus,Bosch,Boeing,GE,GM,Google,
Microsoft,MercedesBenz,Nokia,Oracle,Philips,Shell,ToyotaandTyco.
BangaloreiscalledastheSiliconValleyofIndiabecauseofthelargenumberofinformationtechnology
companieslocatedinthecitywhichcontributed33%ofIndia's1442billion(US$21billion)ITexportsin2006
07.[140]Bangalore'sITindustryisdividedintothreemainclustersSoftwareTechnologyParksofIndia(STPI)
InternationalTechPark,Bangalore(ITPB)andElectronicsCity.UBCity,theheadquartersoftheUnited
BreweriesGroup,isahighendcommercialzone.[141]InfosysandWipro,India'sthirdandfourthlargestsoftware
companiesareheadquarteredinBangalore,asaremanyoftheglobalSEICMMLevel5Companies.

Aerospace:HAL:IJTprototypeinits
hangar.

Wonderlawaterpark,Bangalore

ThegrowthofIThaspresentedthecitywithuniquechallenges.Ideologicalclashessometimesoccurbetweenthe
city'sITmoguls,whodemandanimprovementinthecity'sinfrastructure,andthestategovernment,whose
electoralbaseisprimarilythepeopleinruralKarnataka.[142]Theencouragementofhightechindustryin
Bangalore,forexample,hasnotfavouredlocalemploymentdevelopment,buthasinsteadincreasedlandvalues
andforcedoutsmallenterprise.[143]Thestatehasalsoresistedthemassiveinvestmentsrequiredtoreversethe
rapiddeclineincitytransportwhichhasalreadybeguntodrivenewandexpandingbusinessestoothercentres
acrossIndia.BangaloreisahubforbiotechnologyrelatedindustryinIndiaandintheyear2005,around47%of
the265biotechnologycompaniesinIndiawerelocatedhereincludingBiocon,India'slargestbiotechnology
company.[144][145]

Transport
Air

IT:TheheadquartersofInfosys,India's
secondlargestITcompany,islocatedin
Bangalore

BangaloreisservedbyKempegowdaInternationalAirport(IATA:BLR,ICAO:VOBL),locatedatDevanahalli,about
40kilometres(25miles)fromthecitycentre.ItwasformerlycalledBengaluruInternationalAirport.Theairport
startedoperationsfrom24May2008andisaprivateairportmanagedbyaconsortiumledbytheGVKGroup.The
citywasearlierservedbytheHALAirportatVimanapura,aresidentiallocalityintheeasternpartofthe
city.[146][147][148]TheairportisthirdbusiestinIndiaafterDelhiandMumbaiintermsofpassengertrafficandthe
numberofairtrafficmovements(ATMs).[149]TaxisandairconditionedVolvobusesoperatedbyBMTCconnectthe
airportwiththecity.

Rail

ThenewKempegowdaInternational
AirportislocatedinDevanahalli.

ArapidtransitsystemcalledtheNammaMetroisbuilt.A7kilometre(4mi)stretchfromBayappanahallitoMGRoad
wasopenedtopublicon20October2011,whileanother10kilometres(6miles)stretchfromMalleswaramtoPeenya
wasopenedon1March2014.[150][151]Oncecompleted,thiswillencompassa42.3km(26.3mi)elevatedandundergroundrailnetworkcomprising41

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stations.ItisexpectedtoconnectcentrallocationsinBangaloretotheairportnearDevanahalliaswellasthe
Chikballapurregions.[152][153]Thismuchdelayedprojectisthecity'sprimaryresponsetotheworseningcitytransport
infrastructurewhichhasbecomeamajordeterrenttocontinuedbusinessgrowth.
BangaloreisadivisionalheadquartersintheSouthWesternRailwayzoneoftheIndianRailways.Therearefourmajor
railwaystationsinthecity:BangaloreCityjunction,BangaloreCantonmentrailwaystation,Yeshwantapurjunction
andKrishnarajapuramrailwaystation,withrailwaylinestowardsJolarpettaiintheeast,Chikballapurinthenortheast,
Guntakalinthenorth,Tumkurinthenorthwest,Nelamangalainthewest,MysoreinthesouthwestandSaleminthe
south.

AschematicmapofBangalore.

TheRailWheelFactoryisAsia'ssecondlargestmanufacturerofwheelandaxleforrailwaysandisheadquarteredinYelahanka,Bangalore.[154]

Road
BusesoperatedbyBangaloreMetropolitanTransportCorporation(BMTC)areanimportantandreliablemeansof
publictransportavailableinthecity.[156]Whilecommuterscanbuyticketsonboardingthesebuses,BMTCalso
providesanoptionofabuspasstofrequentusers.[156]BMTCrunsairconditionedluxurybusesonmajorroutes,and
alsooperatesshuttleservicesfromvariouspartsofthecitytoKempegowdaInternationalAirport.[157]TheKarnataka
StateRoadTransportCorporationoperates6,918buseson6,352schedules,connectingBangalorewithotherpartsof
Karnatakaaswellasotherneighbouringstates.ThemainbusdepotsthatKSRTCmaintainsaretheKempegowdaBus
Station,locallyknownas"Majesticbusstand",wheremostoftheoutstationbusesplyfrom.SomeoftheKSRTC
busestoTamilNadu,TelanganaandAndhraPradeshplyfromShantinagarBusStation,SatelliteBusStationatMysore
roadandBaiyappanahallisatellitebusstation.[158]BMTCandKSRTCwerethefirstoperatorsinIndiatointroduce
VolvocitybusesandintracitycoachesinIndia.
Threewheeled,yellowandblackoryellowandgreenautorickshaws,referredtoasautos,areapopularformof
transport.Theyaremeteredandcanaccommodateuptothreepassengers.Taxis,commonlycalledCityTaxis,are
usuallyavailabletoo,buttheyareonlyavailableoncallorbyonlinebasedservices.Taxisaremeteredandare
generallymoreexpensivethanautorickshaws.[159]

BMTC'sVolvobusesareapopular
modeofcommutingwithin
Bangalore. [155]

Therearecurrently1,250vehiclesbeingregistereddailyonanaverageinBangaloreRTOs.Thetotalnumberof
vehiclesasondateare44lakhvehicles,witharoadlengthof11,000kilometres(6,835miles).[160]

Culture
TrafficinBangaloreduringpeak

Bangaloreisknownasthe"GardenCityofIndia"becauseofitsgentleclimate,broadstreets,greeneryandthe
hour
presenceofmanypublicparks,suchasLalBaghandCubbonPark.[161]Bangaloreissometimescalledasthe"Pub
CapitalofIndia"andthe"Rock/MetalCapitalofIndia"becauseofitsundergroundmusicsceneanditisoneofthepremierplacestoholdinternationalrock
concerts.[162]InMay2012,LonelyPlanetrankedBangalore3rdamongtheworld'stop10citiestovisit.[163]
BangaloreisalsohometomanyveganfriendlyrestaurantsandveganactivismgroupsdueitwhichithasbeennamedasIndia'smostveganfriendlycityby
PETAIndia.[164][165]
BiannualflowershowsareheldattheLalBaghGardensduringtheweekofRepublicDay(26January)andIndependenceDay(15August).Bangalore
Karagaor"KaragaShaktyotsava"isoneofthemostimportantandoldestfestivalsofBangalorededicatedtotheHinduGoddessDraupadi.Itiscelebrated
annuallybytheThigalacommunity,overaperiodofninedaysinthemonthofMarchorApril.TheSomeshwaraCarfestivalisanannualprocessionofthe
idoloftheHalasuruSomeshwaraTemple(Ulsoor)ledbytheVokkaligas,afarmingcommunityinsouthernKarnataka,occurringinApril.Karnataka
Rajyotsavaiswidelycelebratedon1Novemberandisapublicholidayinthecity,tomarktheformationofKarnatakastateon1November1956.Other
popularfestivalsinBangaloreareUgadi,RamNavami,EidulFitr,GaneshChaturthi,St.Mary'sfeast,Dasara,DeepawaliandChristmas.[166][167]
ThediversityofcuisineisreflectiveofthesocialandeconomicdiversityofBangalore.[168]Bangalorehasawideandvariedmixofrestauranttypesand
cuisinesandBangaloreansdeemeatingoutasanintrinsicpartoftheirculture.Roadsidevendors,teastalls,andSouthIndian,NorthIndian,Chineseand
Westernfastfoodareallverypopularinthecity.[169]Udupirestaurantsareverypopularandservepredominantlyvegetarian,regionalcuisine.[170]

Artandliterature
Bangaloredidnothaveaneffectivecontemporaryartrepresentation,ascomparedtoDelhiandMumbai,untilrecentlyduringthe1990s,severalartgalleries
sprangup,notablebeingthegovernmentestablishedNationalGalleryofModernArt.[171]Bangalore'sinternationalartfestival,ArtBangalore,wasestablished
in2010,andisSouthIndia'sonlyartfestival.[172]
KannadaliteratureappearstohaveflourishedinBangaloreevenbeforeKempeGowdalaidthefoundationsofthecity.Duringthe18thand19thcenturies,
KannadaliteraturewasenrichedbytheVachanas(aformofrhythmicwriting)composedbytheheadsoftheVeerashaivaMathas(monastery)inBangalore.
Asacosmopolitancity,BangalorehasalsoencouragedthegrowthofTelugu,Urdu,andEnglishliteratures.TheheadquartersoftheKannadaSahityaParishat,
anonprofitorganisationthatpromotestheKannadalanguage,islocatedinBangalore.[173]Thecityhasitsownliteraryfestival,knownasthe"Bangalore
LiteratureFestival",whichwasinauguratedin2012.[174]

Theatre,music,anddance
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BangaloreishometotheKannadafilmindustry,whichchurnsoutabout80Kannadamovieseachyear.[175]Bangalore
alsohasaveryactiveandvibranttheatreculturewithpopulartheatresbeingRavindraKalakshetra[176]andthemore
recentlyopenedRangaShankara[177]ThecityhasavibrantEnglishandforeignlanguagetheatrescenewithplaceslike
RangaShankaraandChowdiahMemorialHallleadingthewayinhostingperformancesleadingtotheestablishmentof
theAmateurfilmindustry.[177]KannadatheatreisverypopularinBangalore,andconsistsmostlyofpoliticalsatireand
lightcomedy.Playsareorganizedmostlybycommunityorganizations,buttherearesomeamateurgroupswhichstage
playsinKannada.DramacompaniestouringIndiaundertheauspiciesoftheBritishCouncilandMaxMllerBhavanalso
stageperformancesinthecityfrequently.[178]TheAllianceFranaisedeBangalorealsohostsnumerousplaysthroughthe
year.
BangaloreisalsoamajorcentreofIndianclassicalmusicanddance.[179]Theculturalsceneisverydiversedueto
Bangalore'smixedethnicgroups,whichisreflectedinitsmusicconcerts,danceperformancesandplays.Performancesof
Carnatic(SouthIndian)andHindustani(NorthIndian)classicalmusic,anddanceformslikeBharatNatyam,Kuchipudi,
Kathakali,Kathak,andOdissiareverypopular.[180]Yakshagana,atheatreartindigenoustocoastalKarnatakaisoften
playedintownhalls.[181]ThetwomainmusicseasonsinBangaloreareinAprilMayduringtheRamNavamifestival,
andinSeptemberOctoberduringtheDussherafestival,whenmusicactivitiesbyculturalorganizationsareattheir
peak.[180]ThoughbothclassicalandcontemporarymusicareplayedinBangalore,thedominantmusicgenreinurban
Bangaloreisrockmusic.Bangalorehasitsownsubgenreofmusic,"BangaloreRock",whichisanamalgamationof
classicrock,hardrockandheavymetal,withabitofjazzandbluesinit.[182]NotablebandsfromBangaloreinclude
RaghuDixitProject,Kryptos,InnerSanctum,Agam,Allthefatchildren,andSwaratma.

BangaloreKaraga,oneofthe
oldestandmostimportant
festivalsinBangalore

Education
Untiltheearly19thcentury,educationinBangalorewasmainlyrunbyreligious
leadersandrestrictedtostudentsofthatreligion.[183]Thewesternsystemof
educationwasintroducedduringtheruleofMummadiKrishnarajaWodeyar.
Subsequently,theBritishWesleyanMissionestablishedthefirstEnglishschoolin
1842,St.Joseph'sIndianInstitutions.[184]TheBangaloreHighSchoolwasstartedby
theMysoreGovernmentin1858andBishopCottonBoys'Schoolwasstartedin
1865.In1945whenWorldWarIIcametoanend,KingGeorgeRoyalIndian
MilitaryCollegeswasstartedatBangalorebyKingGeorgeVItheschoolis
popularlyknownasBangaloreMilitarySchool[185][186]

IndianInstituteofScienceone
ofthepremierinstitutesofscience
inIndia

IndianInstituteofManagement
Bangalore,oneofthepremier
managementinstitutesinIndia

InpostindependentIndia,schoolsforyoungchildren(16months5years)arecalled
Yakshaganaatheatreartof
nursery,kindergartenorplayschoolwhicharebroadlybasedonMontessorior
coastalKarnatakaisoftenplayed
intownhall
multipleintelligence[187]methodologyofeducation.[188]Primaryandsecondary
educationinBangaloreisofferedbyvariousschoolswhichareaffiliatedtooneofthe
boardsofeducation,suchastheSecondarySchoolLeavingCertificate(SSLC),
IndianCertificateofSecondaryEducation(ICSE),CentralBoardforSecondaryEducation(CBSE),International
Baccalaureate(IB),InternationalGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(IGCSE)andNationalInstituteofOpen
Schooling(NIOS).[189]SchoolsinBangaloreareeithergovernmentrunorareprivate(bothaidedandunaidedbythe
government).[190][191]BangalorehasasignificantnumberofinternationalschoolsduetoexpatsandITcrowd.[192]After
completingtheirsecondaryeducation,studentseitherattendPreUniversity(PUC)orcontinueHighSchoolinoneof
threestreamsArts,CommerceorScience.[193]Alternatively,studentsmayalsoenrollinDiplomacourses.Upon
completingtherequiredcoursework,studentsenrollingeneralorprofessionaldegreesinuniversitiesthroughlateral
entry.[194][195]
BangaloreUniversity,establishedin1886,providesaffiliationtoover500colleges,withatotalstudentenrollment
exceeding300,000.TheuniversityhastwocampuseswithinBangaloreJnanabharathiandCentralCollege.[196]
UniversityVisvesvarayaCollegeofEngineeringwasestablishedintheyear1917,byBharatRatnaSirM.Visvesvaraya,
Atpresent,theUVCEistheonlyengineeringcollegeundertheBangaloreUniversity.Bangalorealsohasmanyprivate
EngineeringCollegesaffiliatedtoVisvesvarayaTechnologicalUniversity.
ChristUniversityisaprivate'DeemedtobeUniversity'inBangalorefoundedin1969bytheSyroMalabarpriestsof
CarmelitesofMaryImmaculatecongregation.ItisoneofIndia'sbestprivatecollegeforarts,commerceandlaw.

NotableamongthemparticularlyforundergraduatedegreesareR.V.CollegeofEngineering,PESUniversity,BMSCollegeofEngineering,M.S.Ramaiah
InstituteofTechnologyandBangaloreInstituteofTechnology.IndianInstituteofScience,whichwasestablishedin1909inBangalore,NationalCentrefor
BiologicalSciences(NCBS),JawaharlalNehruCentreforAdvancedScientificResearch(JNCASR)andtheRamanResearchInstitutearethepremier
institutesforscientificresearchandstudyinIndia.NationallyrenownedprofessionalinstitutessuchastheUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Bangalore
(UASB),NationalInstituteofDesign(NID),NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology(NIFT),NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU)
,theIndianInstituteofManagement,Bangalore(IIMB),theICARNationalInstituteofAnimalNutritionandPhysiology(NIANP),theIndianStatistical
InstituteandInternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology,Bangalore(IIITB)arelocatedinBangalore.Thecityisalsohometothepremiermentalhealth
institutioninIndiaNationalInstituteofMentalHealthandNeuroSciences(NIMHANS).Bangalorealsohassomeofthebestmedicalcollegesinthecountry,

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likeSt.John'sMedicalCollege(SJMC)andBangaloreMedicalCollegeandResearchInstitute(BMCRI).[197][198]The
M.P.BirlaInstituteofFundamentalResearchresearchinstitutehasabranchlocatedinBangalore.,[199]

Media
ThefirstprintingpressinBangalorewasestablishedin1840inKannadabytheWesleyanChristianMission.In1859,
BangaloreHeraldbecamethefirstEnglishbiweeklynewspapertobepublishedinBangaloreandin1860,Mysore
VrittantaBodhinibecamethefirstKannadanewspapertobecirculatedinBangalore.[200][201]Currently,Vijaya
KarnatakaandTheTimesofIndiaarethemostwidelycirculatedKannadaandEnglishnewspapersinBangalore
respectively,closelyfollowedbythePrajavaniandDeccanHeraldbothownedbythePrinters(Mysore)Limitedthe
largestprintmediahouseinKarnataka.[202][203]Othernewspaperslike,BangaloreMirror,andUdayavaniprovide
localisednewsupdates.Ontheweb,ExplocityprovideslistingsinformationinBangalore.[204]

ChristUniversity

BangaloregotitsfirstradiostationwhenAllIndiaRadio,theofficialbroadcasterfortheIndianGovernment,started
broadcastingfromitsBangalorestationon2November1955.[205]TheradiotransmissionwasAM,untilin2001,RadioCity
becamethefirstprivatechannelinIndiatostarttransmittingFMradiofromBangalore.[206]Inrecentyears,anumberofFM
channelshavestartedbroadcastingfromBangalore.[207]ThecityprobablyhasIndia'soldestAmateur(Ham)RadioClub
BangaloreAmateurRadioClub(VU2ARC),whichwasestablishedin1959.[208][209]
BangaloregotitsfirstlookattelevisionwhenDoordarshanestablishedarelaycentrehereandstartedrelayingprogramsfrom
1November1981.AproductioncentrewasestablishedintheDoordarshan'sBangaloreofficein1983,therebyallowingthe
introductionofanewsprograminKannadaon19November1983.[210]DoordarshanalsolaunchedaKannadasatellitechannel
on15August1991whichisnownamedDDChandana.[210]TheadventofprivatesatellitechannelsinBangalorestartedin
September1991whenStarTVstartedtobroadcastitschannels.[211]ThoughthenumberofsatelliteTVchannelsavailablefor
viewinginBangalorehasgrownovertheyears,[212]thecableoperatorsplayamajorroleintheavailabilityofthesechannels,
whichhasledtooccasionalconflicts.[213]DirectToHome(DTH)servicesarealsoavailableinBangalorenow.[214]

NLSIU,apremierlaw
universityknownas'Harvard
oftheEast'

ThefirstInternetserviceproviderinBangalorewasSTPI,Bangalorewhichstartedofferinginternetservicesinearly1990s.[215]ThisInternetservicewas,
however,restrictedtocorporatesuntilVSNLstartedofferingdialupinternetservicestothegeneralpublicattheendof1995.[216]Currently,Bangalorehas
thelargestnumberofbroadbandInternetconnectionsinIndia.[217]
NammaWifiisafreemunicipalwirelessnetworkinBangalore,thefirstfreeWifiinIndia.Itbeganoperationon24January2014.ServiceisavailableatM.G.
Road,BrigadeRoad,andotherlocations.TheserviceisoperatedbyDVoiSandispaidforbytheStateGovernment.[218]BangalorewasthefirstcityinIndia
tohavethe4thGenerationNetwork(4G)forMobile.[219]

Sports
Bangalore'spleasantclimatemakesitasuitableplaceforavarietyofoutdoorsports.
Cricketisbyfarthemostpopularsport.Bangalorehasmanyparksandgardensthatprovideexcellentpitchesfor
impromptugames.[220]AsignificantnumberofnationalcricketershavecomefromBangalore,includingformer
captainsRahulDravidandAnilKumble.SomeoftheothernotableplayersfromthecitywhohaverepresentedIndia
includeGundappaVishwanath,SyedKirmani,E.A.S.Prasanna,B.S.Chandrasekhar,RogerBinny,JavagalSrinath,
VenkateshPrasad,SunilJoshi,RobinUthappaandVinayKumar.Bangalore'sinternationalcricketstadiumistheM.
ChinnaswamyStadium,whichhasaseatingcapacityof55,000[221]andhashostedmatchesduringthe1987Cricket
WorldCup,1996CricketWorldCupandthe2011CricketWorldCup.TheChinnaswamyStadiumisthehomeof
India'sNationalCricketAcademy.[222]

M.ChinnaswamyStadium,Bangalore

TheIndianPremierLeaguefranchiseRoyalChallengersBangaloreandtheILeagueclubBengaluruFCarebasedin
thecity.ThecityhoststheWomen'sTennisAssociation(WTA)BangaloreOpentournamentannually.BeginningSeptember2008,Bangalorehasalsobeen
hostingtheKingfisherAirlinesTennisOpenATPtournamentannually.[223]
ThecityishometotheBangalorerugbyfootballclub(BRFC).[224]Bangalorehasanumberofeliteclubs,likeCenturyClub,TheBangaloreGolfClub,the
BowringInstituteandtheexclusiveBangaloreClub,whichcountsamongitspreviousmembersWinstonChurchillandtheMaharajaofMysore.[225]The
HindustanAeronauticsLimitedSCisbasedinBangalore.
India'sDavisCupteammembers,MaheshBhupathi[226]andRohanBopanna[227]resideinBangalore.OthersportspersonalitiesfromBangaloreinclude
nationalswimmingchampionNishaMillet,worldsnookerchampionPankajAdvaniandformerAllEnglandOpenbadmintonchampionPrakash
Padukone.[228]

Citybasedclubs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore

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Club

Sport

RoyalChallengersBangalore Cricket

League
IPL

Stadium
M.ChinnaswamyStadium

Span
2008

BangaloreHifliers

Fieldhockey PHL

BangaloreHockeyStadium 20052008

KarnatakaLions

Fieldhockey WSH

BangaloreHockeyStadium 2011

KarnatakaBulls

Volleyball

IVL

KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2011

HALBangalore

Football

ILeague BangaloreFootballStadium N/A

BengaluruFC

Football

ILeague SreeKanteeravaStadium

BangaBeats

Badminton

IBL

KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2013

BengaluruBulls

Kabaddi

PKL

KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2014

KarnatakaBulldozers

Cricket

CCL

M.ChinnaswamyStadium

2011

ProvidentBangalore

Cricket

KPL

M.ChinnaswamyStadium

20092011

BangaloreBrigadiers

Cricket

KPL

M.ChinnaswamyStadium

20092011

2013

Seealso
BannerghattaNationalPark
InstituteofWoodScienceandTechnology
LalBagh
ListofCholaTemplesinBangalore
ListofpeoplefromBangalore
ListoftallestbuildingsinBangalore
ListoftouristattractionsinBangalore
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndia
NandiHills,India
NationalMilitaryMemorial
OutlineofIndia
UBCity

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Furtherreading
Hasan,Fazlul.BangaloreThroughTheCenturies.Bangalore:HistoricalPublications,1970.
Plunkett,Richard.SouthIndia.LonelyPlanet,2001.ISBN1864501618
Vagale,UdayKumar."PublicSpaceinBangalore:PresentandFutureProjections"(http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd05172004
231956/unrestricted/4.pdf)PDF(773KB).DigitalLibrariesandArchives.2006.VirginiaTech.27April2004.
Hunter,Cotton,Burn,Meyer."TheImperialGazetteerofIndia"(http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/),2006.Oxford,ClarendonPress.1909.
"Bangalore."EncyclopdiaBritannica(http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bangalore).1911ed.

Externallinks
BruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(Municipalgovernment)(http://www.bbmp.gov.in/)
OfficialwebsiteofBangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(http://www.bdabangalore.org/)
Bangalore(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/)atDMOZ
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