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STPM CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER 2
PRE-EXAM PRACTICE
Section A: Structured Questions
Answer all questions.
1
(a)
Chrome yellow has been used for a long time as a yellow pigment in oil
paintings.
SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Eo = +0.17 V
Eo = +1.33 V
(i) By using the standard electrode potentials above, explain why the
yellow colour of the painting exposed to an atmosphere contains sulphur dioxide.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) What colour change takes place?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
Li+(g) + Cl(g)
(b)
+121
Li+(g) + 2Cl2(g)
364
Li+(g) + Cl-(g)
+520
1
Li(g) + 2Cl2(g)
+159
Li(s) + 2Cl2(g)
409
Li+Cl-(s)
-1-
H6
(i) By using this cycle, calculate the lattice energy of lithium chloride.
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
Trg 2010
-2-
(a)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between the ion and acidified
manganate(VII) ion.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give two examples (other than the Haber process) of reactions
involving atmospheric nitrogen.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the changes in oxidation states of nitrogen in the reaction.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Nitrogen is also prepared by heating solid ammonium nitrate(III).
Explain why these method is considered dangerous.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(e)
Describe how oxides of nitrogen is eliminated from the exhaust gas by the
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
Trg 2010
-3-
(a)
When ammonium nitrate is heated, it liberates a colourless gas. The gas can
be used as anaesthetic.
(i) Name the gas.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the equation for the above reaction.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) On the axes below, sketch the general trend in melting points for the
Period 3 elements. Explain the trend.
[4 marks]
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Elements
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
the laboratory.
(i) Write the electronic configuration of Cr3+ ion.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Briefly explain why the Cr3+(aq) ion is coloured.
[3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Trg 2009
-4-
(a)
Eored = 1.776 V
H2O2 + 2e 2OH-
Eored = 0.88 V
Eored = 1.491 V
Eored = 0.588 V
(i) Identify the strongest oxidising agent and the strongest reducing agent.
Write an equation for the reaction between the two of them.
[3 marks]
: .........................................................................................
: .........................................................................................
Equation
: .........................................................................................
(ii) You wish to build an electrochemical cell that will produce the
highest possible electromotive force (e.m.f). Draw a fully labelled diagram to show the
cell that you will set up. Calculate the e.m.f of this cell.
-5-
[4 marks]
(b)
The table below shows the data about the carbonates of Group 2 elements.
Compound
Decomposition
BeCO3
MgCO3
CaCO3
BaCO3
540
900
1360
temperature (oC)
(i) Predict T.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the trend in decomposition by heat of Group 2 carbonates.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
SMJKST
-6-
(a)
SnCl4 and PbCl4 are liquids at room temperature. All the tetrachlorides, with exception
of CCl4, are hydrolysed in aqueous solution to form acidic solutions.
(i) State the molecular shape of all the Group 14 tetrachlorides.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the hydrolysis of SiCl4.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why CCl4 does not undergo hydrolysis.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
added to aqueous aluminium sulphate until in excess. The reaction that occurs in limited
aqueous ammonia is as follow:
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(H2O)3(OH)3(s) + 3H2O(l)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What chemical nature of the aluminium ion is shown in (b)(i)?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) What happens when excess aqueous ammonia is added to the solution?
Write an equation for the reaction involved.
[3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iv) What chemical nature of the aluminium ion is shown in (b)(iii)?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
SMI
-7-
(a)
[2 marks]
: ..............................................................................................................................
Sc3+ : ..............................................................................................................................
(ii) State the colour of scandium(III) ion, Sc3+ and explain why the colour
is such.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
water.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when chlorine
gas is passed into water.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What would you observe when an excess of potassium iodide is added
to the solution obtained from the reaction and write the equation for the reaction.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write two balanced equations to explain the observations above.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Pahang 2011
-8-
(a)
The ionic radius of the Group 2 elements is given in the table below.
Ion
Be2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Ba2+
0.027
0.072
0.099
0.113
0.136
(i) Write the electronic configuration of Mg2+ ion and Sr2+ ion.
[2 marks]
Mg2+ ion
: .....................................................................................................................
Sr2+ ion
: .....................................................................................................................
(ii) How would you expect the ionic radius of Al3+ ion to be compared to
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) The hydrated Be2+ ion has the formula [Be(H2O)4]2+. State one
property shown by beryllium salts in water.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
carbonate.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain
why
magnesium
spontaneously.
carbonate
does
not
decompose
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) The thermal stability of the carbonates increases with the proton
number of the element. Suggest an explanation for the effect of the size of the cation
on the thermal stabilities of the carbonates.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Pahang 10
-9-
(a)
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of hydrated beryllium ion,
[Be(H2O)4]2+, in water.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the property exhibited by the hydrated beryllium ion in the
reaction above?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write equation to show the formation of nitrogen monoxide in the
Ostwald Process.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Predict qualitatively the conditions of temperature and pressure that
will give a maximum yield of nitrogen monoxide at equilibrium.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Pahang 2009
- 10 -
(a)
The table below shows the structures of the elements in Period 3 in the
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Simple molecular
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) The elements in Period 3, from Na to S burn in oxygen when heated
to form their respective oxides. State the acid-base property of these oxides. [3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Draw the Lewis diagram for SO2.
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is observed when magnesium nitrate is heated strongly?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
How does the solubilities of the Group 2 sulphates change when moving
[3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
NS 11
- 11 -
10
(a)
liquid hydrocyanic acid, HCN at 298 K and 1 atm. Water is also formed in the
combustion.
(i) Define the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrocyanic
acid. Write a thermochemical equation for this enthalpy change.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrocyanic acid is
1628 kJ mol-1. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and water are 393 kJ mol-1, 89 kJ mol-1 and 286 kJ mol-1
respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrocyanic acid.
[3 marks]
(iii) Name the shapes of carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. [2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
electrolytic cell using graphite electrodes. Calculate the time of electrolysis required to
produce 140 cm3 of gas at the anode at s.t.p when the current used is 1.25 A.
[3 marks]
NS 2010
- 12 -
11
(a)
excess.
(i) What will be observed when aqueous ammonia is added slowly?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for your observation above.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) What will be observed at the end of the reaction after excess ammonia
is added? Write the formula of the aluminium species at the end of the reaction.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
Colour
[Fe(CN)6]2-
Yellowish-green
[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+
Red
Name
(i) Write the names of the iron complexes in the above table. [2 marks]
(ii) State two properties of iron that enable it to form complex ions.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Why are transition metal complex ions coloured?
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
NS 2010
- 13 -
12
(a)
Write the formula of the oxides of Period 3 elements of the Periodic Table
in the table below. Give only one formula for each element.
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
[3 marks]
S
Cl
Formula
of oxide
(b)
Write equations for the reactions of aluminium oxide with the following
reagents.
(i) Aqueous sodium hydroxide.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Aqueous hydrochloric acid.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Both magnesium nitrate and strontium nitrate will decompose on
heating. Which of the two will decomposes at a lower temperature?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain your answer in (c)(ii).
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
..........................................................................................................................................
NS 09
- 14 -
13
(a)
The yellow gas, chlorine dioxide, ClO2, has been used for many years as
H = 0 kJ
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Chlorine dioxide disproportionates to form a mixture of chlorate(III)
and chlorate(V) ions in alkaline solution. Write a balanced equation to illustrate the
reaction that occurs.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Given that the standard enthalpies of formation of AgClO3 and AgCl
are 25 kJ mol-1 and 127 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate and comment on the value
of the standard enthalpy of formation of chlorine dioxide.
[4 marks]
Comment: .........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
The standard electrode potentials of the following systems are given below.
System
Eo / V
+1.50
+0.14
[4 marks]
Melaka 2009
- 15 -
14
Half-cell
Ag+ + e Ag
1
Cl2 + e Cl-
+1.36
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
+0.34
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
+0.77
1
2
(a)
+0.80
I2 + e I-
+0.54
electrochemical cell consisting copper and silver half-cells can be measured. [2 marks]
(ii) On the diagram, show the direction of electron flow in the circuit.
[1 mark]
(iii) Write the cell diagram for the above set-up.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iv) Write the overall cell reaction.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(v)
[1 mark]
(vi) Calculate the cell potential if the solution containing silver ions is
replaced with 0.10 mol dm-3 aqueous silver nitrate while other factors remain
unchanged.
[2 marks]
- 16 -
(b)
Chlorine will oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ but iodine does not. Explain why by
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Kelantan 12
- 17 -
15
(a)
[2 marks]
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) 1,2-ethenediamine is a chelating ligand. Explain the term chelating
ligand.
[1 mark]
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(b)
Observation
(i) Write down the formulae of all the complex ions in the experiments.
[2 marks]
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Arrange the ligands in order of increasing strength with respect to
copper(II) ions. Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why transition element complex are often coloured, whereas
compounds of other elements are usually white.
[3 marks]
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Kelantan 12
- 18 -
16
glass is soda glass which is produced by melting silica, SiO2, sodium carbonate and
calcium carbonate at about 1800 K.
(a)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) give a coloured product.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
Give a difference in terms of bonding and structure between glass and ionic
crystal.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
[4 marks]
Action of water
Equation of reaction
CCl4
SiCl4
PbCl4
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Kelantan 2009
- 19 -
17
(a)
below.
Eo / V
Half-cells
Ge4+(aq) + 2e Ge2+(aq)
1.60
Sn4+(aq) + 2e Sn2+(aq)
+0.15
Pb4+(aq) + 2e Pb2+(aq)
+1.80
(i) Arrange the Ge4+, Sn4+ and Pb4+ ions in order of decreasing stability
in aqueous solutions.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which ion is the strongest reducing agent?
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which ion is more stable in aqueous solutions, Pb2+ or Pb4+? Explain
your answer.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one use of optical fibre.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) In certain applications, optical fibres have many advantages over
copper wire. State two advantages of optical fibres over copper wire.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iv) State the difference in the structure between glass and diamond.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
- 20 -
18
(a)
gas.
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the above reaction. [1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one important use of aluminium chloride.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) If 2.00 g of aluminium was added in the reaction, 4.60 g of aluminium
chloride would be produced. Calculate the percentage yield of the product. [3 marks]
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain why
(i) an aluminium pot should not be used to boil strongly alkaline soup.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) aluminium is not easily corroded as iron.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) hot aqueous sodium hydroxide.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
Kedah 2009
- 21 -
19
(a)
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
The standard reduction electrode potentials for several half-cell reactions at
298 K are given in the table below.
Half-cell reaction
Eo / V
S2O82- + 2e 2SO42-
+2.01
[Fe(CN)6]3- + e [Fe(CN6)]2-
+0.36
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
+0.77
I2 + 2e 2I-
+0.54
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write a cell diagram for the above reaction.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iv) Calculate the standard cell e.m.f, Eocell for the reaction in (b)(iii).
[1 mark]
(c)
Strips of copper are dropped into a conical flask containing 50% hot nitric
acid solution. A colourless and very reactive gas is given off. The gas then reacts with
oxygen in air to form a brown gas.
(i) Name the colourless gas.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between copper and nitric acid.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Identify the brown gas. Write equation for its formation.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
- 22 -
20
(a)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Second electron affinity.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
Write equations to represent the first and second electron affinities for an
oxygen atom.
[2 marks]
: .........................................................................................
: .........................................................................................
(c)
The first electron affinity for oxygen atom is 141 kJ mol-1 whereas the
second electron affinity is +798 kJ mol-1. Explain why the first electron affinity is
exothermic while the second electron affinity is endothermic.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
below.
Nitrate
Temperature (K)
320
390
460
670
820
(i) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of one of the nitrate.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give a brief account for the trend of temperature of decomposition of
Group 2 nitrates.
[3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Johor 10
- 23 -
21
Consider the incomplete Born-Haber cycle and the table of data below.
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl-(g)
..........................................
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)
CaCl2(s)
Value / kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of atomisation of Cl
+121
Enthalpy of atomisation of Ca
+178
+590
+1145
Electron affinity of Cl
364
2237
(a)
(b)
Using the cycle and the values given in the table, calculate the standard
- 24 -
[3 marks]
[2 marks]
(c)
The standard enthalpies of hydration of the Ca2+ and Cl- ions are 1650 kJ
mol-1 and 364 kJ mol-1 respectively. Use this information and data from the table to
calculate the enthalpy of solution of calcium chloride.
(d)
[2 marks]
[3 marks]
- 25 -
22
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the formula of ion Q.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction above.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(d)
benzene.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between aluminium chloride and
chloromethane, CH3Cl, to form an electrophile.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use your understanding of acids and bases to explain the role of
aluminium chloride in the reaction above.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) State one property which enables aluminium to be used in overhead
electric cables.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
Johor 2009
- 26 -
23
(a)
and sodium nitrite, NaNO2. Steam is also produced and a solid is left.
(i) Suggest an identity for the solid. Write a balanced equation for the
reaction.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a balanced equation to show how ammonium chloride can be
used to prepare ammonia in the laboratory.
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why nitric acid is usually kept in dark bottles.
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b)
[1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the concentration of a saturated solution of ammonia, in
mol dm-3.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
- 27 -
(a)
With the help of a labelled diagram, explain how to determine the standard
[5 marks]
(c)
[2 marks]
of water was heated from 15oC to 65oC. The process was known to be only 70%
efficient. Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion per mole of ethanol.
(iv) Using the value you have calculated in (iii) and the following data,
calculate the enthalpy change of formation of ethanol from its elements.
Enthalpy change of combustion of C
= 393.5 kJ mol-1
= 285.8 kJ mol-1
[9 marks]
Johor 08
(a)
[9 marks]
Ammonia and chlorine react in the gas phase to give gaseous nitrogen and
solid ammonium chloride. Write a balanced equation for this reaction and explain how
ammonia is behaving both as reducing agent and as a base.
(c)
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
Johor 08
- 28 -
(a)
(i) State the trend in the reducing ability of the halide ions from fluoride
to iodide.
[1 mark]
(ii) State what you would observe when chlorine water reacts with
solution of potassium iodide. Write an equation for the reaction. State the role of
chlorine in the reaction.
[3 marks]
when added into water. State how each chloride behaves and explain the difference.
[5 marks]
Johor 09
(a)
differentiated by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid. State what you would observe
when the above reaction is carried out.
(b)
[3 marks]
Compare and explain the solubility in water, for the solid sulphates formed
in (a).
(c)
[7 marks]
The solubility product, Ksp, of magnesium hydroxide has a numerical value
of 2.0 10-11.
(i) Write an expression for the Ksp of magnesium hydroxide, stating its
unit.
(ii) Use the value of Ksp given to calculate the concentration of Mg(OH)2
in a saturated solution.
(iii) Explain whether magnesium hydroxide would be more soluble or less
soluble in 0.1 mol dm-3 MgSO4(aq) than in water.
[5 marks]
Johor 09
- 29 -
(a)
[1 mark]
(ii) Using the Data Booklet, state the cell diagrams and the standard
electrode potential values for the following reactions.
[4 marks]
Predict the product that would be obtained from the electrolysis of the
[6 marks]
CH4
890
H2
242
CO2
283
[4 marks]
Johor 10
(a)
Give two uses of aluminium and relate the uses to its properties. [4 marks]
(c)
molecule.
(d)
[2 marks]
Write an equation to show the role of ammonia as
(i) base
(ii) complexing agent
[2 marks]
Johor 10
- 30 -
(a)
Electrode
Al3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s)
-1.66
+1.07
-0.04
+0.34
-0.76
(i) By using the data above, identify the strongest oxidising agent and
the strongest reducing agent.
[2 marks]
(ii) Describe what you would observe when zinc powder is added to
aqueous bromine solution.
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
following reaction.
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) 2Al2O3(s) + 3Mn(s)
Enthalpy change of formation of Al2O3 = -1670 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy change of formation of MnO2 = -520 kJ mol-1
[2 marks]
(iii) Explain why this reaction is used to extract manganese from its ore,
MnO2.
[2 marks]
Kedah 09
- 31 -
(a)
24oC respectively. Explain the differences in their melting points in terms of structure
and bonding.
[6 marks]
(ii) Describe the solubilities of the oxides in water and write balanced
equations for the reaction of the oxides (if any) with water.
(b)
[4 marks]
montmorillonite.
[2 marks]
(iii) Explain how these cracks appear when the wet clay dries out.
[2 marks]
Kedah 09
(a)
copper powder. The reaction produced 1000 cm3 of nitrogen gas and the mass of copper
is found to have increased by 2.71 g. All volume of gases are measured at room
temperature and pressure. [Molar gas volume = 24400 cm3]
(b)
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
Arrange the acids HCl, HBr and HI in increasing order of acid strength.
[4 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) Draw all the structural formulae of the isomers of this complex ion.
[3 marks]
(iii) State the types of isomerism exhibited by the isomers.
[2 marks]
Kedah 09
- 32 -
10
(a)
0.059
[] []
log
[] []
with Ecell as the standard cell potential and n as the number of moles of
electrons transferred in the reaction.
(i) Using standard electrode potentials from the data booklet and the
information given above, calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc for the following
reaction.
[5 marks]
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the following electrochemical cell. [2 marks]
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq, 0.8 mol dm-3) // Cu2+(aq, 0.4 mol dm-3) / Cu(s)
(b)
excess acid with an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite. Use the following data to
calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
[3 marks]
H / kJ mol-1
-623
-296
-286
(c)
H1 = +121 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity,
H2 = -364 kJ mol-1
H3 = -381 kJ mol-1
By drawing an energy cycle, calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
below, H4.
1
[5 marks]
Kedah 10
- 33 -
11
(a)
[5 marks]
[4 marks]
(ii) State one reason why aluminium metal is widely used in aerospace
industry.
[1 mark]
(c)
colourless gas that turns lime water chalky is evolved. Explain the above observation
and write all the equations involved.
[5 marks]
Kedah 10
12
(a)
catalytic converter removes this gas from the exhaust. By using suitable chemical
equations, explain the formation of nitrogen monoxide in the engine and how the gas is
removed.
[3 marks]
(b)
No visible change is recorded when a heated glass rod is placed in a gas jar
N = 28.00%
Cl = 42.53%
[4 marks]
(ii) It is found that one mole of Q reacts with two moles of silver nitrate.
Determine the structural formula of Q.
[1 mark]
[4 marks]
Kedah 10
- 34 -
13
(a)
crystalline.
(b)
[4 marks]
The possible fluorides formed by an element M are MF and MF2.
Enthalpy of atomisation of M
= +284.6 kJ mol-1
= +731.0 kJ mol-1
= +2073 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of atomisation of F
= +79.0 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity of F
= -322.0 kJ mol-1
= -969.0 kJ mol-1
= -2260 kJ mol-1
[6 marks]
[2 marks]
[3 marks]
Kelantan 09
14
(a)
[1 mark]
(b)
other metals are usually white. For example, a solution of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex ion is
blue but a solution of [CuCl2]- complex ion is colourless. Explain these observations in
terms of electronic configurations.
(c)
[5 marks]
(i) Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead are elements in Group 14 of
the Periodic Table. Describe the variation in acid-base character of their oxides.
[5 marks]
(ii) Lead(IV) oxide is a dark-brown solid. When lead(IV) oxide is heated
with an aqueous solution of a manganese(II) salt in the presence of excess nitric(V)
acid, the reaction that takes place is as follows:
2Mn2+ + 4H+ + 5PbO2 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ + 2H2O
Explain how lead(IV) oxide reacts, and state the observations.
[4 marks]
Ktan 09
- 35 -
15
(a)
1.00 g of solid potassium hydroxide was dropped into 50.0 cm3 (50.0 g) of
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
(iii) From the data provided, calculate the H for the reaction. [3 marks]
(iv) Give one important reason why it is preferable to use a polystyrene
cup over a glass beaker.
(v)
(b)
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of octane by using the
following information.
[3 marks]
Hf of CO2
= 394 kJ mol-1
Hf of H2O
= 286 kJ mol-1
Hf of C8H18
= 250 kJ mol-1
[2 marks]
Ktan 12
16
(a)
[3 marks]
(b)
[4 marks]
(c)
of isomerism shown.
(iii) Explain what happens when an aqueous solution of silver nitrate is
added to an aqueous solution of triaminetrichlorocobalt(III).
[8 marks]
Melaka 09
- 36 -
17
(a)
(b)
[3 marks]
[5 marks]
Some properties of two substances X and Y are given below. Identify each
[4 marks]
[3 marks]
Melaka 09
18
(a)
1.00 105 Pa. The volume of vapour formed at this temperature and pressure was
found to be 73.6 cm3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the vapour at this
temperature and pressure. Draw a displayed formula to show the types of bonding in
the molecules of the vapour.
(b)
[4 marks]
[3 marks]
Carbon and silicon are the first two elements in Group 14 of the Periodic
Table. Carbon dioxide is a gas that dissolves in and reacts with water. Silicon(IV) oxide
is a solid that is insoluble and unreactive towards water. The tetrachlorides of carbon
and silicon are both liquids, one of which reacts with water and the other does not.
Explain the differences in physical and chemical properties of these four compounds
described by these statements. Write balanced equations for all reactions that occur.
[8 marks]
NS 09
- 37 -
19
(a)
How do chloride, bromide and iodide ions differ in their reactions with
(i) silver nitrate solution, followed by aqueous ammonia.
(ii) concentrated sulphuric acid.
In each case, suggest the products of the reaction and write equations where
appropriate.
(b)
[9 marks]
[3 marks]
Cu2+ ions is added gradually with dilute aqueous ammonia followed by an aqueous
solution of [EDTA]4-.
[3 marks]
NS 09
20
(a)
Describe the reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen to form the above types of
oxide.
[7 marks]
(b)
The table below gives the standard reduction potentials, Eo for Group 2
elements.
Element
Eo / V
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
1.85
2.38
2.87
2.89
2.90
[4 marks]
State and explain the thermal stability of the nitrates when descending
[4 marks]
NS 2010
21
(a)
carbon to lead.
(c)
[7 marks]
[4 marks]
(i) Name one tetrachloride of Group 14 that does not react with water
[4 marks]
- 38 -
22
(a)
[4 marks]
The elements scandium, manganese and zinc are first row d-block elements
[5 marks]
[6 marks]
nS11
23
(a)
(b)
[7 marks]
Periodic Table. The melting points of the elements are given below.
Element
Aluminium
660
Silicon
1410
Phosphorus
44
Sulphur
119
Explain the melting points of the elements in terms of structure and bonding.
[8 marks]
Pahang 09
- 39 -
24
(a)
Explain why chlorine is used in the large scale preparation of bromine from
[4 marks]
[4 marks]
How does sodium chloride reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid? State
the conditions for which the reaction can occur. Write balanced equations for the
reactions that occur.
(d)
[4 marks]
[3 marks]
Phg 09
25
(a)
electrolysed for 25 minutes using graphite electrodes. The resulting solution is then
treated with hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.25 mol dm-3. If the volume of
hydrochloric acid needed to complete the titration is 15.50 cm3, calculate the magnitude
of the current used during the electrolysis.
(b)
Passing
air
through
an
[7 marks]
aqueous
solution
containing
CoCl2,
[5 marks]
Magnesium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition at a much lower
temperature (353oC) than barium carbonate (1430oC). Explain in terms of structure and
bonding.
[3 marks]
Phg 10 + Johor 08
- 40 -
26
(a)
[5 marks]
[4 marks]
(iii) Aluminium chloride is a white solid which fumes in moist air and
sublimes at 180oC.
[4 marks]
Phg 10
27
(a)
from sodium to chlorine in the Periodic Table. Write an equation to represent each
typical property of the oxides.
(b)
[6 marks]
[4 marks]
[5 marks]
Phg 11
28
(a)
24oC respectively. Explain the differences in their melting points in terms of structure
and bonding.
[6 marks]
(ii) Describe the solubilities of the oxides in water and write balanced
equations for the reaction of the oxides (if any) with water.
(b)
[4 marks]
montmorillonite.
[2 marks]
(iii) Explain how these cracks appear when the wet clay dries out.
[2 marks]
- 41 -
29
(a)
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[9 marks]
Phg 12
30
(a)
[4 marks]
How and why do CCl4 and SiCl4 differ in their reactions with water?
[4 marks]
Suggest a use of each element or compound below, and explain how each
[3 marks]
[4 marks]
Trg -09
- 42 -
31
(a)
magnesium chloride. The white precipitate dissolves when excess ammonium chloride
is added to the mixture. Explain the observations.
(b)
[4 marks]
Hc of C(s)
= 393 kJ mol-1
Hc of H2(g)
= 285.6 kJ mol-1
Hc of C8H18(l)
= 5512 kJ mol-1
[4 marks]
The lattice enthalpy of rubidium chloride, RbCl can be determined
indirectly using Born-Haber cycle. Given the data below, construct the cycle and
determine the lattice enthalpy of rubidium chloride.
Enthalpy change of formation of RbCl
= 435 kJ mol-1
= +81 kJ mol-1
= +122 kJ mol-1
= +403 kJ mol-1
= 349 kJ mol-1
[7 marks]
Sam tet
32
(a)
chlorine. For each of these substances, state its use and explain briefly how the use is
related to the property of the substance.
[6 marks]
(b)
Explain the stability trend of the +2 and +3 oxidation states for the transition
elements.
[3 marks]
(c)
What do you understand by the term transition element and explain why
[6 marks]
Trg 10
END OF QUESTIONS
- 43 -
- 44 -