2.

Expiratory phase:diaphragmmusclerelaxation,the diaphragmupward,smallerchestcavity,

ungsdeflate,the air pressurein thelungs expand,andconsequentlythe airinthe lungsout.

Pressed andsneezing isasuddenexpirationbya suddencontractionandabdominal muscles.Th

ensbecause therespiratorysystemtryingtoremove foreign objectsinthe respiratorytract.
Air pressureinthe lungsare alwayschangingateachrespiratorymovement.At the time ofin
on,the air pressuredropped1-2mmHg.At theexpirationof airpressurein thelungsto 3mmH
theoutside air,air outthe environmentalconsequences.
Respiratoryair volumeincludessome of theairas follows:
a.Normalbreathingairis air thatcancome outinto therespiratory tractof 500cc.
b.Complementaryairis air thatcan beinhaledbythe lungsto the maximumof1500cc.
c.Reserveairis air thatcan becopiedagainandthe lungsto the maximumof1500cc.
d.Residualairisstoredinthe lungsand can not beissued againfor1000cc.
Vitalcapacity oflungsis acommonbreathingairplusairpluscomplementaryairreserve,amo
.Totallungcapacityis thelungvitalcapacityplus theresidualair,amounting to4500cc
No.
Transport inRespiratory
transporter
directionof Transport
PressuremainlyO2/CO2
O2transport
Erythrocytes,in the form ofHbO2
Inalvelous?O2?capillarycells
The magnitude ofthe pressure:
O2inalvelous:1500mmHg
O2in thecapillary:100mmHg
O2inthe cells:0-40mmHg
CO2transport
Inplasma, CO2+H2O?H2CO3(35%)
Inplasma,in the form ofionHCO3-(60%)
In erythrocytes,in the form ofhemoglobinkarbomino(5%)
TuesmanmadeCO2??veinsof the lungs
Pressureof CO2:

BloodproduceCO210%at the time ofbloodflow throughthe lungs.While90%stillretained

fCO2carbonateion(HCO3-)in the blood thatacts as abuffer(bufferacidalkalineblood) to
tral(pHneutral).
Oxygen in thecellsused inbiologicaloxidation.Biologicaloxidationis theprocess of brea
gupthe sugarsubstancederivedenergy,thechemicalreaction:

Biologicaloxidationreactionsmelputi3levelsasfollows:
a.Reaction ofglycolysis,the breakdown of glucosederivedpyruvateuntil2ATPand2NADH2.
onis calledreactionEmbeden-Meyerhofwhich occurs inplasmaTues
b.KrebsCyclereactions
Energyof36ATPformed
Form ofthe enzymesupportdekarboksilase

c.Reaction ofwater moleculesandcytochromeformation.2H2+O2?2H2Owithdehydrogenase

Largeenergyper1ATP- ADP+P(10kcal).and1moleculeof glucoseproduced38ATP=380kc
ningcompounds.
Respiration in the muscles of the body can occur in anaerobic (without O2) in th
e reaction naerob respiration, sugar is broken down by enzymes into lactic acid.I
f the amount of lactic acid too many, muscle spasms or cramps and would also cau
se soreness and pain during muscle work.
Some disorders of the respiratory system disorders disebsbkan respiratory equipm

ent.These will be discussed respiratory disorders we experience is common:

a.Asthma: airway obstruction.
b.Allergy to hair, fur, and dust.
c.TBC: inflammation of the wall alvelous as infected by the bacteria Mycobacteriu
m tuberculosis.
d.Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal cavity caused by a virus infection.
e.Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx caused by bacterial infection Sterptoc
occus.
f.Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx, where people with hoarseness or loss of
voice.Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi due to infection.
g.Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses (in the cheek on either side of nose).
h.Asfiksi: penggankutan disorders and the use of oxygen.
i.Acidosis: increased levels of carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the blood so tha
t the acid impaired breathing.
j.Diphtheria: blockage by mucus in the larynx due to bacterial infection.
k.Emphysema: alvelous wall rupture.
l.Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs.
m.Adenoid face: narrowing of the airways due to swelling of the polyps and tonsil
s.
n.Lung cancer: its causes as smoking, inhaling asbestos dust, chromium petroleum
products, and ionizing radiation
BIO ACTIVE
Capacity
GROUP ACTIVITIES
Objectives: Students understand the capacity of the lung and factors influencing
it.
Tools and Materials:
A.Basin 3.Test tube 4.Syringe
2.Plastic hose 4.Water
How it Works:
A.Fill the basin with water.
2.Put the test tube upside down in a basin that has been filled with water.Attach
a hose to the mouth of the tube.
3.Inhale strongly and the other input end of the hose into the mouth, and breathe
d hard.
4.Fit the end of the hose on syinge.Pull the piston and measure the volume of air
collected.Accommodated the volume of air is the capacity of your lungs.
5.Do it in turns with your friends.
Discussion Questions:
A.Is the lung capacity of each person is different?
Answer:
2.Is the height, weight, and gender affect a person one's lungs?
Answer:
Independent activity
Make a scheme of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transfer stage!Explain the
three stages of the relationship in the supply of energy in respiration!Next set
of results on your teacher!
A.Respiratory tools in Animal
Animals have the means of respiration in variety, adapted to the development of
body structures and places of his life.Animal breathing apparatus basically anima
ls is essentially a means of income and air transportation equipment.
The following will be described systems and breathing apparatus on various group
s of organisms ranging from protozoa to vertebrates animal groups.
A.Respiratory System in Invertebrates

a.Respiratory system in Protozoa

Protozoa (single-celled animals) have no special breathing apparatus.Breathing is
done through the entire cell surface.O2 and CO2.diffusion in and out.
b.Respiratory system in the Porifera, Coelnterata, Platyhelmnintes, Nemathelminte
s, and Anneilda.Porifera, Coelnterata, Platyhelmnintes, Nemathelmintes, and Annei
lda not have a special breathing apparatus.Oxygen can reach every cell of the bod
y by direct diffusion and the environment or through the body cavity.
c.Respiratory system in Mollusca.
Members of the phylum Motuska Heewan there are two groups as follows:
1).Mollusks that live on land, the snail (Acratina fuilca) breathe with lungs.
2).Mollusks which live in water, the shells (bivalves class) ingsang breathe.
d.Respiratory system in the Echinodermata
Echinodermata animals live in sea water, cntohnya starfish, sea urchins and sea
cucumbers.-Hewn animal is breathing ingsang ingsang dermal or skin.
e.Respiratory system in Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda melputi 4 classes, namely:
1).Crustacea (class uadang and crab) breathe ingsang.
2).Myriapoda (centipedes and luwing group) benafas the trachea.
3).Arachinida (class of spiders and scorpions) breathe with lungs books.
4).Insects (insect group) with tracheal breathing.
2.Respiratory System in Vertebrates
a.Respiratory system of fish
Fish have a breathing apparatus Ingsang, on teteostei (true bony fishes) there a
re 4 pairs and have ingsang lid (operculum), for example, in carp and muajir.
In some fish jeenis ingsang structure, the cavity has perlusaan ingsangnya up ca
lled the labyrinth that serves to save the air, so fish can live in oxygen-defic
ient water.For example in cork fish, carp, and betok.