CHAPTER 7: STATISTICS

7.1

Measures of Central Tendency

7.1.1

Mean

The mean of the data is an average value obtained by using the formula
Mean=

Total data values

Number of data

1. Ungrouped Data
x =

x
N

where x = the sum of x

N = number of data
Example 1
1. Find the mean for the set of data 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 18.
2. A value of x is added into the above set of data, the mean for this new data is 9.5.
Determine the value of x.
2. Grouped Data (without Class Interval)
x =

fx
f

where f = frequency
Example 2
The frequency table shows the marks obtained by 40 students in a Biology test.
Marks
Number of Students

50
6

55
8

60
15

65
10

70
1

Find the mean marks.

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3. Grouped Data (with Class Interval)

x =

fx
f

where f = frequency
x = class mid-point
Example 3
The grouped frequency distribution was obtained from 100 students regarding the scores
in their test shown as below.
Scores
59
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39

Frequency
4
10
19
26
21
12
8

Find the mean scores.

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7.1.2

Mode
Mode is the observation which has the highest frequency in a set of data.

Example 4
Find the mode for each of the sets of data given.
1. 15, 18, 21, 25, 20, 18.
2. 3, 6, 9, 11, 17.
3. 0, 1, 2, 7, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2.

If a set of grouped data is represented in the form of a histogram, the mode of the data
can be estimated by:
Step 1:
Identify the bar representing the modal class.
Step 2:
Draw lines to join the top vertices of the bar to the top vertices
of the adjacent bars on the left and right.
Step 3:
Identify the point of intersection of the lines drawn in Step 2.
Step 4:
Determine the value on the horizontal axis which corresponds
to the point of intersection in Step 3. The value is estimated mode.

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Example 5
The following histogram shows the distribution of the mass of 45 students in class.
Determine the mode of the distribution.

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7.1.3

Median

The median of a group of data refers to the value which is at the middle of the data after the
data has been arranged according to grouped data and ungrouped data.
1. Ungrouped Data
m=T n+1
2

Example 6
Find the median for each of the sets of data given below.
1. 15, 18, 21, 25, 20, 18.
2. 13, 6, 9, 17, 11.
2. Grouped Data (without Class Interval)
m=T n+1
2

Example 7
The frequency table shows the marks obtained by 40 students in a biology test.
Marks
Number of Students

50
6

55
8

60
15

65
10

70
1

Find the median mark.

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3. Grouped Data (with Class Interval)

N
F
2
m=L+
C
fm

( )

where m = median
L = lower boundary of median class
N = number of data
F = total frequency before median class
fm = total frequency in median class
C = class size (upper boundary lower boundary)
Step 1:
Step 2:

Construct the cumulative frequency distribution table.

Determine the total frequency, N.
Step 3:
Based on the value of N and the table, determine the class in which the
median lies. Then, find:
a)
The lower boundary of the class, L.
b)
The cumulative frequency before the class, F.
c)
The frequency of the class, fm.
Step 4:
Determine the class interval of the distribution, C.
Step 5:
Substitute al the values into the formula.
Example 8
The grouped frequency distribution was obtained from 100 students regarding the scores
in their test shown as below.
Scores
59
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39

Frequency
4
10
19
26
21
12
8

Find the median.

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7.1.4

Effects on Mode, Median and Mean for a Set of Data

If we add (or subtract) each value of a set of data by k,
New mean = Original mean + k
New median = Original median + k
New mode = Original mode + k

If we multiply (or divide) each value of a set of data by k,

New mean = Original mean k
New median = Original median k
New mode = Original mode k

Example 9
The mean, median and mode of a set of data are 5, 7, and 4 respectively. Find the new mean,
median and mode if every value in the data is
1. Added by 3.
2. Multiplied by 2
3. Subtracted by 2 then divided by 2.

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7.2

Measures of Dispersion

7.2.1

Range

1. Ungrouped Data
Range = Largest Value Smallest Value
Example 10
Find the range for the set of data 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 18.
2. Grouped Data (with Class Interval)
Range = Midpoint of Highest Class Midpoint of Lowest Class
Example 11
The grouped frequency distribution was obtained from 100 students regarding the scores
in their test shown as below.
Scores
59
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39

Frequency
4
10
19
26
21
12
8

Find the range of data.

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7.2.2

Interquartile Range

1. Ungrouped Data
Interquartile Range = Upper Quartile Lower Quartile
= Q3 Q1
where

Q1=T n
4

Q3=T 3 n
4

Example 12
Find the interquartile range of the following data.
1. 7, 5, 1, 3, 6, 11, 8.
2. 12, 4, 6, 18, 9, 16, 2, 14.
2. Grouped Data (without Class Interval)
Example 13
The table below shows the marks obtained by a group of Form 4 students in school midterm science test.
Marks
Number of Students

1
4

2
7

3
5

4
2

5
6

Determine the interquartile range of the distribution.

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3. Grouped Data (with Class Interval)

1
NF 1
4
Lower Quartile , Q1=L1 +
C
fQ

(
(

)
)

3
N F3
4
Upper Quartile , Q3=L3 +
C
fQ
3

Example 14
The table below shows the marks obtained by a group of Form 4 students in school
mathematics test.
Marks
20 29
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 69
70 79

Frequency
4
8
20
16
9
3

Estimate the interquartile range.

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7.2.3

Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Ungrouped Data
x2 2

Variance , =
x
2

Standard Deviation , = Variance

where

x =

x
N

Example 15
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following data.
15, 17, 21, 24, and 31.
2. Grouped Data (without Class Interval)
Variance , 2=

fx 2 x 2
f

Standard Deviation , = Variance

where

x =

fx
f

Example 16
The data below shows the numbers of children of 30 families.
Number of Child
Frequency

2
6

3
8

4
5

5
3

6
3

7
3

8
2

Find the variance and standard deviation of the data.

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3. Grouped Data (with Class Interval)

fx 2 2

Variance , =
x
f
2

Standard Deviation , = Variance

x =

where

fx
f

f = frequency of the corresponding class

x = class mark
Example 17
Daily Salary (RM)
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34

Number of Workers
40
25
15
12
8

Find the mean of daily salary and its standard deviation.

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7.2.4

Effects on Measures of Dispersion for a Set of Data

If we multiply (or divide) each value of a set of data by k,
New range = Original range k
New interquartile range = Original interquartile range k
New variance = Original variance k
New standard deviation = Original standard deviation k

Example 18
The interquartile range and the variance of a set of data are 6 and 7.5 respectively. Find the
new interquartile range and variance if every value in the set of data is added by 5 and then
multiplied by 2.

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