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REVISION HISTORY:
Date
Version
0X
02
03
03
04
December 16,
2013
April 14, 2014
October 28, 2014
05
06
07
Parsons Brinckerhoff
2300 Yonge Street, 20th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4B 1E4
Canada
Page | 2
Purpose
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Purpose........................................................................................................................ 6
2.
Scope ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.
4.
Responsibilities ......................................................................................................... 10
5.
6.
Page | 3
6.2.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3
6.7
6.8
Page | 4
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Reference Documents ........................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages ........................................ 16
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: General Grounding System Layout ................................................................... 19
Figure 2: Cross-Section of Two-Track Cantilever Showing Location of Static Wire ...... 25
Figure 3: Layout of a Typical Grounding Arrangement at Passenger Station Platforms . 30
Figure 4: Typical Overhead Structure Grounding and Bonding Schematic ..................... 36
Figure 5: Overhead Contact Line Zone and Pantograph Zone ......................................... 38
Figure 6: Long, Short, and Double Combs ....................................................................... 43
Figure 7: A, B, and C Bonds and Cross Bond Configurations ......................................... 51
Figure 8: Drain Bond Configuration ................................................................................. 51
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1.
PURPOSE
Page | 6
2.
SCOPE
The grounding and bonding system designs shall provide the means to carry electric
currents into the earth, under both normal and fault conditions, without exceeding
operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service. Adequate
bonding shall be designed and installed throughout the entire electrified system to
provide proper return circuits for the normal traction power currents and fault currents,
with grounding connections as detailed in these criteria.
This section provides the specifications for the grounding and bonding design of all
affected sites. The sites, to be provided with grounding grids, mats, or rods, include the
traction power facility (TPF) high, medium, and low voltage (HV, MV, and LV,
respectively) switchgear, traction power transformers, autotransformers, auxiliary
transformers, disconnects, buses, cables and feeders, alternating current (ac) equipment
enclosures and pre-packaged building frames, OCS structures, and facility buildings,
including stations.
Page | 7
3.
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
Metrolinx documents that contribute directly to the subject of grounding and bonding
requirements are listed in Table 1: Reference Documents. Established standards for
electrified railways and related topics relevant to grounding and bonding are listed in
Appendix A: Standards, at the end of this document. Other materials supporting the
understanding of this document are provided in Appendix B: Definitions and Appendix
C: Abbreviations and Acronyms.
Table 1: Reference Documents
Document Title
Request to Qualify and Quote for Engineering Services
GO Electrification Study Final Report, including Appendices
System Configuration Options Draft1
Traction Power Load Flow Analysis Report for Kitchener
(including the UP Express (UPE)) and Lakeshore West and
East lines
EPS-01000 Traction Power Supply System V5
EPS-02000 Traction Power Distribution System V5
EPS-08000 Rail System Requirement SCADA System V5
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Issuer
Mx
Delcan Arup
JV
PB
Date of Issue
Oct 4, 2011
LTK
Oct 2012
PB
PB
PB
Dec 2010
Jan 5, 2012
3.1
Normative Documents
2.
3.
4.
CEA report 249 D541 Simplified Rule for Grounding Customer Owned
High Voltage Substations
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Page | 9
4.
RESPONSIBILITIES
The grounding and bonding plan, and specifications are the responsibility of the Systems
Engineering Team. It is the responsibility of all users of this document to:
Develop detailed specifications and designs based upon the principles outlined in
this document;
Support all design work with back-up calculations which shall be made available
to Metrolinx on request; and
Inform Metrolinx in the event of any conflict between the contents of this
document and any other document produced for the Metrolinx Electrification
project.
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5.
GENERAL DATA
5.1
General Requirements
The grounding and bonding system designs shall provide the means to carry electric
currents into the earth, under both normal and fault conditions, without exceeding any
operating and equipment limits, without thermal degradation or mechanical breakdown,
and without adversely affecting continuity of service. Adequate bonding shall be
designed and installed throughout the entire electrified system to provide proper return
circuits for the normal traction power currents and fault currents, with grounding
connections as specified herein without affecting life and/or property.
All grounding and bonding designs shall be coordinated with the various discipline
designs, including civil, architectural, electrical and electronic, mechanical, and
plumbing, traction power supply and distribution, communications, and signalling. All
grounding and bonding designs shall be coordinated with stray current and corrosion
control measures, as well as the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and
electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements, so that the respective designs do not
conflict and render other systems ineffective. Refer to clauses 5.2.3 and 5.4 for
additional grounding and bonding requirements for lightning protection and in the
vicinity of direct current (dc) systems respectively.
Normally non-current-carrying-conductive parts, examples being conduit, cable trays,
handrails, and trackside fencing, shall be electrically bonded to provide a continuous
electrical path, and shall be permanently and effectively grounded. Grounding system
designs shall include grounding individual items, and dividing the length of normally
non-current-carrying-conductive entities into sections, with each section grounded at only
one point. Sizes of grounding and bonding conductors shall be selected in accordance
with the latest version of the applicable codes (e.g. CSA, OESC, NESC, and CEC).
Ground resistance at each grounding location shall be less than or equal to the value
specified in the applicable code.
An electrical safety analysis shall take in to account criteria for the ground potential rise
(Refer to IEEE Standard 80). The analysis shall be undertaken to assess which normally
non-current carrying conductive parts need to be grounded and bonded, and the
appropriate method of implementation shall be identified to ensure that the touch and step
potentials are within permissible limits.
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The design of each large facility or building, such as the TPF, shall include a ground grid.
Wayside houses shall be grounded by means of one or more interconnected ground rods.
Where ground grids are used, the design shall adhere to the following requirements:
1. Ground grid design shall be based on local soil resistivity under all soil conditions
that exist in practice (e.g., wet, dry, and frozen conditions) and the calculations
shall comply with IEEE standards (e.g., 80, 142, and 1100) and the
CSA/OESC/CEC/NESC rules as applicable. Ground grids shall be constructed
from an assembly of driven ground rods and bare metal conductors. A continuous
loop of the grounding conductor(s) shall surround the perimeter of each facility or
building. The perimeter fence and gates, if provided, shall be effectively bonded
with the grounding loop at frequent intervals, and within this loop, the conductors
should be laid in the form of a grid. At the cross-connections, the conductors
should be securely bonded together. Ground rods shall be installed at grid
corners, at junction points along the perimeter, and at major equipment locations.
The ground rods are to be driven vertically into the ground to not less than the
minimum depth specified in CAN/ULC-S801. Horizontal ground rods may be
required where subsurface rock or other obstructions interfere with the placement
of vertical ground rods. The ground conductors may be made of copper or other
metals or alloys that shall not corrode excessively during the expected service life.
Ground rods may be made of zinc coated steel, stainless steel, copper-clad steel,
or stainless steel-clad steel. The ground conductors shall be securely bonded to
the ground rods and to the equipment (including busbars) to be grounded. Joints
shall be exothermically welded;
2. The ground rods shall be driven to stable soil where constant conductivity
properties apply;
3.
At least two grounding testing well stations shall be incorporated into the design
of each ground grid. Approval of Metrolinx shall be obtained for the locations and
number of the grounding testing wells. Each grounding testing well station shall
be connected to the ground grid by at least two grounding conductors;
4. Grounding well stations shall be located so that they are accessible to Operations
and Maintenance (O&M) personnel. Locations shall be chosen that minimize the
bonding conductor length;
5. The ground grid shall be bonded to the ac service ground electrode and the
structural steel of the facility structure;
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5.2
The grounding and bonding system shall be designed to protect persons against hazards
including direct and indirect contact with live parts, lightning, and electromagnetic
interference.
5.2.1 Direct Contact
The grounding and bonding design shall ensure that persons are protected against dangers
and damage that may arise from contact with live parts of the electrified system.
This shall be effected by:
1.
Preventing a current from passing through the body of any person; and
2.
Limiting the current that can pass through a body to a value lower than the
shock current.
2.
Limiting the fault current that can pass through a body to a value lower
than the shock current; and
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3.
5.2.3 Lightning
Lightning is a massive electrostatic discharge caused by an unbalanced electric charge in
the atmosphere. Each facility and exposed structure shall be provided with appropriate
lightning protection measures, based on the incidence of strikes in the area local to each
facility. Facilities and exposed structures shall be grounded in accordance with the
recommendations of the equipment manufacturer, OESC, CEC, NESC, CAN/ULC-801,
CAN/CSA B72 M87 Installation Code for Lightning Protection Systems and NFPA
780 - Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, as applicable.
Refer to clause 6.7: Lightning Protection for additional information.
5.2.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility
The grounding and bonding system design shall provide for control of EMI by measures
including:
Page | 14
1.
2.
Additional details about EMC are available in the performance specification EPS-04000:
EMC/EMI.
5.3
Step and touch potential at the traction power facilities shall be governed by the
requirements of IEEE 80: Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding and OESC.
The bonding and grounding of other current carrying equipment, enclosures and
associated structuresincluding the Overhead Contact System (OCS), rails, and other
trackside equipmentshall be designed such that touch voltages do not exceed the values
indicated in Table 2, below, which has been derived from EN 50122-1: 2011 Section
9.2.2.
Page | 15
0.05
835
0.1
785
0.2
645
0.3
480
0.4
295
0.5
220
0.6
180
< 0.7
155
0.7
90
0.8
85
0.9
80
1.0
75
300
65
> 300
(where accessible to the public under
all power supply feeding conditions)
60
> 300
(in workshops and similar locations)
25
Page | 16
5.4
Where tracks operated by dc traction power systems are located adjacent to electrified
Metrolinx tracks, coordination shall be required with the dc traction system operator to
minimize the possibility of dc stray current circuit paths through the ac system traction
power return circuits. Track insulation between rails and ground shall be enhanced in
these areas.
The design of the traction electrification system (TES) shall minimize the possibility of
creating dc stray current circuit paths through the return system. The OCS static wire in
the area potentially subject to dc stray currents shall be electrically insulated from the
OCS poles by supporting the static wire on insulators. The OCS poles shall be grounded
through interconnection of the pole; anchor bolts, and steel reinforcement of the concrete
foundation so that the ground resistance of individual poles does not exceed 25 ohms. If
the ground resistance of any individual OCS pole exceeds 25 ohms, ground rods or other
grounding solutions shall be applied. Fault conditions shall be evaluated and grounding
designs shall be developed such that unsafe touch voltages are not created.
Any dc stray current leakage from dc system tracks adjacent to the right-of-way/facilities
during the design phase shall be monitored and documented to establish baseline levels.
Similarly, any dc stray current leakage from the dc system tracks during the field-testing
and commissioning phase shall be monitored and documented, to evaluate any
differences and take necessary remedial action to assure the integrity of the system.
Where passenger platforms and emergency walkways are located adjacent to dc system
tracks, the designer shall investigate whether inadmissible touch voltages could occur
between the rail and ground, and shall determine whether a voltage-limiting device, such
as non-permanent rail to ground connection, should be installed to control touch voltages.
If necessary, the designs shall require that such devices be installed.
All of the above measures shall be coordinated with the signalling system design.
Coordination is required with the dc electrified railroad operator to obtain assurance that
the operator shall maintain a high level of insulation between the dc system rails and
ground in these sections to minimize the possibility of dc stray currents leaking into the
ac traction return system.
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5.5
System Earth
2.
the common buried earth wire (counterpoise) and the aerial earth wire
(static wire);
3.
4.
impedance bonds;
5.
6.
7.
the earth.
Other secondary components, such as cable trays, building structures and bridge steel
structures also participate in making up the overall ground network with low resistance to
ground at all locations. Connection between parts of this network is realized through
grounding bars.
Figure 1: General Grounding System Layout, presents a schematic showing the general
grounding system layout.
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The E&M equipment bonding shall be evaluated by each sub-system based on the
electrical characteristics of the piece of equipment to be grounded.
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5.5.2 Connections
The following grounding and bonding requirements shall be met.
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page | 20
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Anchor bolts and ground lugs shall not protrude in a manner that could
result in injury or property damage;
2.
3.
Location of grounding testing well stations in public areas shall be
avoided; and
4.
5.6
The UP Express spur line from Mile Post 13.5 on the Kitchener rail section to the
Pearson Airport Terminal 1 station will be electrified with 1x25 kV ac configuration.
The remaining portion of Kitchener rail section and both Lakeshore rail sections will be
electrified with 2x25 kV ac configuration. In general, the grounding and bonding of 2x25
kV ac and 1x25 kV ac systems is similar. The return conductor on the 1x25 kV ac is
equivalent to the static wire on 2x25 kV ac system. The major difference is that the
electromagnetic induction impact of 2 x25 kV ac is less severe than that of comparable
1x25 kV ac system.
Page | 22
General Principles
Traction return current is the sum of the currents returning to the supply source, the
traction substation, or regenerative braking vehicles.
Traction return current flows through the traction power return system.
The traction power return system consists of all conductors including the grounding
system for the electrified railway tracks, which form the intended path of the traction
return current from the wheels of the traction rolling stock to the traction substations
under normal operating conditions and the total return current under fault conditions.
The conductors may be of the following types:
1.
running rails;
2.
impedance bonds;
3.
4.
5.
6.
ground; and
7.
Therefore, the grounding system forms an essential part of the traction power return
system for ac traction systems.
Each component of the traction power return circuit shall have sufficient capacity (with
redundancy).
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Cross Bond Rail to Rail: Electrical bond that interconnects the two
running rails of the same track, and
2.
Dimensions of the rail bonds, track connectors, electrical connections shall conform with
AREMA, Manual for Railway Engineering, Chapter 33, Part7 Rail Bonding. Refer to
clauses 6.2 and 6.6 for further details about impedance bond and cross bond locations.
Figure 7: A, B, and C Bonds and Cross Bond Configurations and Figure 8: Drain Bond
Configuration depicts the types of cross-bonds.
6.1.2 Static Wire (Aerial Earth or Ground Wire)
A static wire, usually installed aerially adjacent to or above the catenary conductors and
negative feeders, connects OCS supports collectively to ground or to the grounded
running rails to protect people and installations in case of an electrical fault. In an ac
electrification system, the static wire forms a part of the traction power return circuit and
is connected to the running rails at periodic intervals and to the traction power facility
ground grids. If mounted aerially, the static wire may also be used to protect the OCS
against lightning strikes.
Other Sections of EPS-03000 provide additional information and design requirements
regarding static wire.
The cross-section of a two-track cantilever showing the location of the static wire is
depicted in
Figure 2: Cross-Section of Two-Track Cantilever Showing Location of Static Wire.
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Have, in general, a cross section not less than 100 mm2; and
Comply with the following redundancy rule: if N cables are required for the
traction current return, N+1 cables shall be installed.
The traction return current returning from the earth (connection between the
busbar and the TPF grounding system); and
6.2
6.2.1 General
The TPF grounding system shall comply with IEEE 142 and all local regulations, and
shall ensure that step and touch potentials remain within permissible limits during normal
operation as well as under fault conditions. All relevant local geotechnical data shall be
considered in the design of the building grounding system.
The rail return path of the 2x25 kV ac autotransformer feed TES consists of the static
wires (aerial ground wires), the running rails, and cable connections from static wires and
running rails to the traction power facilities. All of these are grounded as detailed below.
The static wire is connected at regular intervals to the running rails via impedance bonds
and to the grounded centre tap of the secondary winding of each traction power
transformer and the grounded centre tap of the winding of each autotransformer. The
static wire runs alongside the catenary to interconnect the OCS supporting structures and
Page | 26
brackets, such that all normally-non-current-carrying metallic supports of the OCS are at
the same ground and track reference potential.
The traction return current causes a voltage rise in the running rails and static wires, due
to the impedance of these conductors, resulting in a voltage between the running rails and
static wires and the surrounding ground or other grounded metallic parts (touch voltages).
These touch voltages need to be limited to acceptable values. Hazards due to touch
voltages shall be minimized by means of adequate grounding and bonding measures.
In addition to the impedance bond connections at TPFs, further periodic connections
between the static wires and the rails through impedance bonds may be needed based on
the traction power load flow simulation results and the touch/step analysis. The design
shall determine the required spacing of impedance bonds and interconnections to the
rails, which must also be coordinated with requirements for compatibility with the
signalling system.
The ground grid at each traction power facility and the centre tap of the secondary of
main power transformers and the centre tap of autotransformers shall be connected to the
rails through impedance bonds, and to static wires through two independent connections.
Each return cable shall be sized to carry the maximum load current, thereby allowing for
the failure of one return cable. The connection to the running rails shall be through
impedance bonds.
All buried/underground joints in grounding conductors and connections shall be
exothermically welded. Splices in grounding conductors shall not be permitted.
All normally-non-current-carrying conductive parts of manholes, handholes, pull boxes,
splice boxes; metallic raceways and cable tray systems shall be bonded and grounded.
Where insulated cables are used within the TES, they shall be specified and manufactured
in accordance with the appropriate electrical standards that are applicable to the working
environment voltages, operating and fault currents to which they shall be subjected.
Cable shields shall be grounded at one end only to minimize the possibility of setting up
circulating current paths.
An electrical safety analysis as described in clause 5.1 shall be undertaken.
The grounding and bonding system for the TES shall not be electrically connected to any
non-traction power facility electrical grounding system.
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Page | 28
equipment enclosures. These enclosures shall not be interconnected with the TES
grounding and bonding system.
6.3
Page | 29
Provisions shall be incorporated in the platform design such that all normally-noncurrent-carrying metallic structures and miscellaneous metallic items within 2.5 metres (8
feet) from the edge of the platform (including any OCS poles) shall be isolated from the
static wire and shall be bonded directly to the platform reinforcement. The platform
reinforcement-bonded metallic items shall be isolated from the facility and utility
grounds.
For existing stations in aerial structures, a counterpoise shall be installed along the entire
length of each platform with the conductor buried in earth and extending a minimum of
20 metres (65 feet) beyond the ends of the platform, and other steps shall be taken as
described above for at-grade stations.
The grounding design shall ensure that the maximum permissible touch voltages, as
specified in Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages are not
exceeded and, without exception, the resistance to ground shall not exceed 5 ohms.
Subject to field-testing during construction, it may be necessary to install supplemental
ground rods outside the limits of the platform, which can be attached to the platform
grounding system to satisfy the touch voltage requirements.
Elevated Access Platforms at Service Sidings
Metallic parts of elevated access platforms such as those for rooftop equipment
inspection and maintenance at service sidings shall be electrically interconnected and
shall be connected to the rails through an impedance bond at one end only to minimize
step and touch voltages between the access platform and the vehicles. Provisions shall be
incorporated into the platform design such that all metallic structures and miscellaneous
metallic items within 2.5 metres (8 feet) from the edge of the platform (including any
OCS poles) shall be isolated from the static wire and shall be bonded directly to the
platform. The platform-bonded metallic items shall be isolated from any facility or utility
grounds.
The grounding design shall ensure that the maximum permissible touch voltages, as
specified in Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages are not
exceeded. Subject to field-testing during construction, it may be necessary to install
supplemental ground rods outside the limits of the platform, which can be attached to the
platform grounding system to satisfy the touch potential requirements.
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2.
3.
2.
3.
A ground grid, in direct contact with the earth at a depth below the earth surface of at
least 1m (3 feet, 3 inches), shall be provided at each building. The ground grid shall be
extended at least 600 mm (2 feet) beyond the foundation footer and at least 450 mm (18
inches) outside the roof drip line.
The metal frame of buildings shall be bonded to the ground grid. Connections to the
ground grid shall be exothermically welded. Where exothermic welding is impractical,
cUL listed connection hardware may be used.
For steel-frame buildings, alternate vertical columns shall be bonded to the ground grid.
Building Exterior and Interior Bonding and Grounding
Each grounding conductor that passes through a structure, foundation, or wall shall be
provided with a waterstop.
Multiple separate grounding systems are not permitted within the same building. If a
building is supplied by two or more services, the grounding electrodes for the two
services shall be bonded together.
In multi-floor buildings, the grounding conductor shall be extended to each floor.
Page | 32
A grounding electrode conductor sized in accordance with the applicable code between
the service equipment ground bus and metallic water and gas pipe systems, building steel,
and supplemental or made electrodes shall be provided. A grounding electrode conductor
shall also be provided for jumper-insulated joints and bolted (non-welded) joints in the
metallic piping.
The steel columns shall be bonded to the reinforced steel within the building foundation.
Conductive piping systems shall be bonded to the building grounding system. Bonding
connections shall be made as close as practical to the equipment ground bus.
Within a building, the grounding cable shall, where possible, be embedded in or
underneath the floor slabs. The grounding electrode system shall be attached and bonded
to normally-non-current-carrying conductive entities within the building.
6.3.3 Other Equipment in Stations
Refer to clause 6.5 regarding grounding and bonding of fences, gates, level crossing
gates, and pedestrian crossings.
Page | 33
6.4
Bridges Grounding
2.
Bridge Face: galvanized steel strip or angle section above the overhead
line at each bridge face, if the bridge soffit is within the pantograph zone.
The above measures shall be provided at existing structures if an analysis determines the
need for them.
If the vertical clearance between OCS conductors and concrete overpasses is less than 1
metre (3 feet, 3 inches), protection panels (flash plates) shall be installed above the OCS,
attached to the underside of the structure, and interconnected to the static wire at not less
than two locations. For steel overpasses, the steel girders shall be interconnected and
bonded to the static wire at not less than two locations.
6.4.2 New Bridges
Grounding and bonding for concrete beam and steel beam structures, and their supporting
abutments or piers, shall be as detailed for the aerial structures (see clause 6.5.4), and
shall include provision of grounding plates for connections to the static wire(s).
If components of new overpasses lie within the overhead contact line and pantograph
zone (see Figure 5: Overhead Contact Line Zone and Pantograph Zone) the provision of
flash plates may be required when the vertical clearance between OCS conductors and
concrete overpasses is less than 1 m. The flash plates shall be attached to the underside
of the structure and interconnected to the static wire at not less than two locations. For
steel overpasses, the steel girders shall be interconnected and bonded to the static wire at
not less than two locations.
Page | 34
At each 65m (200 feet), accessible grounding plates should be available for
ensuring connection with the rail.
The grounding point is connected to the AECs. See Clause 6.5.4 for additional
requirements.
6.4.4 Structure Grounding
Depending upon the height of the concrete overpasses compared to OCS, flash plates
(protection panels) have to be attached above the OCS, to the underside of the structure,
and bonded to AECs at not less than two locations in order to prevent hazard of direct
contacts with OCS. Flash plates shall be required if vertical clearance between OCS
conductors and concrete overpass is less than 1m (3 feet, 3 inches) (see Clause 6.4.1).
The metallic reinforcement of concrete bridge structures shall be bonded to the return
circuit. This shall also include road crash fence, handrails, stair cases and security fences
located within the step and touch potential limit. Step and touch potential limit exists
within 2.5 m (8 feet) of a standing train, 2.5m (8 feet) from electrically continuous fence
bonded to the static wire, or 2.5 m (8 feet) from any metallic item bonded to the static
wire. With regard to the fences, they must have a longitudinal electric continuity
between panels including possible continuity interruption (gates etc.). This continuity
can be achieved by bonds if an ITB is located near the bridge. If not, a bare conductor is
required all along the structure.
Galvanized steel strip or angle section shall be installed above the OCS at each bridge
face if the bridge soffit is within the pantograph zone.
Grounding detailed design of overpasses shall be coordinated with the overpass structure
design.
Page | 35
Page | 36
6.5
Page | 37
Page | 38
For the Mx electrification project, the following values have been retained:
X = 4 metres;
Ih = 8 metres
All E&M sub-systems and all equipment which is connected to the ground network shall
be connected to the nearest grounding bar in a cable trough.
6.5.3 Grounding and Bonding of Structures - General
Except for passenger station and service track platforms, normally-non-current-carrying
metallic items on structures crossing over, under, or immediately adjacent to the
electrified tracks (such as OCS poles, signal and communications enclosures, wayside
power control cubicles, snow melt units etc.) shall be bonded either directly or indirectly
to a static wire and/or to a trackside grounding plate for personnel safety and lightning
protection. The steel reinforcement in the structure elements discussed in the following
sections, including the aerial structure parapets, shall be interconnected electrically and
shall be electrically continuous. The grounding and bonding of the emergency walkway
area and other publicly accessible areas, as well as grounding and bonding of the track
structure (where appropriate), shall be designed to avoid inadmissible touch and step
voltages and to meet the requirements of the signalling system.
6.5.4 Aerial Structures (Viaducts and Overpasses)
Concrete Aerial Structures
For new concrete aerial structures that carry electric trains, the static wire shall be
electrically grounded through the aerial structure columns and/or the abutments. The
reinforcement steel in the support column foundation shall be electrically connected to
the reinforcement steel of the column. A jumper from the column shall be connected
with an exothermic weld to a surface-mounted grounding plate near the top and bottom of
the column, as well as on both sides of the column. Only one plate shall be required
when the upper plate shall be 2 metres (6 feet, 6 inches) or less above finished grade at
the column. The ground resistance, measured at this plate prior to any further
connections as detailed below, shall be 25 ohms or less. Where the resistance is greater
than 25 ohms, additional grounding measures shall be installed to achieve this value.
Page | 40
for the concrete structures. To provide electrical continuity at the sliding end, the two
outer girders shall each be connected by an exothermically welded flexible jumper (of
sufficient length to allow for expansion and contraction of the girders) to a grounding
plate that is connected to the reinforcement steel (within the bridge pier or abutment).
Where non-ballasted track is installed on the steel support structures, flexible jumpers
shall be exothermically welded between the track slab grounding plates and the steel
support girders.
6.5.5 Track Support Structure
Steel reinforcing bar (rebar) loops in concrete supporting running rails can cause
inductive loading or undesired coupling between track circuits. To avoid these adverse
effects, all rebar in any new structure that is within 300 mm (1 foot) of a Metrolinx
running rail shall be grounded in one of the following configurations. The most
appropriate configuration shall be determined and the same configuration shall be used in
all similar applications. Structures to be treated include track slabs, aerial structure
decks, etc.:
1.
2.
3.
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plates, electrically bonded to the reinforcing steel, shall be provided at no more than 3
metres (10 feet) from each end of, and in each niche/recess in, trench and retaining wall
structures, and at intervals not to exceed 65 metres +/-3 metres (200 feet +/- 10 feet) for
all structure types. Systems elements, including signalling and communications cubicles
or houses, wayside power control cubicles, and facilities electrical equipment, shall be
grounded to these plates.
For long trenches or retaining wall segments, particularly those cut into rock, the need for
additional grounds or additional along-track ground wires to meet the ground resistance
requirements and to minimize the possibility that rail potentials may cause unacceptable
touch voltages shall be determined and incorporated into the design as needed. If any
additional ground conductors are laid at low level adjacent to the track or along the
walkways, these conductors shall also supplement the grounding capability of the system
and enhance fault detection and control in the event of a broken wire condition. In order
to provide a sufficiently low ground resistance, it may be necessary to install a ground
grid at or near one or both of the ends of the trench or retaining wall segment.
For existing trenches, along-track counterpoises shall be laid in place of interconnecting
reinforcement bars. All other details are similar to those for new trenches described
above.
6.5.7 Tunnels (As Applicable)
For tunnel sections, metallic drop pipes or brackets that support the OCS cantilevers shall
be bonded to the static wire. Depending on tunnel length and the requirements of the
signalling system, the static wire shall be connected to the rail through impedance bonds,
in the same manner as for surface sections. For tunnels, particularly those cut into rock,
the systems design shall determine whether additional grounds and additional alongtunnel ground wires may be required to meet the ground resistance requirements and to
minimize the possibility that rail potentials may cause unacceptable touch voltages.
Any additional required ground conductors shall be laid at low level, adjacent to the track
or along the outer edges of the walkways, so that these conductors shall supplement the
grounding capability of the system and enhance fault detection and control in the event of
a broken wire condition. Based on the rail potential analysis and in order to provide a
sufficiently low ground resistance, it may be necessary to install a ground grid at or near
one or both of the tunnel portals.
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Where the reinforcing rods in the tunnel structures can be interconnected longitudinally,
such as in cut-and-cover construction, or the tunnel is built in sections (with gaps along
the length), each section shall be connected to the return circuit static wire, or the sections
shall be connected together and then connected to the static wire, using grounding plates
mounted at the interior surface of the tunnel as detailed above for the aerial structures.
To facilitate grounding of the track slab, grounding plates, electrically interconnected to
the structure reinforcement, shall be installed in the face of the walkway.
Grounding plates, which shall be electrically bonded to the static wire, shall be provided
at no more than 3 metres (10 feet) from each end of, and in each niche or recess in
tunnels and at intervals not to exceed 65 metres +/- 3 metres (200 feet +/- 10 feet).
Ground connections for facility services within tunnels shall provide an exposed ground
conductor, sized per Code (OESC/CEC), parallel to each track for the complete length of
the tunnel and interconnected by at least two connections to the ground grid of each
building (e.g., ventilation structures, portal facilities, sump pump structures) associated
with the tunnel structure. Where the tunnel structure design includes cross passages,
emergency shafts, or other ancillary spaces, the ground conductor shall be extended into
these spaces. The ground conductors shall be located to avoid accidental contact by
personnel.
6.5.8 Screen, Noise, Wind, and Safety Barriers
The reinforcement steel of screen, noise, wind, and safety barriers shall be electrically
connected to the reinforcement steel of the associated structure (e.g., aerial structure,
trench) in a similar manner to that detailed above for aerial structures.
Safety barriers shall be electrically bonded to the static wire at not fewer than two
locations. Metrolinx and third party advertising signboards within the Metrolinx right-ofway shall be similarly bonded to the static wire at not fewer than two locations. The
concerned third party shall be responsible for grounding of its advertising signboards
outside the Metrolinx right-of-way.
6.5.9 Fence and Gate Grounding
The design shall evaluate touch voltages on metallic fences and/or gates, including level
crossing gates, pedestrian crossings and inter-track fences, which lie within the Overhead
Contact Line and Pantograph Zone, see Figure 5: Overhead Contact Line Zone and
Pantograph Zone. Ground electrodes shall be installed on either side of a gate or other
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opening in the fence. Fence posts at openings in the fence shall be bonded to form a
continuous path, and gates shall be bonded to support posts with flexible metal bonding
straps to eliminate reliance on hinges for electrical continuity.
Fences shall be made electrically continuous and grounding conductors shall be
exothermically welded to fence posts and to any fence material support members (top and
bottom) between posts. Metallic fences inside the Overhead Contact Line and
Pantograph Zone shall be electrically bonded to the static wire and segmented
(electrically insulated) at intervals such that the touch voltage does not to exceed the
limits specified in Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages.
Metallic fences (and gates) outside the Overhead Contact Line and Pantograph Zone, up
to a distance of 10 metres (32.80 feet) from the outermost rail of the electrified tracks, per
Canadian Standards CAN/CSA-C22.3 No.8-M91, shall be bonded to form a continuous
path in the same manner as detailed above. These fences (and gates) will, however, not
be electrically bonded to the static wire. Ground electrodes shall be installed on either
side of a gate or other opening in the fence, and at intermediate locations, based on local
soil resistivity and worst-case projected potentials. Grounding conductors shall be
exothermically welded to fence posts and driven ground electrodes. The requirements of
OESC/CEC shall be met.
6.5.10 Third-Party Grounding Interface
Due to the danger of voltage propagation, third-party grounding installations near the
Metrolinx right-of-way shall not be connected to the railway grounding system. For
third-party pipe work, non-conducting materials shall be used or an insulating segment or
insulated joint shall be inserted at the site boundary. Where the public network
grounding system cannot be separated from the railway grounding system due to lack of
space for separation, the traction power return circuit shall be interconnected with the
neighbouring grounding system of the public network.
To minimize the possibility of shock hazards outside the fence line, the systems design
shall evaluate touch potentials on third-party metallic fences/gates and/or pipelines that
parallel the right-of-way, or other metallic structures. The grounding and bonding design
shall provide for grounding and/or segmenting the conductive feature using insulating
measures for these elements, such that touch potentials are controlled to levels that do not
exceed the limits detailed in Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch
Voltages. Fences and/or segments shall be made electrically continuous, but shall not be
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connected to railway ground grids, grounding conductors, static wires, or the rails, and
shall be independently grounded by means of driven ground rods. Grounding conductors
shall be exothermically welded to fence posts and driven ground electrodes.
In cases where fences are purposely electrified to inhibit livestock or wildlife from
crossing the fence, site-specific insulating measures shall be designed and implemented.
6.6
This section describes the grounding and bonding requirements of signalling and
communications equipment in electrified territory.
6.6.1 Signalling System Equipment and Structures
6.6.1.1 Signalling Houses and Signalling Rooms
The grounding system for signalling equipment shall be designed as a single-point
ground system. Equipment safety grounding shall be designed to limit touch voltages to
safe levels, as specified in Table 2: Durations of Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages,
with and without a fault on the ac system.
Solid copper ground busbars designed for mounting on the framework of open or cabinetenclosed signalling equipment racks shall be provided. Ground bars within equipment
racks shall be bonded together using solid copper splice plates. All busbars and the metal
structure of the houses and cases shall be bonded to the ground conductor, which in turn
shall be bonded to the local ground provision (either ground rods or grounding plate
integrated into the civil structures).
Bonding conductors shall be continuous and routed in the shortest, straight-line path
possible.
In each train control room and house, ac and dc ground detectors shall be provided with
sensitivity sufficient to detect a ground leakage resistance of 0 to 2,000 ohms for ac
ground and 0 to 10,000 ohms for dc ground.
6.6.1.2 Trackside Train Control Equipment and Structures
Grounding of wayside equipment and metallic structures including houses and wayside
cases shall be localized as much as practical, with ground rods driven into the earth as
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close to the equipment or structure as possible. If the structure design prevents the use of
ground rods, the design shall include grounding plates and grounding conductor to which
the signal equipment shall be grounded.
The ground resistance shall not exceed 15 ohms as measured from equipment to ground.
The base of a ground-mounted signal mast or dwarf signal shall be bonded to the traction
return system by direct connection to the neutral leads of an impedance bond adjacent to
the signal. There shall be no other electrical connections between the signal mast and
other structures, or other rails or neutral leads, unless specifically called for on the plan as
part of an A or B point (see below).
Signal bridges or cantilever structures at a location that is not an A or B point (see
below) shall not be electrically connected to any neutral leads or any portion of any track
structure that is part of the signal system. These structures (bridge or cantilever) shall be
bonded to the nearest structure that is bonded to the static wire return system, preferably
at both ends of the bridge spanning multiple tracks.
Signal bridges or cantilever structures at a location that is an A or B point shall be
electrically connected to the neutral leads and any portion of any track structure that is
part of the signal system associated with the A or B point. These structures (bridge
or cantilever) should be aerially connected to the nearest structure that is bonded into the
static wire return system, preferably at both ends of any bridge spanning multiple tracks.
6.6.2 Cross Bonding
General Requirements
Impedance Bonds at Cross Bonding Locations shall be of two different configurations:
1. An "A" point is defined as a location where impedance bond neutral leads on all
tracks are bonded together, and to one or more OCS support structures, which are
in turn bonded to the static return wires and, at traction power facilities (such as
substations, switching stations, and paralleling stations), directly to the traction
power facility return bus.
2. A "B" point is defined as a location where the impedance bond neutral leads
connect two tracks together in pairs. Only one pair or the single track, if present,
is bonded to structures and to the static wire.
Impedance Bonds at other locations shall be of two different configurations:
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1. A "C" point is defined as a location with impedance bonds that bypass insulated
joints on one track but with no cross-bonding to adjacent impedance bonds or
tracks, or to the OCS static wires.
2. A drain bond is an impedance bond installed to connect the rails to traction power
facilities, such as substations, switching stations, and paralleling stations, where
no insulated joints exist in the tracks near the traction power facility. At such
locations, the neutral leads of the drain bonds shall be connected directly to the
traction power facility return bus. Drain bonds shall also be used at stations for
connecting the platform counterpoise or grounding system to the rails where there
is no adjacent A or C bond to which the platform grounds could be
connected.
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The purpose of cross-bond locations ("A and B points) is to minimize touch voltages
on the rails to values that are less than the limits specified in Table 2: Durations of
Maximum Permissible Touch Voltages. Cross-bond locations shall include a minimum
of two track circuits between them and should, if practical, be located not less than 1.8
km (6,000 feet) apart but not more than what the permissible touch potentials shall
permit.
Where cross-bonds are more than 1.8 km (6,000 feet) apart:
1. Distance between cross-bond locations shall be not less than 167 percent of the
length of the longest track circuit, any portion of which lies between the crossbond points.
2. Conversely, the total length of any track circuit, any portion of which is between
the cross-bond points, shall not exceed 60 percent of the distance between the
cross-bond points.
3. The ideal arrangement shall be two equal length track circuits between cross-bond
points, each 50 percent of the total distance between them.
Where the cross-bonds are up to a maximum of 1.8 km (6,000 feet) apart:
1. There shall be a minimum of three track circuits between the A and B point
cross-bond locations.
2. Distance between cross-bond locations shall be not less than 250 percent of the
length of the longest track circuit, any portion of which lies between the crossbond points.
3. Conversely, the total length of any track circuit, any portion of which is between
the cross-bond points, shall not exceed 40 percent of the distance between the
cross-bond points.
4. The ideal arrangement would be three equal length track circuits between crossbond points, each 33.33 percent of the total distance between them. The total
distance shall be as close to 1.8 km (6,000 feet) as possible.
5. In no case shall a distance of less than 0.9 km (3,000 feet) between A point
cross-bond locations be permitted.
The percent ratio shall be calculated for any given section between cross-bond
locations as D (XB) divided by D (LTC), where D (XB) is the distance between cross-
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bond points defining the section and D (LTC) is the length of the longest track circuit in
the section. This is the 167 percent figure for cross bonds more than 1.8 km apart or 250
percent figure for cross bonds up to a maximum of 1.8 km apart.
Where drain bonds constitute an A point at other than insulated joint locations, the
D (LTC) shall be the total length of the longest track circuit in the section including
any portion of that track circuit outside the limits of the section defined by the cross-bond
points.
Cross-Bonding at Interlockings
To reduce the possibility of flashover of insulated joints in crossovers, cross-bonding
shall be placed as close to interlocking crossovers as practical. If possible, an A point
shall be placed at one of the interlocking home signal locations at each interlocking. This
shall be done consistently with these design criteria and the need to place an A point at
each substation, switching station, or paralleling station return bus location.
Only one impedance bond shall be provided at the fouling insulated joints on the turnout
track, located on the side of the joints away from the switch points. The neutral leads on
this impedance bond shall be tied to the neutral leads between the impedance bonds
located at the adjacent insulated joints on the main or straight track.
If there are no insulated joints on the main or straight track within approximately 6
metres (20 feet) of the fouling insulated joints on the turnout track, then a second
impedance bond may be used on the turnout track at the fouling insulated joints, located
on the switch point side of these joints and the neutral leads of the two impedance bonds
at these joints connected in the usual manner. In this case, the neutral leads of the
impedance bonds on the turnout track must not be connected to the neutral leads on the
main or straight track.
Connections to Platform Grounding Systems
Counterpoises for at-grade station platforms shall be connected to the rail through the
neutral leads of an impedance bond at one end of the platform only. The preference is to
connect to the neutral leads of an A point. If it is not practicable to attach to an A
point, the counterpoise shall be connected to the neutral leads of a C point. If this is
not practicable, a drain bond shall be installed. Each platform shall have an independent
counterpoise and impedance bond. The interconnection between the impedance bond
neutral leads and the counterpoise conductor shall be an exothermic weld, which shall be
made in a hand hole interface box.
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Platforms located on aerial structures shall be grounded as identified above and shall be
connected to the track through the neutral leads of an impedance bond at one end of the
platform only, and with the same order of preference as detailed above. Each platform
shall have an independent grounding system and impedance bond. If the impedance
bonds used for this purpose are either C points or drain bonds, the location becomes a
B point as the platform counterpoises on structures are attached to the structure and
therefore both tracks shall be connected together through the neutral leads of the
impedance bonds.
6.6.3 Communications System Equipment and Structures
6.6.3.1 General Requirements
Communications and electronic systems shall be grounded and bonded in accordance
with the requirements specified in OESC, NFPA 70E, NFPA 75, ANSI/TIA/EIA-607,
IEEE 1100 and ITU standards. The communications designer shall design a
communications grounding system to have impedance from device to ground per IEEE
1100.
The grounding methods for enclosures, chassis, panels, switch boxes, pull boxes,
conduits, terminal boxes, and similar enclosures or structures shall be designed to provide
proper terminations for equipment and cable shielding as necessary, and to avoid
conducted coupling, low impedance ground loops, noise, and surges from adversely
affecting system operation and hazardous operating conditions.
The ac grounding electrode system is the fundamental grounding element supporting the
communications grounding system. The ac grounding electrode system design must be
verified to provide a suitable ground resistance for all communications equipment it
serves. The communications design shall use the building structural steel as an additional
bonding point for the communications grounding system. The impedance between the
structural steel and the ac ground electrode system shall be compliant with IEEE Std.
142.
If the ac grounding electrode system does not supply compliant ground resistance,
supplemental grounding electrodes shall be installed to lower ground resistance, and shall
be connected to the ac grounding electrode system and the ground grid.
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closets, the busbar shall be bonded to the ac grounding electrode and the nearest
structural steel member.
6.6.3.3 Communications Equipment and Structures
Provide a grounding busbar within all communications interface cabinets (CICs). Within
CICs, the equipment grounding system shall bond equipment, rack rails, cabinets, and
cabinet doors to the telecommunications grounding busbar, which shall be bonded to the
incoming ac grounding electrode.
6.7
Lightning Protection
Each facility and exposed structure shall be provided with appropriate lightning
protection measures, based on the incidence of strikes in the area local to each facility.
Facilities and exposed structures shall be grounded in accordance with the
recommendations of the equipment manufacturer, OESC, CEC, NESC, CAN/ULC-801,
and NFPA 780 - Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, as
applicable.
Insulated cables carrying feeds to the OCS shall be protected with surge arresters.
The incidence of lightning storms on the sections shall be investigated and appropriate
lightning protection measures determined, based upon the incidence of lightning strikes
in each area. Where lightning protection of the OCS is deemed necessary, a shield wire
shall be installed at the top of the OCS poles, which may necessitate an increase in pole
height to achieve the required clearances. If the cone of protection afforded from this
position is insufficient, the shield wire shall be mounted on an outrigger cantilever so that
shield wire is more closely positioned above and affords protection for all of the OCS
conductors. The shield wire shall be insulated from the OCS poles in passenger station
areas. Additional protection/mitigation measures, e.g., additional grounding
conductors/grids, shall be provided as required.
Lightning arresters and other circuit protection devices shall be provided as necessary to
protect wayside signalling equipment from damage and false operation due to lightning.
The lightning arresters shall comply with the American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) Signal Manual for lightning protection.
Reinforced concrete structures may not be able to take direct lightning strikes without
damage. Exposed prestressed concrete structures shall be provided with lightning
protection, especially in lightning prone areas.
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6.8
Where the catenary passes through the rolling stock maintenance buildings, catenary
grounding devices shall be provided at building entrance points. These shall be in the
form of three-position disconnects switches, providing for:
1. Closed (to interconnect to the adjacent elementary electrical section),
2. Open (no electrical interconnection), and
3. Closed to Ground.
One disconnect shall be provided per shop track elementary electrical section, with interlinked indication lights on a per elementary electrical section basis. The inter-linked
lights shall be positioned above each shop catenary section and shall allow maintenance
personnel to clearly see which sections of the OCS are energized and which are
grounded. The disconnect handles shall be provided with bars that shall accept multiple
locks so that more than one maintainer can apply his/her personal lock to ensure the
switches cannot be operated while someone is working.
The catenary disconnect switch grounding shall be electrically isolated from the building
and associated facility electrical grounding system. The OCS static wire shall not be
electrically interconnected with any conductive facility structure or to the facility
grounding system.
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Architectural Electromagnetic
Shielding Handbook
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OBC
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APPENDIX B: DEFINITIONS
Aerial Ground
(Earth) Wire
Bonding
Catenary
Contact Wire
Corrosion
Counterpoise
Cross Bond
Disconnect Switch
Earth (Ground)
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Electromagnetic
Field (EMF)
The force field that extends outward from any moving electrical
current, consisting of both a magnetic field and an electric field
Electromagnetic
Interference
Equipotential
Bonding
Equipotential
Bonding Busbar
Exposed
Conductive Part
Extraneous
Conductive Part
Feeder
Ground Electrode
Ground Grid
Ground Mat
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Ground Rod
A metal rod driven into the ground with ground wire connection to
structures or equipment to disperse currents to ground (earth)
Ground Wire
Grounded
Grounded System
Grounding
Conductor
Impedance Bond
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Indirect Contact
Integral Transverse
Bond
Connections from the static wire to the rails, including the crossbonds from track to track. They shall be provided at intervals,
which shall be compliant with the track circuits operation on one
hand and with touch and step voltage on the other hand.
Messenger Wire
Negative Feeder
Overhead Contact
Line Zone
Overhead Contact
System (OCS)
The system that contains and supports the overhead Contact Wire
for distributing power to the rail vehicles.
Pantograph Zone
Paralleling Stations
(PS)
An installation that helps boost the OCS voltage and reduce the
running rail return current by means of the autotransformer feed
configuration. The negative feeders (NF) and the catenary
conductors are connected to the two outer terminals of the
autotransformer winding at this location, with the central terminal
connected to the rail return system. OCS sections can be
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Rail Potential
Rail Return
Return Cable
Return Circuit
Step Voltage
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Structure Earth
Switching Stations
(SWS)
Touch Voltage
(Effective)
Traction
Electrification
System (TES)
Traction Power
Facilities (TPF)
Traction Power
Return System
(Return Circuit)
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Impedance bonds,
Static wires, and buried ground or return conductors,
Rail and track bonds,
Return cables, including all return circuit bonding and
grounding interconnections,
6. Ground, and
7. Because of the configuration of the autotransformer
connections, the NF.
Traction Power
Substations (TPS)
Traction Power
Supply System
(TPSS)
Traction Return
Current
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Alternating Current
AEC
ANSI
AREMA
ARL
CAN
CEMA
CIC
CSA
dc
direct current
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
EMU
EPS
HV
High Voltage
Hz
IBC
IEC
IEEE
ITB
JV
Joint Venture
kV
kilovolt
LV
Low Voltage
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metre
MIL
Military
mm
millimetres
MV
Medium Voltage
CEC
NEMA
NESC
NF
Negative Feeder
NFPA
O&M
OCS
OESC
PS
Paralleling Stations
rms
RTB
SCADA
SWS
Switching Stations
TES
TPF
TPS
TPSS
UL
Underwriters Laboratories
ULC
Volts
WPC
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