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Helmholtz
resonators
k.D. Pope
L. D. PopeandAssociates,
The Woodlands,
Texas77387
INTRODUCTION
aircraft
sidewall.
I. PRESSURE
RATIO
ANALYSIS
layersasfollows:
2Z
P3 P4
where
poCo
= characteristic
impedanceof air on sourceside,
Pl = sum of the incidentand reflectedpressures,
Pt = transmitted soundpressure,
Pn/n + 1 = pressure
ratio acrosselementn.
The pressureratio acrossa singleelementcan be calculated if both the characteristicand terminationimpedances
of the element are known.
array.
1597
0001-4966/90/041597-06500.80
1597
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Pl
Ip2
nationimpedanceof the first elementbecomesthe input impedanceof the secondelement.The input impedanceof each
elementis calculatedby startingat the innermostlayer and
working outward to the last element,which, for an aircraft
sidewall, is the skin.
When an array of Helmholtz resonatorsis included in
P3
--P,v2
]-
PoCo
m1
Winc
(Pinc)
(Prafl)
--
OUTER(SKIN)PANEL--
INTERIOR(TRIM) PANEL
INSULATION
(OPTIONAL)
Wtrans
(Pt)
PiCi
RESONATORCAVITY
i
AIRGAP
m2 - RESONATOR
+ TRIMPANEL
SURFACE
DENSITY
is (e - io,
t dependence
assumed)
Zs = Rs -- i (cols -- 1/togs),
(2)
RESONATOR
AREA,A
where
THROAT
AREA,
At
Gs= V/p,c,
2. (compliance),
(3)
L =pi(ls + Bs(r/2)r)/r(r)
2, (inertance), (4)
MODULEAREA,S - MA
M RESONATORSIMOOULE
V = resonator
volume,
o- AtlA
/ = lengthof theresonator
throat,
r = radiusof resonator
throat,
Bs= empirical
correction,
to = 2rf,
f= frequency,
Rs = nozzleresistance.
It is known that for steady-state(dc) flow throughan orifice
the nonlinear resistance is
R = Ro + R]U,
(5)
Rs=Ro+RIP/(R
(6)
'
R 2 _{..X2
q
'
1/2
(9)
Ro= [2(r/pf)1/2/7'/'/'2]
(2 + l/r),
(10)
R 1=,0/(//'/2)2,
(11)
and
Expressions
for Ro andR aregivenin Ref. 5. Theseare
nozzle is
Rs = Ro+ RU,
s+X s)
(7)
ten as
-U=P/(R s +
=P/IZI.
(8)
Zorumski
andParrott
6 haveshownthatusingtherms
l/Z=s=
Zs orZ=.5:sl/Zs
(12)
The impedanceexpressed
in unitsof rayIsis
z = SZ,
(13)
Z B = ZZTp/(2 .qL_
ZT P ),
Prydz eta/.' Transmissionlossof a multilayerpanel
(14)
1598
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(15)
UsingEq. (14) the calculationof the TL for the multielementsystemcan then proceedasoutlinedabove.
The equationspredicta significantincreasein TL at the
resonancefrequency.In additionto the increase,the equationsalsopredicta substantialdecreasein the TL. This decreaseis centeredarounda frequencyat which the resonator/sidewall system reinforces the transmitted acoustic
signal.The frequencymay be predictedfrom knowledgeof
the volumeof air containedwithin the sidewall ( Vs, excluding the resonatorvolume), the volumeof air in the resona-
the combinationof Eqs. (17), (18), and (19) givethe complexratio of incidentto transmittedpressureas
Pinc/Pt
= 21[
(a'2
-- poCoa'l
) -- ( 1/piti)(712-- poCo'l
i) ].
(22)
The over.
all matrixiscomposed
of threecomponentmatrices
I a::
(23)
Resonator
Overall
resonance
frequencyof theresonators(fr)' The frequencyof
decreased TL can be shown to be
(16)
MATRIX
Outer
trim panel
Land
(skin)
assembly
insulation
panel
A l = 1+ i(o(Lcr/Z
),
A l2P=
ko[m2+ (rrLA(1 + koL/Z))l,
(24)
A l = 0,
ANALYSIS
solvedby a transfermatrixapproach.
9 Again,consider
the
double-wallsystemshownin Fig. 1. An overalltransferma-
trixcanbewrittenforthesystem
thatrelates
thepressure
on
the exteriorof the outer panel,Pl, and the velocityof that
panel,Vl, to the pressureon the interior panel,p,, and the
velocityof that panel,v2,i.e.,
All = all ,
A 12 al2,
A21(a21
__
all/Z)/A
TP
---
Airgap
resonance
frequency.
s
II. TRANSFER
/ml]
le A 2e] Ai Al
tz, 3'22J
(25)
11
11
A22 (a2:-- al2/Z)/A 're
elements
othetransfermatrixa.,above,
havebarsoverthe
sive"or "overallS'characteristics
o the completesystem.
In the presentcase,the outerpanelandthe interiortrim
panelareassumed
to actassimplemassreactantes,sincethe
primaryconcernis to investigatethe effectso the resona-
topothem.
These
rs areused
todenote
the"system
inclu- porous material insulation matrix when the resonator
tors.
P = Pu + Pa = 2pi - poCoV,
(18)
(19)
TL = - 10 log r,,
(20)
airgap
insulation
and
insulation
where
c
s
=
=
=
=
cosh(/dl) ,
sinh (/d1),
thicknessof porousmaterial,
waveimpedanceof insulation
(complex),
= complexpropagationconstantof the
insulation material,
ted to incidentpower,
1599
C '
(26)
airgap
'7'
t = ( poco/pci
) lPt/pin
l2.
allal2][/pici
ipici][
C
]
-- S/W
a:l a:: =
(21)
= at -- i2rr/Am
Prydzet aL:Transmission
lossof a multilayerpanel
1599
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TABLE I. Resonatorandpanelproperties.
Panel area
= 1.165 m 2
Outer panelmass/area
Resonator--trimpanelmass/area
Effectiveair space3 cases
= 4.0kg/m2
= 10.88kg/m2
Insulation
III. COMPARISON
OF ANALYTICAL
RESULTS
The followinganalyticalexpressions
havebeenobtained
to allow for precisecomparisonof the resultsof the two
analysismethods.In particular,for the caseof no insulation
(d = 0), and usingthe transfermatrix methodologyit can
be shown that
thickness
= 1.20kg/m3
Number
=49
of resonators
= 343 m/s
=0.0118
= 0.0294
Resonator volume
= 4.75 X 10-4 m3
Throat resistance(Ro)
= 3200kg/m4s
Nonlinear resistancecoefficient(R ) = 0
Resonator
frequency
= 240Hz
Soundpressure
at resonator
mouth = 2.0N/m 2
Pin..c
(27)
p, =Z+poCo[zxi,(.A
2Z
piCi iB)]
ZB '
where
(28)
(29)
(30)
V. COMPARISON
WITH MEASUREMENTS
Z8 = zZ 'TP/ (Z + Z 'TP),
Z'
( 31)
ll,
tI, = Zti,/,l tI,
(32)
and
10.9kg/m2.For thesoundtransmission
test,thepanelwas
mounted between a semi-anechoic room (source side) and
an anechoicroom (receiver side). The wall with the resona-
MATRIX
THEORY
IV. COMPARISON
OF NUMERICAL
PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD
PREDICTIONS
tiesshown
inTableI. Figures
2,3,and4show
theTLpredic-
tions
forpanels
withthree
different
airspaces.
Ineach
figure
theresults
fromthetwodifferent
methods
ofcalculation
are
comparedand, for reference,the resultsfor the panelwith
theresonators
plugged
arealsogiven.
Theplugged
resonator
systemis equivalentto a double-wallpanelwithoutinternal
resonators.
It isseen
that,except
foraslight
shiftinthepeak
TL nearthetuningfrequefiby,
thetwomethods
provideessentiallythe sameresults.The shiftin frequencyis causedby
the area ratio, tr, definedin Fig. 1 and usedin the transfer
matrixapproach.As tr increases,
the frequencyat whichthe
peakTL occursalsoincreases.
For thepresentcasesin which
1600
150
200
250
300
350
FREQUENCY,
Hz
FIG. 2. Predicted
TL of 1.165-m:double-wall
panelwith andwithout
acousticresonators;air space-- 5.08 cm.
Prydzota/.:Transmission
lossofa multilayer
panel
1600
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70'
H
7O
,,,,,
=u- -- --
EORY
PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD
60
I ......NO
RESONATORS
50'40
30-
lO-
MEASURED
PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD
...........
'"
30
20
.."'
10
01
100
150
200
250
300
350
100
150
200
FREOUENCY,
Hz
250
300
350
FREQUENCY,
Hz
FIG. 3. Predicted
TL of 1.165-m
2 double-wall
panelwith and without
FIG. 5. Comparison
between
predicted
andmeasured
NR of a 1.165-m
acousticresonators;
air space= 10.16cm.
VI. CONCLUSION
receiver sides.
thevariationbetweenthemeasured
resonance
frequencies
of
the 49 resonatorsusedin the panelwaslargerthan the discrepancy
betweenthetwoanalyses.
8Thus,thisstudyshows
thatbothpredictiomethodsareusefulin assessing
theeffect of acousticresonatorsin multi-layeredtreatmentsdesignedto achievehighnoisereductionsat selectedfrequencies.
- ....
..........
MATRIX THEORY
PRESSURE
RATIOMETHOD
NO RESONATORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
501
culousexperimental
work and to the NASA LangleyResearchCenter for allowingus to usethe measureddata in
Fig. 5 obtainedunder the NASA contract NAS 1-18036.
301
150'
200'
250'
300
350
FREQUENCY,
Hz
FIG. 4. Predicted
TL of 1.165m2 double-wall
panelwith and without
semblymoduleof Fig. 1 is
A st
qi03(1--)--Jt -'(d)cjO'j)
-'---ojaj(Uaj--U2),
Mi--
acousticresonators;
air space= 12.70cm.
1601
(A1)
Prydzet aL:Transmission
lossof a multilayerpanel
1601
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wherep
isthepressure
in thecavityofthefihresonator
and
1
vlj
and
v = a2uo
2 + a22v.
= 1
Theresonator
throatslugvelocity%, forharmonic
excitation, is
(A6)
(A2)
whereRe,L,andZaretheresonator
variables
asdefined
in
the text.
IL. L. Beranek
andG. A. Work,"Sound
Transmission
through
Multiple
After
inserting
the
cavity
pressure
q=
c + io<
2C.ZwikkerandC. W. Kosten,
Sound
Absorbing
Materials(Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1949).
3L.Wirt,"InteriorNoiseAnalysis
andTesting
ofHelmholtz
Resonators,"
) -pt
Lockheed-California
Company,TechnicalReportLR 30976.
+ io{yLyA{(1+ iwL/Zy))va.
(A3)
The transfermatrix for the resonator-trimpanelassembly [i.e., Eq. (24) of the text] is obtainedby setting
q = -- iwmava.
5U.IngardandH. Ising,"Acoustic
Nonlinearity
ofanOrifice,"
J.Acoust.
Soc.Am. 42, 6-17 (1967).
6W.E.Zorumski
andT.L.Parrott,
"Nonlinear
Acoustic
Theory
forRigid
PorousMaterials,"NASA TechnicalNote TN-616 ( 1971).
7j.WuandI. Rudnick,
"Measurements
oftheNonlinear
Tuning
Curves
of
HelmholtzResonators,"
J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 80, 1419-1422(1986).
v= va(!-a) +
Substituting
for vyyields
NOISE-CON88Proceedings,
243-248,presented
at Purdue
University,
West Lafayette,IN, 20-22 June 1988.
v=v2
1+iwZ +
'
(A4)
1602
+ a2v
9L.D. Pope,"Transmission
Lossof a Multilayer
PanelwithInternal
TunedHelmholtz
Resonators,"
L. D. PopeandAssociates
Report7C86,
December
1986.
IL.D. Pope,
E.G. Wilby,andJ.F. Wilby,"Propeller
AircraftInterior
(A5)
1602
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