Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
A drawing of a doctor performing a lobotomy in the 20th century. Digital image. The
Psychologist. N.p., Jan. 2014. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.
This is a drawing showing a doctor performing a lobotomy on a patient in the
20th century.
Bullock, Robert. "Don't Close Dix: A Former Patient Speaks about His Experience." Indy
Week. 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2016.
This is a short article about why we shouldnt have closed Dix's hospital and why
we needed it. The author talks about how without Dix hospital, he wouldnt be
alive today. It helped me understand how much Dorothea Dix did, over 100
years later.
Bilateral Placement. Digital image. Department of Psychiatry. Regents of the University
of Michigan, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.
This is a photograph of an example of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in the
Bilateral position. IN this treatment, 2 electrodes are placed on both temples.
Dix, Dorothea Lynde. "11.8 Dorothea Dix Pleads for a State Mental Hospital." Dorothea
Dix Pleads for a State Mental Hospital. Learn NC, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.
This speech by Dorothea Dix helped me understand the protection and cure of
insanity before and after asylums in North Carolina. It gave me specific examples
regarding treatments, cures, protection of the insane, and why we need asylums
throughout the speech.
Dix, Dorothea Lynde. "Kansas Memory." Letter. N.d. Dorothea Dix Correspondence -.
N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2016.
This is a collection of letters to and from Dorothea Lynde Dix wrote in 1826-1963,
the bulk of the letters in written between 1853-1860s. It helped me understand
even more what was going on at the time, and Dixs take on the events. it is
being used as a primary source, as it is first person and happened at the time.
Dix Hospital circa 1910s. Digital image. This Day in North Carolina History. N.p., n.d.
Web. 3 Mar. 2015.
This is a photograph of Dix hospital circa 1910s was able to help me realize how
Dix hospital has changed throughout time.

Dix, Dorothea Lynde. Memorial, to the Legislature of Massachusetts. Boston: Printed by

Munroe & Francis, 1843. Print.
This speech by Dorothea Dix that she used to take to the Massachusetts
legislature in 1843, regarding the horrid conditions the mentally ill had to live in.
Dix used this speech to help create a asylum.
Dix Hospital in Raleigh, NC. Digital image. Goodnight Raleigh. N.p., 21 Dec. 2012.
Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
This is a photograph of Dix Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was once
known as the lunatic asylum, and was open more than 150 years.
Gravesite of Dorothea Lynde Dix in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA. Digital
image. AAHN American Association for the History of Nursing. N.p., n.d. Web. 28
Mar. 2016.
This is a photograph of the Gravesite of Dorothea Lynde Dix in Mt. Auburn
Cemetery, Cambridge, MA.
Historic Marker on Dix Hill, Raleigh. Digital image. Daily Kos. N.p., 17 Jan. 2015. Web.
14 Mar. 2016.
This is a historic marker on Dix Hill in Raleigh, North Carolina at Dix Hospital.
Hydrotherapy at St. Elizabeth's hospital. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Photograph of hydrotherapy occurring at St. Elizabeth's hospital (MA).
Photograph of Dorothea Dix. Digital image. NNDB Tracking the Entire World. N.p., n.d.
Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
This is a photograph of Dorothea Dix.
Photograph of Dorothea Dix. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2016.
Photograph of Dorothea Dix used on the "Personal Background" tab.
Photograph of medication. Digital image. McCabes Pharmacy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar.
2016.
This is a photograph of a bottle of medication.
Photograph of St. Elizabeth's Mental Hospital in 1900. Digital image. Indians, Insanity,
and American History Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2016.

St Elizabeths Mental Hospital in Washington DC circa 1900.

Psychotherapy today. Digital image. Alternatives in Treatment. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr.
2016.
This photograph is an example of psychotherapy, or talk therapy, in modern
times.
This is a photograph of a hand reaching out of a jail cell. Digital image.Wfuv.org. WFUV
Public Media at Fordham University, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
This a photograph of a hand reaching out of a jail cell, used on the Conclusion
tab.

Secondary Sources
"19 Famous Dorothea Dix Quotes | NLCATP.org." NLCATPorg. 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 21
Jan. 2016.
This is a compilation of quotes said by Dorothea Dix, talking about multiple things
including her views on the treatment of the insane.
American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association, n.d. Web. 21
Mar. 2016.
The website gives be a bigger overview on what talk therapy, or psychology, is. It
explains to me how it is used, what is is used for, and the average outcome of it.
Campbell, Hank. "Mental Illness And Crime: What The Legacy Of Dorothea Dix Hath
Wrought." Science 2.0. Science 2.0, 16 June 2014. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.
This webpage about what Dorothea Dix has accomplished gave me details about
her advocacy in the topic of mental health, and how mental health is today. It also
helped me understand that not everything she has done (i.e. the closing of many
of the mental hospitals she established.) stayed.
Casarez, Tana Brumfield. "Dorothea Lynde Dix." Psychology History. May 2000. Web.
21 Jan. 2016.
This webpage is a short biography about Dorothea Dix and some of her early life.
It also includes some of her deeds as a good Samaritan.
Cormier, Zoe. "A History of the Ice Pick Lobotomy." Motherboard. Vice Media LLC, 12
Mar. 2015. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.

This website gave me information about the American Ice-Pick Lobotomy,

including how it occurred and how it was believed to cure mental illness.
DesRochers, Alyssa. "Dorothea Dix: Mental Health Reformer and Civil War Nurse."
Smithsonian Institution Archives. N.p., 29 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.
This webpage gives me information as to when she established her first mental
hospital in DC, known as St Elizabeth's Hospital.
"Dorothea Lynde Dix." Boston Athenaeum. The Proprietors of the Boston Athenaeum,
2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
This is a webpage with a drawing of Dorothea Lynde Dix, explaining the origin of
the drawing or how it came to be. It gave me an idea on her perspective of
getting her picture taken or being drawn. It opened another window for me to
understand her personality.
Foerschner, Allison M. "The History of Mental Illness: From "Skull Drills" to "Happy
Pills"" RSS. Student Pulse, 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2016.
This is a website that teaches me about the history of mental illness and some of
the common treatments for the time
"History of Mental Health Treatment | Dual Diagnosis." Dual Diagnosis.
DualDiagnosis.org, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.
This website gives me an idea of what treatment for mental illness looked like in
the past. It also includes 2 short videos about the history on the website.
"History of Mental Illness and Treatments." MOMI. Modern Studio Pro Theme, 18 June
2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.
This article about the history of Mental Health around the world aided to my
knowledge about the subject. The United States were not the only ones to treat
the Mentally ill unfairly, as it seems the rest of the world did too. It also helped me
understand why Dix repeatedly asked for better treatment of the insane.
"History of St. Elizabeths." GSA Development of St. Elizabeths. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar.
2016.
This website gives me a short history of St. Elizabeth's Hospital in DC, which is
one of the first hospitals Dix established.
"Indians, Insanity, and American History Blog." Indians Insanity and American History
Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.

This is a webpage about hydrotherapy and other mental illness treatments in the
asylum age. It helped me understand what hydrotherapy could be like, and what
it was believed to cure.
Koslow, Jennifer. "Dix, Dorothea Lynde." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01
Jan. 2005. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.
This website tells me more about Dixs campaign and how many mental hospitals
she had a hand in making.
Leupo, Kimberly. "The History of Mental Illness." The History of Mental Illness. N.p., n.d.
Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
This is a webpage about the procedures doctors used to try and cure mental
health.
Malburne, Meredith. "Dorothea Dix's Advocacy for the Mentally Ill in North Carolina."
Dorothea Dix's Advocacy for the Mentally Ill in North Carolina. University Library,
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.
This is a short report on the events that lead to the first mental hospital in North
Carolina. It includes quotes of what Dorothea Dix had said on the subject of
North Carolina and its absence of an asylum at the time.
"Mass Moments: Dorothea Dix Begins Her Crusade." Mass Moments: Dorothea Dix
Begins Her Crusade. Mass Moments, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
This short biography about Dorothea Dix includes her background that lead to
her advocacy in mental health. It gave me specific attributes on her journey to
comprehend and get care for the mentally insane. It then continued on to
examples of her advocacy in the subject.
"Mental Health Treatments." Mental Health America. Mental Health America, n.d. Web.
20 Mar. 2016.
This webpage includes a variety of current treatments for mental illness, not
including medications.
McKown, Harry. "11.7 Dorothea Dix Hospital." Dorothea Dix Hospital. Web. 21 Jan.
2016.
This website is a short history about Dix hospital and everything that was done to
get it. It also included details from before Dix hospital.
McMillen, Frances M., and James S. Kane. "Institutional Memory." National Archives
and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration,
2010. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.

This webpage about St Elizabeths Hospital, originally named Government

Hospital for the Insane, helped me identify details on the hospital throughout the
years, and what it was like for the patients who lived there. It assisted my
understanding of Asylums, and gave me a mental picture to what life was like
there in its early years.
Montross, Christine. "The Modern Asylum." The New York Times. The New York Times,
17 Feb. 2015. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.
This article gives me a background on current mental hospitals, or lack there of.
It also allows me to realize a difference between the 2.
Parry, Manon S. "Dorothea Dix (18021887)." American Journal of Public Health.
American Journal of Public Health 2006, 23 Sept. 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
This Webpage about Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) entails on her histories, what
may have lead her to teach sunday school classes in a jail where some of the
mentally ill patients were being kept via inhumane treatment, and her reaction to
it. There was a theory that she suffered from bouts of depression, which could
have lead to her advocacy in mental health.
"Prison and Asylum Reform." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association. Web. 21
Jan. 2016.
This website gave me a better approach as to what all was happening in prisons,
including overcrowding, unfair treatment to some of the prisoners, and more
atrocious conditions. It also I helped me recognize that the mentally insane
werent the only ones being treated with unfairness. Women, Children, and Men,
were all being housed for something as small as spitting on the street to
something as large as murder.
Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Mental Illness." Treatments and Drugs. Mayo Foundation for
Medical Education and Research, 13 Oct. 2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.
This is a webpage about the basic treatments for mental illness, helping me
understand similar treatments from then (the beginning of asylums and care for
mental health) to now.
Tartakovsky, Margarita, M.S. "The Surprising History of the Lobotomy."Psychcentral.
N.p., n.d. Web.
This webpage give me the history on lobotomies, including why it started, what it
was believed to treat, and when it was banned.
"The History of Asylums in the 1800s." Study.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.

This is a short history of asylums in Europe and America in the 1800s.

Wood, Andrew G. "American National Biography Online: Dix, Dorothea Lynde."
American National Biography Online: Dix, Dorothea Lynde. Oxford University
Press, Feb. 2000. Web. 02 Mar. 2016.
This short biography on the life of Dorothea Dix helped me understand (a detailed)
version of her life and what made her want to be an activist for Mental Health care.