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Functional Safety
Process risk
W3
W2
W1
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PA
SIL 1
SIL 1
PB
SIL 2
SIL 1
SIL 1
PA
SIL 2
SIL 2
SIL 1
PB
SIL 3
SIL 2
SIL 2
FA
SIL 3
SIL 3
SIL 2
FB
SIL 4
SIL 3
SIL 3
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FA
CB
FB
CC
SIL 1
SIL 2
SIL 3
CD
SIL 4
SIL 4
SIL 3
Consequence
of the damage
Frequency and
exposure time
Probability of
avoiding the hazard
Technical requirements
Organizational requirements
SFF HFT SIL type A, type B
Technical requirements
Failure types of safety functions and subsystems
1 (0*)
2 (1*)
Failure type
Detected
Undetected
<60 %
SIL 1
SIL 2
SIL 3
SIL 1
SIL 2
Safe
Safe detected SD
Safe undetected SU
Not
permitted
60 % to <90 %
SIL 2
SIL 3
SIL 4
SIL 1
SIL 2
SIL 3
Dangerous
Dangerous detected DD
Dangerous undetected DU
90 % to <99 %
SIL 3
SIL 4
SIL 4
SIL 2
SIL 3
SIL 4
99 %
SIL 3
SIL 4
SIL 4
SIL 3
SIL 4
SIL 4
Safety
Integrity
Level (SIL)
Probability of a dangerous
failure per hour PFH
(High demand or
continuous mode of
operation)
SIL 4
10-5 to <10-4
10-9 to <10-8
SIL 3
10-4 to <10-3
10-8 to <10-7
SIL 2
10-3 to <10-2
10-7 to <10-6
SIL 1
10-2 to <10-1
10-6 to <10-5
PFD
0.1
SIL 1
No
pr
oo
ft
es
Average probability of
failure to perform a safety
function on demand
PFD (Average failure
probability of the safety
function with low
demand)
(less then 1/year)
0.01
PFDavg
SIL 2
0.001
Concept
Safety requirements
Planning, realization
Installation, commissioning
SIL 3
0.0001
SIL 4
Ti e.g. 1 year
Service life
Safe failure
fraction (SFF)
Safety lifecycle
Verification
FMEDA
Tolerable risk
SIL calculation
SIL 2
actuator
PFD = DU Ti
Decommissioning, disposal
PFH = DU
Terminology
Functional safety:
Part of the overall safety which depends
on the correct functioning of safety-related
systems for risk reduction. Functional safety
is achieved when every safety function is
performed as specified.
Safety-related system:
System that implements the safety functions
required to achieve or maintain a safe state
for equipment under control (EUC).
Foto: BASF
Basic standard:
IEC 61508
Application sector standards:
IEC 61511
(process industry
IEC 61513
(nuclear power plants)
IEC 62061
(machinery)
IEC 61800-5-2 (power drive systems)
Integrity L
y
e
et
SIL
nd
Safety lifecycle:
Describes all necessary activities involved
in the implementation of safety-related
systems, starting at the concept phase and
ending at the decommissioning.
l
ve
Safety function:
Function which is intended to achieve
or maintain a safe state for equipment
under control (EUC), in respect of a
specific hazardous event.
Standards
ress Haus
+
SIL 2
logic unit
Sa
f
SIL 2
sensor
Modification, retrofit
Single-channel architecture
The PFDavg/PFH values of all components have to be
summed up and evaluated.