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Week1Notes
1) Core: Ni and Fe
2) Mantle: Mostly Peridotite
3) Crust: Many different kinds of rocks (for the most part, continents composed of granite
and ocean basins composed of basalt)
Mechanical:
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1) Igneous:
solidified rock from liquid magma or lava.
2) Metamorphic: rock that has been re-crystallized under extreme Ts and Ps;
source rock can be igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary.
3) Sedimentary: rock formed from consolidated sediments.
The breakdown, consolidation, and perhaps recrystallization of old rocks to form new rocks is known as the
rock cycle.
Properties of the crust:
Geothermal Gradient, GT: A product of the heat flux from the mantle and the local surface temperature. Is
dependent on thermal conductivity of subsurface formations.
T f = Ts + GT D
Tf :
Ts :
GT :
D :
Temperature of formation
Local, mean annual surface temperature
Geothermal Gradient
Depth from surface to formation
1 lb/psi (22.7kPa/m)
Lithostatic pressure is the difference between the overburden pressure and the fluid pressure
pob = pl + p f
pob: Overburden pressure
pl : Lithostatic pressure
pf : Fluid pressure
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Plate Tectonics:
The zones of contact between plates are known as boundaries; boundaries can be either continental or oceanic
depending on geographic location and do not necessarily define the earths continents.
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Plate boundaries are either convergent, divergent, or transform depending on the direction of motion of the plates
on either side of the boundary.
Divergent boundaries
Rising liquid mantle emerges at the crust to form spreading centers and new crust
Crust moves AWAY from divergent margins
Mid-ocean ridges (oceanic, e.g., Atlantic Ocean), Rift Zones (continental, e.g., East Africa)
Extensional Stress
Associated with basins (e.g., oceanic basins)
Normal and Transform
faulting
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Convergent boundaries
Oceaniccontinentalconvergence
Continentalcontinentalconvergence
Oceanicoceanicconvergence
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Transform boundaries
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Pattern of magnetic stripes in ocean rock (basalt) on ocean floor that reflect earths magnetic reversals
Nasa Satellite GPS tracking movement of plates
Plates move at average speed of 3cm/yr
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Geologic Time
Geologic time scale:
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Relative dating: Geologists long noted a pattern in the superposition of sedimentary layers and the
mineralogy as well as flora and fauna that occurred in those layers.
Absolute dating: Chemists and Physicists noted that elements decay, some faster than others, but follows
exponential decay function. Noting the number of daughter isotopes and fitting it with the exponential
decay function, the age of the minerals composing different rocks can be calculated. This is known as
radiometric dating and is used to calculate the age of rocks.
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Glossary*:
Absolute time: Specific geologic time in years.
Asthenosphere: Upper mantle earth layer below the lithosphere.
Basalt: Dark, basic, aphanitic, extrusive igneous rock of pyroxene, calcium feldspar, and olivine.
Basement rock: Crustal rocks, usually crystalline (igneous, metamorphic), below the sedimentary section of any
area.
Basin: A low area with no exterior drainage. Often an area of sedimentary deposition: lake basin; marine basin.
Compressive stress: Pressure that pushes material together: operates in opposition toward a common point of
plane.
Continental crust: Crust of silicon and aluminum minerals which underlies continental masses: SIAL.
Convection (mantle): Heat exchange by heating and cooling circulation patterns in the earths mantle.
Core: The solid and liquid center of the earth. It is about 7000km in diameter, composed mostly of iron and nickel,
and has an average specific gravity of approximately10.5.
Crust (earth): The outer shell of the earth comprising oceanic and continental components with a specific gravity
of 2.6-2.65.
Convergent boundary: The leading edge of an advancing continental margin. Usually associated with subduction,
deformation and volcanism.
Daughter product: A nuclide formed by radioactive decay of a parent mineral. May be an isotope of the parent or
a different product.
Deformation: Changing shape by stress application: folding, shearing.
Displacement: Relative movement of two sides of a fault.
Divergent plate boundary: The margin of a crustal plate that moves away from a spreading center: the trailing
edge of a plate.
Eon: The longest geologic time unit: Phanerozoic Eon includes Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
Epoch: A geologic time unit longer than an age and shorter than a period.
Era: A geologic time unit smaller than an eon.
Extrusive: Pertaining to igneous rock which flows or is ejected onto the Earths surface to cool.
Fault: A break in the Earths crust along which there has been movement.
Fauna: Animal population of an area or geologic time increment.
Faunal succession: The evolutionary sequence of fauna through geologic time.
Flora: The plant population of an area or geologic time increment.
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*Link, Peter K., Basic Petroleum Geology, Oil & Gas Consultants international, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1987
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