Campbells

Pathophysiology Notes

Campbells
Pathophysiology Notes

John Campbell
RN (Adult) RN (Mental Health) Dip.N BSc MSc Cert Ed. CNT NT
Senior Lecturer in Nursing Studies, St. Martins College, Carlisle Campus.

CARLISLE

 2006 Lorimer Publications

First published in 2006 by Lorimer Publications
St. Martins College,
Fusehill Street,
Carlisle,
Cumbria,
England,
CA1 2HH
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the
UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the
publisher.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-9553797-0-3

Further copies of this publication can be ordered from:

orders@campbellteaching.co.uk
Further lesson notes may be downloaded from:
www.campbellteaching.co.uk

Contents

Acknowledgements

vii

Introduction to Campbells Pathophysiology Notes

ix

CHAPTER

Nature and Aetiology of Disease

CHAPTER

Neoplasia

17

CHAPTER

Infectious Disease

41

CHAPTER

Disorders of Immunity

55

CHAPTER

Disorders of Arteries

73

CHAPTER

Disorders of Veins

93

CHAPTER

Shock

107

CHAPTER

Haemorrhage

127

CHAPTER

Cardiac Disorders

137

CHAPTER 10

Hypertension

161

CHAPTER 11

Respiratory Disorders

173

CHAPTER 12

Hypoxia

201
v

CHAPTER 13

Nervous System Disorders

221

CHAPTER 14

Endocrine Disorders

255

CHAPTER 15

Diabetes Mellitus

263

CHAPTER 16

Disorders of Blood

281

CHAPTER 17

Gastrointestinal Disorders

305

CHAPTER 18

Disorders of the Liver

329

CHAPTER 19

Disorders of the Gall Bladder

and Bile Ducts

345

CHAPTER 20

Disorders of the Pancreas

351

CHAPTER 21

Genitourinary Disorders

359

CHAPTER 22

Renal Disorders

379

CHAPTER 23

Alterations of Body Temperature

403

CHAPTER 24

Wounds and Healing

419

CHAPTER 25

Fractures

437

CHAPTER 26

Burns

447

CHAPTER 27

Pain

457

Final Thoughts

479

Index

481

vi

Acknowledgements

This book would not have been possible without the technical support I have
generously received from Jonathan Forsyth and Ed Knapper. They have been
responsible for the organisation of the diagrams and text.
I am also very grateful to my proof readers, they have read the text several
times to iron out my many errors in the original writing. These people include
Caroline Dixon, Lindsay Eplett, Anita Beattie, Erica Dunne, Christine
Campbell, Ed Knapper, Barbara Bishop, Jane Bowe.
I have also enjoyed ongoing support and encouragement from my long term
friends and colleagues Cath Boyes, Jean Longrigg, John Houghton and Stephanie
Tobin.
My family, Christine, James and Timothy have been central to all of my
writing and I realise it has meant there were often times when I was not there.

vii

viii

Introduction

Physiology is vital to give us an understanding of the normal functioning of the

body. This knowledge can help us to maintain health in the people we live and
work with. Sometimes however, as a result of trauma, disease or degeneration,
the body fails to function normally. This means that, by definition, the function
has become abnormal. Abnormal body function is termed pathophysiology.
An understanding of normal and abnormal body function is necessary if we are
to understand what treatments are indicated in a particular situation. This
means physiology, pathophysiology and patient management all interlink.
Theory will then inform, and provide rationales for interventions. The focus of
this text is abnormal function, but this must be considered in the context of
physiology and clinical practice. If we understand this linking and
interdependence, we can use our knowledge of theory and practice to directly
benefit patient care.
This book is intended to be a teaching aid for people who want to understand
the causes, pathophysiological changes and clinical features seen in disease
processes. Treatment principles are also discussed and should naturally follow
on from an understanding of the abnormal processes involved. The topics I
have chosen for inclusion in the text are generally those which are most common,
or illustrate general principles of pathophysiology. My hope is that this book
will allow you to understand what is happening to your patients more fully,
and that this knowledge will inform practise. Also I hope it will give you the
necessary basic understanding required to comprehend the more detailed texts
you will need to gain knowledge about the specific disorders you encounter.

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