PAPER

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5.1 The Nucleus of an Atom

5.2 Radioactive decay

5.3 The Uses of Radioisotopes

2
1

5.4 Nuclear Energy

5.5 The lmportance of Proper Management

of Radioactive Substances

ss

The Nucleus of an Atom

r a di

akt

if Akt inium

227

SPM 2009 Question 48

Which diagram shows the structure of the ]Li

89

atom and the composition of its nucleus?

Rajah manakah yang menunjukkan struktur atom
\Li dan komposisi nukleusnya?

/\

I
\

SPM 2014 Question 49

Diagram 35 shows a model of hydrogen atom, H.
Rajah 35 menunjukkan model atom hidrogen, H.

\
lD*--l

\*--l

,-**x

,') ,')
la

./\
*,'--l\lt

z--.-<

i&\

*r,tta

-,, ,,
'.\'.1\r.
\\_.-/ ,J
|n*-/

/,J

/\

//',rrt'

I I

)----t

,/

\r#
\a----'' )

\ \*

\/

Proton
Proton

Electron
Elektron

Neutron
Neutron

r'a

I
I

..
\irr*

##l

SPM 2013 Question 47

Diagram

Key
Kunci

227

D 316

/\l

\ \I

\,/
\
-**--

z---.\

I
I

489
B 138

./\
/ .'-*.-\ \ \,

/**q\

Ac

Number of neutron in the element is

Bilangan neutron dalam elemen ialah

j electron/elektron
AC

Rajah 26

gproton/proton

,n-**\

-227

Diagram26

Key I Petunjuk:
@ neutron/neutron

l/

26 shows a nuclide notation of

--

Protium atom
Atom Protium

Diagram 35
Rajah 35

radioactive element Actinitm-227 .

Rajah 26 menunjukkan notasi nuklid satu unsur

255

Which diagram shows the model for isotope

hydrogen, tritium atom, H?
Rajah manakah yang menunjukkan model bagi
isotop hidrogen, atom tritium, H?
C
A

SPM 2008 Question 49

A
B

C 80g
D 72e

160 g

90g

SPM 2009 Question 49

The initial mass of polonium is 10 g and its halflife is 138 days.
Which graph shows the decay curve of polonium?
Jisim asal polonium l0 g dan setengah hayatnya

a1

{WW

of arsenic is 18 days. A sample

contains a certain amount of arsenic. After 72
days, only 10 g of the arsenic still remains.
What is the initial mass of the arsenics?
Separuh hayat bagi arsenik ialah 18 hari. sampel
mengandungi seiumlah arsenik. Selepas 72 hari,
hanya l0 g arsenik yang masih tinggal.
Berapakah jisim asal arsenik itu?

The half-life

ialah 138 hari.

Radioactive Decay

Graf

SPM 2008 Question 48

4 Diagram 30 shows the radioactive decay series
nucleus R to nucleus V.

manakah

yang menuniukkan lengkuk

reputan bagi polonium?

of

Mass (g)
Jisim (e)

Rajah 30 menuniukkan siri pereputan nukleus R

kepada nukleus Y.
Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon

2t8
2t6

Masa (hari)

Mass (g)
Jisim (g)

21,4

212
210
208
206
81

82 83 84

Proton number
8s

Nornbor proton

Masa (hari)

Diagram 30
Raiah 30
How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in
this process?

Mass (g)
Jisim (g)

Berapakah bilangan zorah alfa dan zarah beta

yang dipancarkan dalam Proses ini?

Number of alpha
particles

Number of beta
particles

Bilangan zarah alfa

Bilangan zaruh beta

Masa (hari)

Mass (g)
Jisim (g)

Masa (hari)

256

SPM 2011 Question 48

The following equation represents beta decay.

Persamaan berikut mewakili pereputan beta.

X---------+Y+o,e

--_

Which of the following is correct about element

Radiation from surroundings

S inaran

dari oersekitaran

<_
<-

Y?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah betul

mengenai unsurY?

Proton number
Nombor proton

Aluminium
Aluminium

Diagram 31
Rajah 3l

Increases by

Bertambah I

Bertombah I

No change

No change

Tidak berubah

Tidak berubah

Increases by

No change

ray?

Tidak berubah

Bahagian lencana manakah yang meniadi gelap

apabila pekerja itu terdedah kepada dos sinar
alfa yang tinggi?

No change

Increases by I

Tidak berubah

Bertambah I

Which part of the badge becomes dark when the

worker has been exposed to a large dose of alpha

AX
BY
CZ

SPM 2011 Question 50

Plumbum

Increases by I

Bertambah I

Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon

Which radioactive detector device is not suitable

to detect gamma ray?
Alat pengesan manakah yang tidak sesuai untuk
mengesan sinar gama?
A Spark counter
Pembilang bunga api
B Geiger-Muller tube

SPM 2012 Question

10

original value after 120 minutes.

Aktiviti sampel X menjadi 6.25% daripada nilai

asal selepas 120 minit.

Tiub Geiger-Muller

49'

The activity of sample X becomes 6.250/o of its

Photographic film

100%

T,,,
T,,,
T,,,. T,,,
+ 50yo > 25Yo ----+ 12.5% ---> 6.25%

Filemfotografi

What is its half-life?

akah s ep aruh h ay atnY a?
A 30 minutes

Cloud chamber
Kebuk qwan

B er ap

SPM 2012 Question 48

Diagram 31 shows a cross-sectional of a radiation

badge worn by a worker in a nuclear power

station.

3l

menunjukkan keratan rentas lencana

yang
dipakai oleh seorang pekeria dalam
sinoran
j
a nukl e ar
as
an
aku
s t es en

Rajah

30
40
40
60
60

minit
minutes

minit
minutes

minit

120 minutes
120 minit

257

SPM 2013 Question 48

11

25 % of Gallium-65 atoms have decayed after 15

minutes.
What is the half-life of Gallium-65?

Radioactive

Half-Iife

Radiation

sample
Sampel

Separuh

emission
Pancaran

radioaktif

25 % daripada atom Galium-65 telah mereput

selepas 15 minit.
Apakah separuh hayat bagi Galium-65?

A
B

30.0
30.0
23.4
23.4

rninutes

minit

a
R

D 7.5 minutes

minit

7.5 minit
S

SPM 2013 Question 49

12 Diagram 27 shows the equation for the decaying
of nucleus X.
Rajah 27 menunjukkan persamaon bagi pereputan
nukleus X.

226
---+ ^^Ra
882

radiasi
5 hours
5

jam

10 days

B-particles

l0 hari

Zarah-p

20 seconds
20 saat

y -ray

Table 2

Which sample is most suitable to detect leakage

in underground water pipes?

Sampel manakah yang paling sesuai untuk

mengesan kebocoran dalam paip air bawah

+ He + Energy

tanah?

Ba

"';;':rr|',
What is the number of protons and neutrons for
nucleus X?
Berapakah bilangan proton dan neutron dalam
nukleus X?

86

t40

86

230

90

t40

90

230

shows the information

of

radioactive

samples P, Q, R and S.

menunjukkan maklumat bagi sampel

Radioactive

Half-life

sample
Sampel

Separuh
hayat

radioaktif
30 minutes
30 minit

particle

o particle

Zarah a
Energy

radioaktifP, Q RdanS.

The following equation shows'the nuclear fission

What is X?
Apakah X?
A B particle

SPM 2013 Question 50

Jadual

SPM 2OO8 Question 50

14

"rlu * 6, -- 'llsu *?Zx, + 3[n + X

The Uses of Radioisotopes

Nuctear Energy

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan pembelahan

nukleus bagi2l:2u.

Neutrons
Neutron

Tabte

ftll

CR

DS

otzllu.
Protons
Proton

13

Sinar- y

Jadual2

AP

]f,l

B-particles

Zarah-B

15.0 minutes
15.0 minit

minutes

hayat

knaga
y-ray
Sinar y

SPM 2009 Question 50

Radiation

L5 A large amount of energy is released when two

emission

light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus.

What is the name of this process?
Jumlah tenaga yang besar dibebaskan semaso
dua nukleus ringan bergabung membentuk satu
nukleus yang berat.
Apakah nama proses ini?

Pancaran
radiasi
y -ray
Sinar- y

258

Chain reaction
Tindak balas berantai

Nuclear reaction
Tindak balas nuklear
Nuclear fission

SPM 2010 Question 50

When a sample of Radium-226 decays, the energy
released is 7.81 X 10-31 J.
What is the mass defect?
Apabila satu sampel Radium-226 mereput, tenaga
yang dibebaskan ialah 7.81 x lOrt J.

18

Pembelahon nukleus

SPM 2010 Question 48

16 The process of combining two lighter nuclei to
form a heavier nucleus is known as
Proses menggabungkan dua nukleus yang ringan
untuk membentuk satu nukleus yang lebih berat
dikenali sebagai
A nuclear fusion
pelakuran nuklear
B nuclear fission
pembelahan nukleus
C chain reaction
tindak balas berantai
SPM 2010 Question 49

17

Berapakah cacat jisim?

A 8.68 X 10ao kg
B 2.60 x 10'21 kg
C 3.84 x 1020 kg
D 1.15 X 102e kg

Nuclear fusion
Pelakuran nuklear

Diagram 38 shows the beginning

SPM 2011 Question 49

equation represents a nuclear

fusion.
]H + ]H --+ lHe + fn + energy
The mass defect from the reaction is 0.018863 u.
What is the energy released in the reactlon?
P ers amaan b erikut mew akili p el akur an nukl eus .
]H + ]H -+ lHe + fn + tenaga
Cacat jisim daripada tindak balas itu ialah

19 The following

0.018863 u.

Berapakah tenaga yang dibebaskan

of a chain

reaction.

[1

Rajah 38 menuniukkan permulaan suatu tindak

u:

A
B
c
D

balas berantai.

N;;;*ffi

1.66

10-27

9.39
2.82
5.66

X
X

106

1.70

101s

kg;

c:3.0 X 108 m s-1]

l0-2t
10-12

'

SPM 2012 Question 50

20

238.,
gzu

'31x.

The following equation shows a decay process of

rudium-226. The mass defect is 0.005229 u.
Persamoan berikut menuniukkan proses reputan
bagi radium-226. Cacatiisim ialah 0.005229 u.

Diagram 38
Rajah 38

+
'33nu ---->'33nn

Tindak balas berantai berlaku kerana

A U is highly radioactive
U mempunyai sifat keradioaktfanyang tinggi
B the two nuclei Sr and Xe are still radioactive

c
D

kedua-dua nukleus Sr dan Xe masih bersifat

radioaktif

C the number of neutrons released

lue

What is energy released?

Berapakah tenaga yang dibebaskanT
[1 u: 1.66 x 10-27 kg; c:3.00 X 108 m s-']
A 2.60 X l0-2t J
B 7.81 X 10-t3 J

A chain reaction takes place because

semasa

tindok balas ilu?

1.57

106 J

4.77

10'4 J

is
SPM 2014 Question 48

continuously multiplying as time increases

bilangan neutron berganda secara berterusan
dengan pertambahan mas a
the energy released during the nuclear reaction
is very high
tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas
nuklear adalah sangat tinggi

2l

259

Nuclear fusion is
P elakuran nuklear adalah
A a loss of mass in nuclear reaction
kehilangan jisim dalam tindak balas nuklear
B a loss of energy in nuclear reaction
kehilangan tenaga dalam tindak balas nuklear

the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a

heavier nucleus

lighter nuclei
pembelahan satu nukleus berat kepada dua
nukleus lebih ringan

penggabungan dua nukleus ringan untuk

membentuk satu nukleus lebih berat

Gffi
,

the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two

The lmportance of Proper Management of Radioactive Substances

SPM 2014 Question 50

Which is correct about the category of radioactive waste?
Manakah yqng betul mengenai kategori sisa radioaktif

22

Radioactive waste
Sisa

radioaktif

Half-Iife

High level
Aras tinggi

Long
Panjang

Hospitals, laboratories and industries

Hospital, malcrnal dan industri

Low level
Aras rendah

Long
Panjang

Used fuel rods or liquid waste from fuel

reprocessing
Sisa rod bahan api atau sisa cecair daripada
pemprosesan semula bahan api

High level
Aras tinggi

Short
Pendek

Used fuel rods or liquid waste from fuel

reprocessing
Sisa rod bahan api atau sisa cecair daripoda
pemprosesan semula bahan api

Low level
Aras rendah

'Pendek

Source
Punca

Setengah hayat

Short

Hospitals, laboratories and industries

Hospital, makmal don industri

260

PAPER 2

N U M B ER, O

SUBT.oPIC

20fl9

2008
A

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5.1 The Nucleus of an Atom

20'10

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5.2 Radioactive decay

.)

5.3 The Uses of Radioisotopes

2
3

5.4 Nuclear Energy

;
4

1_

5.5 The lmportance of Proper

1

Management of Radioactive
Substances

,,

i Secfi

ffi

on

F!3**
{,

negative

[?,&

negatif

The Nucteus of an Atom

ll

SPM 2009 Question 1

Table 1 shou's the number of protons, the number
of neutrons and the nucleon number of three
isotopes of h1'drogen.
Jadttal 7 menunjukkan bilangan proton, bilangan
neutron dan nombor nukleon bagi tiga isotop
bagi hidrogert.

Number of
protons
Isotop bagi Bilangan
proton
hidrogen
hydrogen

lotonz

ll
(c')

iH

markl

markah)

Based on Table 1, state the value of

Berdasarkan Jadual l, nyatakan nilai bagi

(ii) x:
marksl
markahl

12
12

ll

(i) A:

Number of Nucleon
neutrons
number
Bilangan
Nombor
neutron
nukleon

iH

mark)
markahl

(b) What is the meaning of isotopes?

{pakah maksud

Isotope of

ll

SPM 2014 Quesfion 6

3H

Table

f)iagram

6.1

shows the nuclide notation of an

element.
1

Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan simbol nuklid untuk satu

(a) complete tn!1*r!*'rng

(/)

Nucleon number
Nombrtr nukleon

sentence by ticking

the correct word.

Lengkap kan ayat berikut dengan menandakan
(/) perkataan 1,ang betul.
The charge of a proton is

Proton number

tx

Nombor proton

Cos satu proton ialah

positive

Diagram 6.1
Rajah 6.1

L--__l positif

261

Symbol

of

element

Simhol unsur

Table 6.1 shows equations of the decay process of

radioisotopes uranium and radium.
Jadual6.l menunjukkan persqmaan untuk proses
pereputan radioisotop uranium dan radium.
z3frtJ

'ttnu

in 6(b) and 6(c),

complete the sentence below.

Berdasarkan jawapan dalam 6(b) dan 6(c),
lengkapkan ayat di bawah.
When
decay occurs, the
nucleon number decreases by

----+zllrh + lHe + Energy I Tenaga

-+'??n"

Based on the answers

the proton number

+ ltle + Energy I Tbnaga

decreases

Apabila berlalcu pereputan

nombor

nukleon

Table 6.1

berlrurang

sebanyak

(a) What is the meaning of radioisotope?

Apakah yang dimalcsudkan

ll

dengan

ll

ll

mark)
markah)

mark)
markahl

alpha particle.

Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu radioisotop

yang mengeluarkan zarah alfa.

equations in Table 6.1,

calculate the difference of nucleon number

By using both
between:

a p ers

Radioisotope
Radioisotop

amaan

l=

dalam Jadual 6.1, hitung perbezaan nombor

nukleon ontara
(i) Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.
Uranium, U dan Thorium, Th.
ll mark)
. I markah]

(ii)

(") Diagram 6.2 shows a radioisotop which emits

radioisotop?

D engan menggunctkan kedu a- du

sebanyak

nombor proton berhtrang

Jadual6.1

(b)

by

*-,--

Metal plate

l=

Plat logam

Path of alpha

particle
Lintasan zarah

Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.

. Radium, Ra dan Rodon, Rn.

aAa

l1 mark)

ll
(c)

markah)

Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2

equations in Table 6.1,

calculate the difference of proton number

By using both

(i)

dalam Jadual6.l, hitung perbezaan nombor

proton antara

(i)

Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.

(Jranium, U dan Thorium, Th.

ll
(ii)

InDiagram 6.2,complete thepath ofthe

alpha particle when it enters the region
between the two metal plates.
Dalam Rajah 6.2, lengHapkan lintasan
zarah alfa apabila memasuki kawasan
antara dua plat logam.

between:
D engan menggun okan kedua- du a p ers amaan

ll

markl
markahl

(ii)

ll

ll

mark)
markahl

Give one reason for your answer in

6(cXi).

Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.

Radium, Ra dan Radon, Rn.

Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di

6(cXi).

ll

ll

markl
markahl

l1 markl
l1 markah)

262

]f|

Radioactive Decay

SPM 2010 Quesfion 3

Diagram 3 shows the activity-time graph of radioisotope Potassium-42. This radioisotope emits beta particles
and is used as atracer to measure the quantity of salt in human body.
Raiah 3 menunjukkan graf keaktifan-masa bagi radioisotop Kalium-42. Radioisotop ini memancarkan zarah
beta dan digunakan sebagai penyurih untuk mengukur kandungan garam dolam badan manusia.

Activity (counts per second)

Keahifan (Bilangan per saat)

Time (hour)
Masa (jam)

Diagram 3
Rajah 3

(a)

(b)

State one characteristic of beta particles.

Nyatakan satu sifat zarah beta.
lI markl
ll markahl

Berdasarkan separuh hayat

ittt,

sebagai penyurih.

ll

Based on Diagram 3, determine the half-life

of Potassium-42.
Show on the graph how you determine the
half-life of Potas si um-42.

Berdasarkan Rajah

3,

nyatakan

mengapa Kalium-42 sesuai digunakan

ll

mark)
markah)

(d) Calculate the time taken for radioisotope

Potassium -42 to reduce to ! of its initial
activity.

tentukan separuh

hayat Kalium-42.

Hitung masa yang diombil bagi radioisotop

Tunjukkan pada graf bagaimana anda

menentukan seporuh hayat bagi Kalium-42.
Half-life of Potassium-42: .........hours
Separuh-hayat bagi Kalium-42: ......... jam

Kalium-42 berkurang menjadi

keaktifan.osalnya.

daripada
12

marks)

12 markahl

l2 marksl
12

(c)

markahl

SPM 2011 Question 3

Iodine- 13 I is a radioisotope of iodine.

Based on the half-life, state why Potassium-42

is suitable to be used as the tracer.

radioisotope sample that contains 200

Iodine-131 undergoes a decay process.

263

g of

(a) Based on the equation, X is the

The half-life of Iodine-131 is 8 days.

Iodin-l3l adalah satu radioisotop bagi iodin.

Suatu sampel radioisotop yang mengandungi
200 g lodin-131 mengalami proses reputan.
Setengah-hayat lodin-l3l adalah t hari.

(r)

number of Helium.
Berdasarkan persamaan,
nukleon bagi Helium.

nucleon

ialah nombor

(i) What is the meaning of

What is the meaning half-life?

nucleon

number?
Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Ap okah malrs ud s et engah- hay at ?

ll
11

mark)
markahl

ll

markl
markahl

ll
(ii)

(b) Give one reason why Iodine-l3l undergoes a

Determine the value of X.

Tentukan nilai X.

decay process.

Beri satu sebab mengapa lodin-l3l

mengalami pros

es p

ll

fi

markl
markah)

(b)

(i)

(c)

(ii)

Calculate the mass of Iodine-l3l after

32 days.
Hitung jisim lodin-131 selepas 32 hari.
12 marksl
12 markahl
On Diagram 3, sketch a graph to show the
decay process of Iodine-l 3 l.
Pada Rajah 3, lakar graf untuk
menunj ukkan pros es reputan

ll

markl
markahl

ll

ereputan.

State the type of the nuclear reaction.

Nyatakan jenis tindak balas nukleor itu.
ll marlcl

lI
(c)

lodin-|3 l.

markahl

The nuclear reaction releases a large amount

of energy due to mass defect.
Table 4 shows the mass of each nuclide stated
in atomic mass unit, u.
Tindak b alas nuklear- ters ebut memb ebas kan
jumlah tenaga yang besar disebabkon oleh

jisim

cacat

4 menunjukkan jisim setiap nuklid

dalam unit jisim atom, v.

Mass (g)
Jisim (g)

Jadual

200

Nuclide

Atomic Mass Unit (u)

Nuklid

Unit Jisim Atom

?H

2.0r4T0

1H.

3.01603

jn

1.00867

Time (days)
Masa (hari)

Diagram 3
Rajah 3

lu:

marksl
markahl
12

.66

10ai kg,

speedoflight :

12

108ms-r

kelajuan cahaya
Table 4

ftft

The Uses of Radioisotopes

(i)

Hitung cacat jisim

SPM 2013 Question 4

5 A nuclear reaction is represented by the following
equation:
S atu t in d ak b al a s nukl e ar d iw akil i o I eh p er s am aan

marksl
markahl

12
12

(ii) Calculate the energy released

berikut:

'rH + lru +IHe

Jadual 4
Calculate the mass defect

Hitung tenaga yang dibebaskan

+ j n + Energy

12
12

264

marks)

markahf

ffi

Nuclear Energy

SPM 2012 Question 3

,M

wBi&
wb,ffiy

Section

ffi

The equation below represents a radioactive

decay which occurs spontaneously.

The Uses of Radioisotopes

SPM 2009 Question 10

Diagram l0.l and Diagram 10.2 show the rate of
decay of radioactive Xenon-133 and Iodine-131.

Persamaan di bawah mewakili satu reputan

radioaktif yarug berlaku s ecara spontan.

Rajah

'3[nu ------> '33n" +;He

(o)

l0.l dan Rajah

Name the type of the radiation decay.

l{amakan jenis reputon radioaktif itu.

10.2 masing-masing

kadar penyusutan radioaktif

menunjukkan

Xenon-133 dan lodin-131.

Activity (counts per minute)
Aktiviti (bilangan per minit)

ll

markl
l1 markahl

2 000

(b) Why does the radioactive decay occur?

Mengapakah reputan radioaktif tersebut

berlaku?

ll

ll
(r)

marlcl

markahl

Table 3 shows the atomic mass unit (u)

of

three elements.

Time (minute)

Jadual 3 menunjukkan unit jisim atom (u)

10

15

20

Masa (minit)

bagi tiga elemen.

Diagram 10.1

Element

Atomic Mass Unit (u)

Elemen

Unit Jisim Atom (u)

Radium

'33Ru

226.025

Radon

2??Rn

222.018

Rajah

l0.l

Activity (counts per minute)

Aktiviti (bilangan per minit)
2 000

Helium

E6

1 500

4.003

1H.

Additional Information

1 000

500

Maklumat Tambahan:
0

I u:1.66 x

32 Time (minute)

Diagram 10.2

Table 3

Rajah 10.2

(a) (i)

Determine the mass defect in kg.

Wffi

Tbntukan cacat jisim dalamkg.

12 marksl
l2 markahl

(ii)

24

Masa (minit)

Jadual

(i)

16

10-27kg

decay?
Ap akah maks u d p enyus ut an r adio akt

ifr

l1 marlcl

ll

Calculate the energy released form

markahl

(ii) Based on Diagram 10.1 and Diagram

10.2, compare the shape of the graphs,
the way the activity changes with time
and the time taken for the activity to

radioactive decay.

Hitung tenaga yang terbebas daripada

reputan radioaktif.
marksl
markahl

12
12

What is the meaning of radioactive

become half of the original activity.

265

Name the time for the activity to become

half of the original activity.
Berdasarkan Rajah I0.l dan Rajah 10.2,

bandingkan bentuk graf, cara aktiviti

berubah mengikut masa dan masayang
diambil untuk aktiviti menjadi separuh
daripada aktiviti asal.

ffi

tmportance of Proper Management of

ioactive Substances

Rad

SPM 2008 Question 10

Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the

deflection of a radioactive emission in an electric
field.

Rajah 10.1 dan Rajah 10.2

Namakan masa untuk aktiviti menjadi

separuh daripada aktiviti asal.
15 marksl
15 markah)

Sumber radioakt

alpha particles
not suitable for use as atracer in medicine?

Pancaran radioaktif

if

Jr

Mengapakah isotop yang memancarkan

zarah alfa tidak sesuai digunakan sebagai
penyurih dalam bidang perubatan?

Plat logam

marksl
14 markahl
14

]f,|

Diagram 10.1

Rajah

Radiotherapy is used in the treatment of

cancer. The radioactive ray used can cause
side effects to the patient.

Radioactive source
Sumber radioaktif

Using the knowledge about radioactivity,

explain the steps taken to reduce the side
effects. In your explanation, emphasize the
Radioterapi digunakan untuk merawat
kanser Sinoran radioaktif yang digunakan
boleh menghasilkan kesan sampingan
tentang
keradioaktifan, terangkan langkah-langkah

(a)

kepada aspek-aspek berikut :

(i) The type of ray used.
Jenis sinaran yang digunakan.

How the radioactive radiation is targeted

VLT

s000v

Rajah 10.2

yang perlu diambil untuk mengurangkan

(ii)

EHT

Diagram 10.2

Menggunakan pengetahuan

penerongqn anda, berikan penekanan

Radioactive emission
Pancaran radioaktif

Plat logam

kepada pesakit.

Dalam

l0.l

aspects of:

kesan sampingan tersebut.

What is the meaning of radioactivity?

Apakah maksud keradioaktrfrn?

ll

ll
(b)

marlc\

markahl

Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

Menggunakan Rajah lO.l dan Rajah 10.2,

(i)

on the cancer cells.

state the charge

of the radioactive

emission,
nyatakan cas poncaran radioaktif itu,

Bagaimana pancaron radioaktif

ll

mark)
markahl

disasarkan ke atas sel kanser.

(iii)

dalam

Radioactive emission

(b) Why is an isotope that emits

(r)

di

suatu medan elektrik.

Radioactive source

menunjukkan

pesongan sotu pancaran radioaktif

lI
The dosage of the ray required.
Dos sinaran yang diperlukan.

(ii)

(iv) The time of the ray exposure.

Maso pendedahan kepada sinar

ll0 marks)
ll0 morkahl

compare the voltage of the EHT and the

deflection of the radioactive emission.
bandingkan voltan VLT dengan
p e s on gan p an c ar an r adi o aktif.

marksl
markahl

12
12

266

(c)

State the relationship between

Nyatakan hubungan antara
(i) the voltage of the EHT and the strength
of the electric fleld between the plates,

YW

dengan kekuatan medan

elektrik di antara plat,

voltan

ll
(ii)

ll

markl

markah)

the strength of the electric field between

the plated and the deflection of the

Diagram 10.4

Rajah 10.4

radioactive emission.
kekuatan medan elektrik di antara plat
d en g an p e s ongon p anc ar an r adi o akt if.
ll mark)
ll markahl

(d) Diagram 10.3 showS a type of

ftf!

The method shown is not safe. Suggest and

explain:

Kaedah yang ditunjukkon adalah tidak

selamat. Cadang dan terangkan:
(D The equipment to be used in handling a
radioactive source.

nuclear

Peralatan yang digunakan dalam

reaction.

Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan seienis tindak balas

nuklear

235y
92

umb

er r adi o akt if.

ffi

(iD

"ot@r'

t.

mCI*

ffi

ftmr

source.

Pengubahsuaian

penyimpanan

12
12

(iii)

ll

ll

Other precautions that need to be taken

when handling a radioactive source.
Langkah berjaga-jaga lain yang perlu

markl

marksl
markahl
12
12

markah)

i Section

produced from the nuclear reaction in

Diagram 10.3.
krangkan bagaimana tenaga nuklear

1....._....................._.............

f!|

dihasilkan daripada tindak balas

nuklear seperti dituniukkan dalam

.......-.,....,.,,..,..

Nuclear Energy

SPM 2011 Question 12

9 (o) Diagram l2.l shows two type of tracks

j[!
formed in a cloud chamber. The tracks are

10.3.

ll

marksl

markah)

diambil semosa mengendalikan sumber

radioaktif,

(ii) Explain how nuclear energy is

(e) Diagram 10.4 shows how a

cara

untuk memas t ikan p eny imp anan s umb er

radioaktif adalah s elamat.

Y\

\on

Modilcations to the storing method to

ensure safe keeping of the radioactive

Name this type of nuclear reaction.

Namakan jenis tindak balas nuklear ini.

Rajah

marks)

12 markahl

Rajah 10.3

Gm

12

Diagram 10.3

(i)

d al ikan

l7

(((,rDa
0n

m en g en

ll

markl
markahl

formed due to the radiation from radioisotope.

l2.l

menuniukkan dua jenis runut

yang terbentuk dalam kebuk awan. Runutrunut itu terbentuk disebabkan sinaran
daripada radioisotop.

Rajah

radioactive

source is handled by a student.

Rajah 10.4 menunjukkan bagaimana sumber

radioaktif dikendalikan oleh seorang murid.
267

(ii)

Name the radiation that causes the

tracks in cloud chamber

M and cloud

chamber N.

Namakan sinaran yang menyebabkan

runut-runut dalam kebuk awan M dan
kebuk awanN.
12

marlcsl

12 markahl

(iii)

Diagram 12.1

Rajah

(i)

l2.l

Explain the answer in 12(a)(ii).

Tbrangkan jawapan di l2(a)(i1).
marksl
markahl
12
12

What is the meaning of radioisotope?

Ap akah malrs ud radio

is o t op ?

ll

markl
markahl
l1

(b)

Radioisotope is used as a tracer to determine to determine the rate of absorption of fertilisers by plants.
You are required to investigate the characteristics of radioisotope as shown in Table 12.
Radioisotop digunakan sebagai penyurih untuk menentukan kadar penyerapan baja oleh tumbuhan.
Anda dikehendaki untuk menyisasat ciri-ciri radioisotop seperti ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 12.

Half-life of
Radioisotope
Radioisotop

x
Y

State of matter
Keadaan

jirim

radioisotope

TYpe of ray

Type of detector

Setengah-hayat
radioisotop

Jenis sinaran

,fenis pengesan

Gamma
Gama

Spark counter
Pembilang bunga api

2 tahun

Beta
Beta

Pembilang bunga api

Liquid

14 days

Beta

G-M tube

Cecair

14

hari

Beta

Tiub G-M

Solid
Pepejal

20 years
20 tahun

Gamma
Gama

G-M tube

Solid
Pepejal

5 minutes

Liquid

2 years

Cecair

minit

Table

12

Jadual

12

Spark counter

Tiub G-M
;

Explain the suitability of each characterisitic of the radioisotope to be used as a tracer.

Determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used to detect the rate of absorption of fertilisers by
plants.

Give reasons for your choice.

Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri radioisotop untuk digunakan sebagai penyurih.
Tbntukan radioisotop yang paling sesuai yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baia
oleh tumbuhan.
Beri sebab-sebab untuk pilihan anda.

]A
lI0
268

marksl
markahl

(c) A

ftfi!
'

nuclear reaction
foilowing equation:

is represenled by

: et.e26t u
: 1.00867 u
l, :1.56

the

3?rr

Satu tindok balas nuklear diwakili oleh

"rlv * lo * 'tlsu*?|rr+ rln

"rtrv

* |r -- 'lLsu*ZZIk+

Mass

3[n + Tenaga

cacat

(iD

of

:
:

10a7kg

Based on the equation, calculate

Berdasarkan persamaan itu, hitung
(i) the mass defect,
12 marlcsl

+ Energy

jisim,

the energy

235.04392 u

t4o.9t44t u

269

12

released.

tenagayang

Jisim bagi:

"nlu
'llsu

1u

persamaan berikut:

markah)

13 marlcs)

dibebasknn t3 markahf