Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 41 (2016) 723 728
Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras
26500, Greece
b
Department of Aeronautical Studies, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Dekelia Air-Force Base, TGA 1010 Athens, Greece
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 2610 997262; fax: +30 2610 997744. E-mail address: xrisol@lms.mech.upatras.gr.
Abstract
Manufacturing systems utilize data communications in order to monitor and control signals to be communicated either between the
process and the controller or within the Manufacturing Execution System (MES), in general. Such communications, mostly
wireless, which are usually studied in the framework of Networked Control Systems (NCS), have certain effects on the control
performance. The current study deals with the modeling of such a production subsystem as a NCS and with pointing out the main
aspects, namely delay in the signals due to queuing, packets loss due to routing and corresponding protocols, or even measurements
distortion under additive channel noise.
2015
2015 The
TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Publishedby
byElsevier
ElsevierB.V.
B.V.
1. Introduction
Both control and monitoring are applied to
manufacturing processes achieving a better performance,
especially in terms of cycle time [1] and energy
consumption [2]. However, modern manufacturing
systems require more complicated loop schemes (Figure
1), since remote control techniques are adopted [3, 4].
Networked control may seem to be the solution to the
remote control of manufacturing; however, according to
the specifications dictated by the networked control [58], there is inevitable intervention in the control scheme
and as a result, the performance of the controller is
affected [5]. It is then, a matter of the controllers design
to add robustness with respect to communication and
networks configurations. Regarding the technical details
of data communications, a review of the industrial
networks structure is presented in [9]. This offers a
qualitative overview of the communications complexity.
A fact that has to be pointed out is the communication
through wireless ad-hoc networks [10] and the
controlling of routing or the topology.
2212-8271 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of 48th CIRP Conference on MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS - CIRP CMS 2015
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.041
724
G (z)
0.75
,
0.75 z 1
(1)
1
3. Delays Effect
725
726
5. Measurement Distortion
Measurement or control signal distortion is another
case of network-related devices introducing performance
deterioration. A specific case is the quantization of the
corresponding signal. This is shown in Figure 11, where
a quantizer with quantization intervals, equal to 0.125,
has been used to change the control signal. The unitary
delay in the feedback branch has been added for
solvability reasons.
The corresponding response is shown in Figure 12,
proving to be better than that in the other two cases.
Only a small-scale oscillation has been added to the
signal. Nevertheless, the systems output does not seem
to converge to the desired value, indicating a lack of
damping in its behavior.
Apart from quantization, signal distortion may also
occur due to communication errors. The link between
quantization and channels noise, however, can be the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). According to the data
communications theory [23], the SNR in dB, due to
quantization (also known as SQNR), is estimated by the
following formula:
SQNR | 6.02 N
where N is the number of quantization bits.
Fig.10. Response of closed system with packets drop-out (Figure 8)
(2)
727
1.4
Performance
Indicators
1.2
step responses
0.8
0.6
0.4
target
closed - SNR=120dB
closed - SNR=60dB
closed - SNR=20dB
0.2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
time [sec]
0.02
0.025
17
49
(-)59
69
Performance
Indicators
R
S%
Performance
Indicators
R
S%
728
Acknowledgements
The work reported in this paper was partially
supported by EU Project "Multimodal spectrAl control
of laSer processing with cognitivE abilities - MAShES",
under Grant agreement no: 637081.
References
[1] Chryssolouris, G., 2006. Manufacturing Systems: Theory and
Practice. 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York.
[2] Paralikas, J, Salonitis, K, Chryssolouris, G., 2008. Robust
optimization of the energy efficiency of the cold roll forming process.
IJAMT, Volume 69, Issue 1-4, pp 461-481.
[3] Michalos, G, Kaltsoukalas, K, Aivaliotis, P, Sipsas, P, Sardelis, A,
Chryssolouris, G., 2014. Design and simulation of assembly systems
with mobile robots. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, Volume
63, Issue 1, Pages 181184.
[4] Larreina, J., Gontarz, A., Giannoulis, C., Nguyen, V.K.,
Stavropoulos, P., Sinceri, B., 2013. Smart Manufacturing Execution
System (SMES): The Possibilities of Evaluating the Sustainability of a
Production Process. (GCSM) 11th Global Conference on Sustainable
Manufacturing, Berlin, Germany, pp. 517-522.