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Foam Cells
Cholesterol cleft
Fibrosis
Artery wall
(Atherosclerosis, x4 mag)
Arteriosclerotic is a vascular disease is a condition where an artery wall thickens as a result of the
accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is a syndrome affecting arterial blood
vessels, a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, caused largely by the
accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins. The
pathogenesis of atheroma is believed to be damage to the endothelium which allows entry of low
density lipoprotein into the tunica intima. After a large amounts of accumulation, a foam cell can
be seen. These cells secrete collagen when the plaque starts to become necrotic and attracts more
macrophages. As the lesion develops, the increased secretion of collagen forms a dense fibrous
cap to the plaque which hardens it.
Microscopically, we can see in this slide there is an atherosclerotic plague which has grown on the
left side of the artery which reduces the width of the lumen. We can also observe some formatio n
of foam cells inside the plague with cholesterol cleft. There is also formation of fibrosis besides
the original artery wall.
Myocardial Infarction.
Granulation Tissue
Polymorphonuclear
neutrophils
either of the nonreperfusion type, in which case the obstruction to blood flow is permanent, or of
the reperfusion type, in which the obstruction or lack of blood flow is long enough in duration but
is reversed or restored after myocardial cell death occurs.
Microscopically, we can observe some infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the lower
right side we can observe a formation of extensive granulation tissue and no indication of any
collagen and fibrous tissue formation indicating that this is an early acute healed myocardia l
infarction.
Necrotic Tissue
Fibrous Tissue
Granulation Tissue
Compared to acute myocardial infarction, a chronic myocardial infarction usually after 3 to 4 days
old has a repeated cycles of granulation tissue formation during the healing process which results
in collagen and fibrous tissue formation over the healed areas of infarction.
Microscopically, we can observe there is a loss of myocardial fibers in the granulation tissue and
replacement of fibrous tissue. There is also infiltration of PMN leukocytes and some necrosis of
myocardial cells where there are no observable nuclei.
Cirrhosis of liver
Fibrous Band
Lipid vacuole
Regenerative Nodule
(Alcoholic liver disease, x4mag)
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue.
Excessive and chronic alcohol consumption is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis. In
micronodular cirrhosis, the regenerating nodules are small under 3mm. Micronodular cirrhosis is
seen along with moderate fatty liver change. This is because the regenerative nodule is surrounded
by fibrous connective tissue extending between portal regions. The numerous tiny fat vesicles
require fat staining to be properly seen.
Microscopically, we can observe that the regenerative nodule is filled with numerous small lipid
vacuole and the nodule is surrounded by fibrous band. The regenerative nodule is also small in
size, less than 3mm which classified as micronodular cirrhosis.
Fibrous Band
Regenerative Nodule
Inflammatory cells
regenerative nodule we observe in the slide is large and can classified as macronodular cirrhosis if
more than 3mm is size.
above the slide but more towards the shape of lung cancer cells. We can also observe the nuclei is
highly chromatic and deeply stained. There is also a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio on these cells
where there is little observable cytoplasm on these cells.
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Neoplastic cells
Neoplastic cells
References
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What
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Nhs.uk. (2016). Alcohol-related
liver
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/liver_disease_(alcoholic)/Pages/Introduction.aspx
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at:
[Accessed
Apr. 2016].
Nhs.uk.
(2016).
Hepatitis
NHS
Choices.
[online]
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