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GesellschaftfrInternationaleZusammenarbeit GmbH
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Proklimaworldwide
HC-290 has been used in portable AC for many years, several companies
are producing them.
HC-290 used in split AC for many years on a limited scale but now some
companies are developing and producing them on a larger scale.
Both HC-290 and HC-1270 are used for AC from a number ofchiller
manufacturers in Europe and some countries in other regions.
R-717 is used fairly widely for process refrigeration, food storage facilities and
air conditioning.
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a billion
metric tons of carbon
dioxide per year.
efficiency of air-conditioning
equipment improved by
almost 30 percent
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The USA currently uses more energy for air-conditioning than all other
countries combined
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13/09/2013
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Potential AC demand
Mitigation of DirectEmissions:
Stationary AC hasmostsignificantpotential
LABEL PLACEMENT
Compliance Process
Window AC
4.0
Split AC (Indoor)
Gt CO2eq
3.0
2.0
Foam
Stationary AC
Industrial refrigeration
Refrigerated transport
Commercial refrigeration
1.0
0.0
Domestic refrigeration
Mobile AC
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Market data&analyses
VRF-system
0.9% Movables Window/Through
-The-Wall
1.0%
12.9%
Single-Packaged
1.5%
Indoor Packaged
[commercial]
0.1%
Packaged
Terminal AC
0.4%
SplitSystems
82.1%
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Market data&analyses
Absorption
9.6%
Centrifugal
25.0%
Reciprocating,
Screw, Scroll
65.5%
Total:US-$ 8.42Bio.
(JARN, 2012)
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Viable currently/in
short-term
n
f
Not viable due to cost,
safety or performance
limitations
system and
application
characteristics
NOTE: Viability
proportions are
approximate; they will
always be subject to
engineering
interpretation
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Page 13
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Unitary AC
Gree, China &Godrej, India
GWP 1810
GWP 3
0.30
mean (measurement)
model
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
vs.
Risk lower by
factor of >100
1/10,000
1.E-04
0.04
mean
0.25
Concentration (kg/m3)
mean (model)
0.03
0.02
1/1,000,000
1.E-06
0.01
0.00
50
Time (s)
100
150
100
200
Time (s)
150 g from
refrigerator gives
higher concentration
than 400 g from AC
300
400
1/100,000,000
1.E-08
1/10,000,000,000
1.E-10
pu
f
bli c
ire
frid
C
r
RA
eze
t
i
e
l
r
/f
sp
ge
Page 16
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Chillers
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Energy consumption:
Chillers
Controlled area
(authorised
access)
Outside, lots
of ventilation
Individual
chiller modules
(small charge
per circuit)
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Page 21
Liu, 2007
Li et al, 2010
Yan, 1999
20
Xu et al, 2011
Wu et al, 2012
10
[kt CO2eq]
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Without measures
2025
2030
2035
With measures
2040
2045
2050
Additional
measures
(Leakage, recovery,
Training etc.)
Bans
POM
Stepwise quota
reduction 2015-2030
(phase-down to 21% of today)
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13/09/2013
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Closing
the gap
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Manytechnologiesarealreadywidelyapplied in
developed countries
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CFC/
HCFC
HFC
HFC/
HFO NH3
CO2
Ozone Depletion
High GWP
Persistentwastes
Depletable Resources
Recycling
Safety issues
Energy efficiency
Themainbarrieris to
addressflammabilityissu
e of HC.
Costs
IPR
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HC
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