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PROJECT REPORT
ON
(ii)
ABSTRACT
Our endeavour behind this project is to analyse present day condition of Indian automobile
industry and its standard and by keeping the current information in mind introduce a concept
vehicle that can not only enhance the present standard of safety and comfort in Indian
automobiles but also tackle the nightmare of pollution and shortage of fuel as well . The
AntiCollision device is a detection device meant to be incorporated into vehicles for the
purpose of safety. As opposed to the anticollision devices present in the market today, this
system is not designed to control the vehicle. Instead, it serves as an alert in the face of
imminent collision. The device is made up of an infrared transmitter and receiver. The device
works by sending out streams of infrared radiation and alerts when any obstacle is present
within specific range or safe distance , to take the necessary precaution to avert a collision.
The device would still alert once by an alarm even though it is not receiving infrared beams
from the oncoming vehicle. This is due to reflection of its own infrared beams. At the end of
the design and testing process, overall system was implemented with a constructed work,
tested working and perfectly functional.The anti collision and driver awakening system is
based on INFRA RED sensors .The entire system is developed by keep in mind of Indian
automobile industry and their customers. Our endeavour behind this project is to develop and
demonstrate a state of the art project that reduces the chance of collision by providing early
warning through sensing and inbuilt circuitry.
When any vehicle comes in the periphery of improvised vehicle then the sensors senses its
position with respect to the distance and activate the ciruit and inverter circuit for awakening
of the driver . Furthermore the automatic braking makes the vehicle to stop before collision.
In case collision occurs the a piezo crystal creates waves and forwards them to cell phone
through headphones which make a call to the last dialled number in that cell phone .
(iv)
CONTENTS
1. Chapter-1 - Introduction
1.1 -Anti Collision System
1.2 - Unique Design
1.2.1- Ground Clearence
1.2.2 - Differential less vehicle base
1.3 - Eco Friendly Concept
1.3.1 Automobile Sector : Triple production
1.4 -Chesses Design
1.4.1 - Advantage of Carbon fibre part
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Safety is a necessary part of mans life. Due to the accident cases reported daily on the major
roads in all parts of the developed and developing countries, more attention is needed for
research in the designing an efficient car driving aiding system. It is expected that if such a
device is designed and incorporated into our cars as a road safety device, it will reduce the
incidence of accidents on our roads and various premises, with subsequent reduction in loss
of life and property. However, a major area of concern of an engineer should be safety, as it
concerns the use of his/her inventions and the accompanying dangers due to human
limitations. When it comes to the use of a motor vehicle, accidents that have occurred over
the years tell us that something needs to be done about them from an engineering point of
view. According to the 2007 edition of the Small-M report on the road accident statistic in
Malaysia, a total of 6,035 people were killed in 2000 and the fatality spring up to 6,287 in
2006 from accident cases reported in 250,429 and 341,252 cases of accident for 2000 and
2006 respectively. The obtained results show that, high rate of accident is reported each year.
Now it is suffice to say that the implementation of certain highway safety means such as
speed restrictions, among others, has done a lot in reducing the rates of these accidents. The
issue here is that policies of safe driving alone would not eradicate this, the engineer has a
role to play, after all the main issue is an engineering product (the motor vehicle). Many
motorists have had 2 to travel through areas with little light under much fatigue, yet
compelled to undertake the journey out of necessity. It is not always irresponsible to do this.
A lot of cases reported is as a result of drivers sleeping off while driving, and when he/she
eventually woke up, a head-on collision might have taken place. Not many have had the
fortune to quickly avert this. It is therefore imperative to consider the advantages of an early
warning system where the driver is alerted of a possible collision with some considerable
amount of time before it occurs.
The idea of incorporating radar systems into vehicles to improve road traffic safety dates
back to the 1970s. Such systems are now reaching the market as recent advances in
technology have allowed the signal processing requirements and the high angular resolution
requirements from physically small antennas to be realized. Automotive radar systems have
the potential for a number of different applications including adaptive cruise control (ACC)
and anti-collision devices. The problem with this brand of cars is that they are expensive.
This becomes an even bigger challenge when you consider a developing country like
India.The Infrared Anti-Collision Device are expected to be made of relatively inexpensive
components for easy purchase and incorporation. This research aims at the design of a
prototype showing how this could function. The main objective is to find a way to implement
a minimum spacing for cars in traffic in an affordable way, alongside to achieve safety for
passengers of a moving car. The anti-collision device, when wired into the circuitry of a
vehicle would help in the reduction of road mishaps. Though not every kind of collision can
be helped by this, and it must be stated here that no allusion is being made that technology is
the best line of action to take. It should be further noted that some already existing laws made
use of technologies like the street lights and traffic lights. This would be a supplementation
and not a replacement. Now we will study the main specifications of this project .
Fig1.: How IR sensor sense the things ?i.e. the grid formation by transmitted rays of IR sensor
Also incorporated into it is an audio visual alarm to work in with the receiver and effectively
alert the driver and/or the passengers.
The device works by sending out streams of infrared radiation and when these rays are seen
by the other equipped vehicle, both are meant to take the necessary precaution to avert a
collision. The device would still sound an alarm even though it is not receiving infrared
beams from the oncoming vehicle .
This is due to reflection of its own infrared beams. At the end of the design and testing
process, overall system was implemented with a constructed work, tested working and
perfectly functional.
This is due to reflection of its own infrared beams. At the end of the design and testing
process, overall system was implemented with a constructed work, tested working and
perfectly functional.
Fi
g 5:Differencial less wheel base
The Auto suspension E- car is totally differential less that enhance its capacity to roam around
any surface and even in desert or hilly areas. Differential less wheel base is the exclusively
new concept and specially developed for combat vehicles.
Transportation accounts for 30 percent of U.S. GHG emissions and five percent of global
emissions, according to a 2010 report by the U.S.
According to the estimated records maintained by department of transportation, In 2006,
GHG emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for 79 percent of transportation emissions,
and 59 percent were from light-duty vehicles, which include passenger cars and pick-up
trucks. Increasing fuel economy is suggested in the report as one way to reduce GHG
emissions from transportation. Completely electric vehicles such as the Electric Car go one
step further: they eliminate the need for fossil fuels.
market is flourished by foreign SUVs because of this demand. Indian buyers needs a car that
can go anywhere and can also cat as a multi terrain car to tackle Indian customers demands.
That is why we introduced our concept with a chasses designed according to the needs of
Indian customers desire. The chasses of our car is heavyduty and can also be built by carbon
fibre when developed for industrial production.
Fig 7 : Heavy duty chesses design for rough and tough use
This is due to reflection of its own infrared beams. At the end of the design and testing
process, overall system was implemented with a constructed work, tested working and
perfectly functional.
CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT AND THEORY OF PROJECT
The idea of using infrared signals to establish routes in communication networks between
receivers and transmitters for the purpose of convenience, safety and guarantee of service is
not new, but the application, cost, design method and reliability of the system varies. Besides,
much were treated in papers by Zungeru et al. In their papers, the use of infrared rays was
studied and utilized to count the number of passengers in a car and also remotely control
home appliances via short message services. Generally, the anticollision device prototype
designed here is a detection device, sensitive to solid objects in its pathway.
.A transistor is
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It
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composed
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A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor canamplify a signal.
2.1.1.1. TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such
as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base
voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops
because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the
collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by
the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is calledsaturation because
current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as
switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the
collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these
currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies
depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is
chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.
In any switching circuit, values of input voltage would be chosen such that the output is
either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of
operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.
2.1.1.2. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes the
small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification
combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large
changes in Vout.
Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current
gain, some voltage gain, and some both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound
reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete-transistor audio
amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually
increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively
inexpensive.
Fig11 . An IR sensor
roughly from 0.75m to 1000 m is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to
human eyes. The wavelength region of 0.75m to 3 m is called near infrared, the region
from 3 m to 6 m is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6 m is called far
infrared. (The demarcations are not rigid; regions are defined differently by many).
Fig 12 : Detailed diagram showing wavelengths and frequencies of all type of waves
There are different types of IR sensors working in various regions of the IR spectrum but the
physics behind "IR sensors" is governed by three laws:
Equation 1.Abovwhere the equation showing relation between total energy emitted and absolute temp.
Weins Law tells that objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different
wavelengths. It provides the wavelength for maximum spectral radiant emittance for a given
temperature.
The relationship between the true temperature of the black body and its peak spectral exitance
or dominant wavelength is described by this law :-
The world is not full of black bodies; rather it comprises of selectively radiating bodies like
rocks, water, etc. and the relationship between the two is given by emissivity (E).
For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest
unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a
single diode in series with a resistor.
Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum tubes)
which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters
to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts, and a low alternating
voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used expensive and bulky regulated
power supplies.
The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the characteristics
of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave voltage supply to work
properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave voltage.
2.1.4.3. ADVANCED DESIGNS
H bridge inverter circuit with transistor switches and antiparallel diodes
There are many different power circuit topologies and control strategies used in inverter
designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less
important depending on the way that the inverter is intended to be used.
The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors can
be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be applied to
the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or to both sides. Low-pass filters are
applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while
limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to provide power
at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the
filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency.
Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often
connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load
current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to
the freewheeling diodes used in AC/DC converter circuits.
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Fourier analysis reveals that a waveform, like a square wave, that is anti-symmetrical about
the 180 degree point contains only odd harmonics, the 3rd, 5th, 7th, etc. Waveforms that have
steps of certain widths and heights can attenuate certain lower harmonics at the expense of
amplifying higher harmonics. For example, by inserting a zero-voltage step between the
positive and negative sections of the square-wave, all of the harmonics that are divisible by
three (3rd and 9th, etc.) can be eliminated. That leaves only the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc. The
required width of the steps is one third of the period for each of the positive and negative
steps and one sixth of the period for each of the zero-voltage steps.
Changing the square wave as described above is an example of pulse-width
modulation (PWM).. When voltage control is not required, a fixed pulse width can be
selected to reduce or eliminate selected harmonics. Harmonic elimination techniques are
generally applied to the lowest harmonics because filtering is much more practical at high
frequencies, where the filter components can be much smaller and less expensive.
Multilevel inverters provide another approach to harmonic cancellation. Multilevel inverters
provide an output waveform that exhibits multiple steps at several voltage levels. For
example, it is possible to produce a more sinusoidal wave by having split-rail direct
current inputs at two voltages, or positive and negative inputs with a central ground. By
connecting the inverter output terminals in sequence between the positive rail and ground, the
positive rail and the negative rail, the ground rail and the negative rail, then both to the
ground rail, a stepped waveform is generated at the inverter output. This is an example of a
three level inverter: the two voltages and ground.
CHAPTER 3
Here in this project basically as we have declared that our main motive is to protect the driver
and the vehicle from collision and to alert him before the collision occurs . Hence for
fulfilling all these requirements a combination on circuits is used so that all the required
objectives could be completed . Hence below is the list of circuits used in our project :
1. IR detection system/circuit
2. Shocking Circuit and Alarm Alert system
3. Main and Secondary power supply
4. Joystick for controlling the vehicle
5. Piezocrystal Circuit For Automatic Call Alert
Here as we can see that the figure consists of two sensors i.e. one is of white colour and other
is of black colour . The sensor looking white , in left hand side is transmitter . The other one ,
of black colour , is the receiver for the I.R. circuit .
There are two main situations i.e. in one there is no any obstacle and in other one , there is
an obstacle . Hence both are depicted below :(i)When any obstacle is NOTpresent , then in this case LED is lightened and it indicates that
the way is clear , no obstacle present .
(ii) When an obstacle is present in the way of vehicle then in this case the Receiver receives
the signal and sends it to the circuit mounted on vehicle , which makes the LED OFF on the
detection of the obstacle which can be seen below as :-
Fig 17 : LED is OFF i.e the obstacle is present before the vehicle or sensor , can say.
3.1.1.1INFRARED SOURCE
All objects above 0 K radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared sources. Infrared sources
also include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, and various others. For
active IR sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR wavelengths are used as IR
sources.
3.1.1.4INFRARED DETECTORS
Various types of detectors are used in IR sensors. Important specifications of detectors are
Photosensitivity or Responsivity
Responsivity is the Output Voltage/Current per watt of incident energy. Higher the better.
Noise Equivalent Power (NEP)
NEP represents detection ability of a detector and is the amount of incident light equal to
intrinsic noise level of a detector.
Detectivity(D*: D-star)
D* is the photosensitivity per unit area of a detector. It is a measure of S/N ratio of a detector.
D* is inversely proportional to NEP. Larger D* indicates better sensing element.
In addition, wavelength region or temperature to be measured, response time, cooling
mechanism, active area, no of elements, package, linearity, stability, temperature
characteristics, etc. are important parameters which need attention while selecting IR
detectors.
3.1.1.5 SIGNAL PROCESSING
Since detector outputs are typically very small, preamplifiers with associated circuitry are
used to further process the received signals. We used these sensors as a detector which
provides early detection .
Electrolytic Capacitor
Primary MOSFET
Secondary MOSFET
Ceramic Capacitor
Heat Sink Coil
Step Up transformer
IN4007 Diode
33 ohm Resistance
Shocking current wires mounted on the steering
An alarm
A relay
Fig23 :Joysticko working i.e. pairs of tyres , the tyres in right hand side and in left hand side are controlled by the joysticks two
sticks
A Piezocrystal switch
A headphone connected to the switch
An Android operating system based cell phone equipped with an special headphone
button controller application
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
The hybrid car concept designed and developed by us is a state of the art concept and behind
this our endeavour is to project a fully indigenous hybrid car concept in Indian car market so
that the entire India in general and economic and rural community in India in particular can
be benefited.
This concept is a single lined solutions of so many existing socio economic problems like
pollution, energy shortage and parking shortage. The concepts which are presented in this car
like wind energy device, solar energy device, active suspension device and folding car
concept are made this car concept unique and also sate of the art in particular.
The system which is the design and construction of an anti-collision system for vehicles was
designed considering some factors such as economy, availability of components and research
materials, efficiency, compatibility, portability and also durability. The performance of the
system after test met design specifications. The general operation of the system and
performance is dependent on the presence of two moving cars as they get closer to each other.
However, it should be stated here that the system was aimed at fabricating prototype, a
replica of the actual thing. It is economically viable to undertake certain system this way
since testing would not cost so much. Any desire to implement this design into a vehicle
would require a laser detector. The problem of power supply would not arise due to the
amount of battery power from the car battery. Also the operation of the system is dependent
on how well the soldering is done, and the positioning of the components on the Vero board.
The ICs were soldered away from the power supply stage to prevent heat radiation which,
might occur and affect the performance of the entire system.
The construction was done in such a way that it makes maintenance and repairs an easy task
and affordable for the user should there be any system breakdown. All components were
soldered on one Vero-board which makes troubleshooting easier. In general, the system was
designed, and the real time implementation done with a photo-type of the model.
Market: Changing Times for Contractors, Bankers, and Sureties. The RMA Journal.
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absolute by demagnetization of
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apparatus, US Patent 6.526.759.4, 2003 (filed in Aug.2001).
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[11] K.A. Gschneidner, V.K. Pecharsky, 30 Years of near room temperature
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Slovenia, 2007.
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[12] P.W.
Egolf,
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in
der
Schweiz,
Schlussbericht
des
Projekteszuhanden
2006,
des