Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Shirley M. Rider
Aron Copland once said that music 'is in a continual state of beco-
-15-
the type of arrangement to be made. The two kinds of arrangements chiefly made are for study purposes and for public' performance. An arrangement made for study purposes will be strict. It
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ps. Tone color must be as carefully followed for voices as for instru-
ments in the way of timbre, tessitura, vocal line and dynamic bala-
point, and the ranges and problems connected with the various
instruments as well as a through knowledge of orchestration is nec-
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sometimes even more unrecognized is that the previous statement is also true for instruments. Although it may be more emphatically true in the case of the wind instruments, it also may be said
the C below the treble staff to the G above the staff, the proper
practical range for children's voices is from E on the staff to F. In
short, the voice is kept on the staff in order not to strain the voice
know more about the use of the voice and should have far more
training in using it safely, how much more careful must we be in the
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Once the range of the voices has been decided upon, care must be
ple though they may have more freedom of choice in some instances There are various factors which will be helpful in achieving
this goal, but diatonic movement and leaps of a third may always
be safely usefully used. If a larger leap must be made, after it the
or close voicing will be used. Open voicing implies that the upper
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three voices span more than an octave while close voicing implies
that the three upper voices will be contained within an octave.
Using both of these' styles freely will result in interesting composi-
that the timbre of male and female voices is quite different when
male voice may be near the top of his range when a female voice
may be in a very comfortable part of her range. Thus, when all
parts are in their middle range they will blend with equa! intensity.
Once the problems of,voicing and spacing are in hand, care must
be given to the matter of doubling. Basically, the first, fourth and
fifth steps of the scale. So, in the I, IV and V triads, the root is
and VI triads, the third is the best tone to double. The root may
also be doubled, and in in'version$ .the fifth may also be doubled.
- 20' -
There is one chord which does not react in this way however. The
in the root position, the root may be doubled and the fifth omitted.
However, it is better to add all the parts if possible. When the V7
chord is inverted, all tones must be included. The rules for the
doubling of the V7 chord also apply. to diminished chords, secofidary.
downward to mi, and the seventh tone wants to move upward 'to
do. It may move down to sol, but this must be accomplished in an
inner voice and usually in close voice writing, Parallel fifths and
octaves must be avoided, and' fourths should be avoided also. When-
cross the alto and tenor parts when the part is homophonic although
When addressing oneself to any and all of the above problems, the
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hear the parts it is about to sing. This is true for instruments also
be done in unison. Careful approach to these passages will be helpful. Although there may be no end to the techniques to be considered in good part writing, careful application of the above rules will
provide a sound basic technique which will grow and deepen with
experience in writing, hearing, and performance. Of course, due
care must be accorded to principles of musicianship such as metrical
pulse, style consciousness and the daily contact with various composers to inculcate an informed taste for authenticity.
The only times when it is wiser not to use unison is when the
wrltmg.
"Traditional two-part writing usually employs only unisons, thirds,
fifths, sixths, octaves and tenths."i
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ded care is taken to fill out the harmonic structure in the accompaniment. Although contrary motion of parts is stressed, increasing
use of parallel motion is being recognized to give fanfare-like qua-
care must be taken to insure a tempo slow enough for this harmony
to be properly heard and digested. If this isn't possible, then a more
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ved within the vocal parts, the work may be unaccompanied unless
characteristic of four part writing. Harmonic content may be enriched by using the following combinations with care not to over use
them. The sixth may be added to the one and four chords. The
seventh may be added to the one and four chords.' The seventh'
be added to the five and two chords. Passing tones in the form of
diminished chords and added ninths also will''serve to give variety.
Mpted here. It is all too true that a good arrangement may be ruined or at least made difficult to perform by'reason of the accompani-
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may
'
Although there are special effects and more accompaniment possibilities when multiple part writing is used, the arranger will do well
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CONCLUSION
Perhaps the most profound conclusion to be reached through this
study is that there is indeed no conclusion which may be readily
reached or propounded. Each area of study within the entire whole
is a study within itself with seemingly infinite possibilities of
ment. In this sense, this study is not to be interpreted as something complete in itself but rather as a set of guide rules which if
evaluation and the necessary improvements whieh may be subsequently made. I will be more than happy if this study is referred to in
this spirit.
is the purpose of the arranger which this study is designed to impliment and make a reality.
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BIBLIOeRAPHY
BIom, Eric. Groves Dictionary of Music arid Musicians. London: Macmillan and
1966
-37-
Append;x
Written Range
Instrument
Actual Sound
?-;l;-1"-'1
Woodwinds
8ve higher
Piccolo
gl
bS.,' ,'
as wrltten
Flute
trrfiaa,=----
as wrltten
Oboe
'ebv-'"'
LS-perfect 5th
English Horn
tvT
lower
t'i
major 2nd lower
Clarinet in A
==
vT b.h,e
--
Bassoon
as .wrltten
'
biti
BRASS Horn in F
perfect
5th lower
bae
major 2nd lower
Trumpet in Bb
k$i;
htS--
Tenor Trombone
as wrltten
('e'
a
-
Tuba
r":
e".
-- 38 -
as wrltten
Instrument
Written Range
PERCUSSION
Actual Sound
Timpani
as wrltten
t
`
(Yer)
(;)v
,fill,
Marimba
Glocken-spiel
2 8ves higher
(#)e
8ve higher
Bells (Chimes)
esgt
8ve higher
Celesta
'
j
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Written Range
Instr"ment
Actual SouAd
va2t
=
Harp
as wrltten
'
,
'
bis;
dswt
as wrltten
plano
t
'
g'-'
STRINGS
?-'
Sl
.L;t.
Violin
as wrltten
V-"'
T }#
Viola
as wrltten
T'V'
Cello
as wrltten
`st
Double Bass
"--
'
8ve lower
v)
t'
8ve lower
Gttitar
Mandolin
as wrltten
e
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Manuals
depends on
Organ registration
i
v'
Pedals
pt
t'
'
-#
e-
Harpsi-chord
-g)L--' E as written
'=5-:'
The ranges for each instrument are given in open notes for the
extreme possible range and in black notes for the practical or com-
`--7.V
(sounds
t.
Bass I (Baritone)
Tenor II
iv
-.-p
-"
Bass II
a.e
'
T-e
The vocal ranges given in the above chart are given in black notes
for the professional range and in open notes for the practical ranges.
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