Solar Photovoltaic

Technologies

Lecture-2

Prof. C.S. Solanki

Energy Systems Engineering
IIT Bombay
 Lecture-2

Contents
Brief summery of the previous lecture

• Solar PV as renewable energy source

• Topics covered in this course
• References on the topics
• Quantum mechanics
• Wave/particle duality
• Atom model: H2 discharge spectrum

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PV as Renewable energy source

• Absorption of light, photon, creates an electric current thus
converts light directly into the electric power, which is the
most valuable form of energy
• There are no moving parts, unlike the conventional energy
sources, reduces the need of maintenance
• No fuel is necessary, this eliminate any environmental
impact
• Long lifetime
• Modularity, size of the plant can be increased depending
on the requirements
• Decentralized power generation
• Minimized visual intrusion, can be integrated with the
structures such as building

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Solar PV in India
Solar Potential
•India, being a tropical country, plenty of sunshine.
•The average daily solar radiation between 4 to 7 kWh/ m 2
•There are on an average 250 to 300 clear sunny days a year.
Solar PV production
• There are 8 industrial
units involved in solar
cell and solar PV
module manufacturing
• In 2004 the
production of PV
modules was about 42
MW (worldwide ~
>1100MW
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Solar PV installation in India

Solar PV applications
SPV Systems Installed during Cumulative number
2004-05 of system installed
(till 31.12.2994 (31.12.2004
Solar Home System 16530 3,24,293
Solar Street Light 1023 53,125
Standalone Power Plant 3.97 MW p
and grid connected -
Total installation
•In total about 820,000 systems have been installed
• Aggregating to about in total about 122 MW of PV panel,
include 46 MW of export (source: MNES)

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Solar PV Technologies
• Si solar cells
- Monocrystalline Si solar cell
- Multicrystalline Si solar cells
• Thin film solar cells
- Amorphous Si solar cells
- Microcrystalline, polycrystalline solar cells
- CdTe, CdS, GaAs solar cell
- CIGS (Cu-In-Ga-Diselenide) solar cells
- Organic solar cells
• Dye-sensitized solar cells
• Single junction & Multi-junction solar cells
• 1-Sun and X-Sun solar cells
• Terrestrial and Space solar cells

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Topics covered for SPT

• Basic ideas of quantum physics,
• Fermi Energy, band diagram,
• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,
• p-n junction
• Photovoltaic conversion
• Optical effects of p-n junction,
• Design and analysis of PV cells,
• Solar cell parameters, efficiency limits
• PV cell fabrication
• Thin film solar cell technologies
• Solar spectrum, solar radiation
• Applications of PV
• PV system components
• PV system design
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References-1
1.Solar cells: Operating principles, technology
and system applications, by Martin A. Green,
Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA,
1981.
2.Seminconductors for solar cells, H. J. Moller,
Artech House Inc, MA, USA, 1993.
3.Solid State electronic devices, Ben G.
Streetman, , Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
delhi 1995.

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References-2
5.Thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells: Physics
and technology, R. Brendel, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim, 2003.
6.Clean electricity from photovoltaics, M. D.
Archer, R. Hill, Imperial college press, 2001.
7.Organic photovoltaics: Concepts and
realization, C. Barbec, V. Dyakonov, J. Parisi, N.
S. Saricifttci, Springer-Verlag 2003.

8.Battery technology handbook, edited by H.A.

Kiehne, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum physics is a branch of science that
deals with discrete, indivisible units of energy
called quanta as described by the Quantum
Theory.

- It deals with the objects of very very small sizes

and very very small mass

-If you are not shocked by the concepts of

quantum mechanics, then you do not
understand it
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Photoelectric effect: Particle nature of photon

•1. Increasing the intensity of the
light increased the number of
Photon Electron photoelectrons, but not their
Metal maximum kinetic energy!
•2. Red light will not cause the
• Photon is a particle ejection of electrons, no matter
with energy ε = hv what the intensity!
•3. A weak violet light will eject only
Maximum kinetic a few electrons, but their maximum
energy of electron kinetic energies are greater than

K max  h  e
those for intense light of longer
wavelengths

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Wave nature of electrons

• Phenomenon like
diffraction and interference
pattern that are found for
electron can not be
explained its particle
natture,
•But it can be well
explained with the wave
nature of electron
h h
p  
c 
h h
  
p mv
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Quantum mechanics-1
Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals with
discrete, indivisible units of energy called quanta as
described by the Quantum Theory.
- It deals with very small distance and very small mass

There are four main ideas represented in Quantum Theory:

1. The elementary particles behave both like
particles and like waves.

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Quantum mechanics-1
2. Energy is not continuous, but comes in small
but discrete units. (Electrons are restricted to
certain energy levels)
3. Pauli’s exclusion principle: No more than two
electron can occupy the same energy level
4. The movement of these particles is inherently
random
It is physically impossible to know both the
position and the momentum of a particle at the
same time. The more precisely one is known,
the less precise the measurement of the other is
(The uncertainty principal)
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Bohr model: H2 spectrum

Bohr Model
• Electron exist in certain, stable, circular orbit about the
nucleus (while changing the orbit there angular momentum
should change)
•The electrons in free atoms can will be found in only
certain discrete energy states, electron may shift from one
orbit to other orbit
•Angular momentum of electron (L) in the orbit is also
quantized

h nh
 L
mv 2
Bohr orbits
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H2 spectrum

Hydrogen
spectrum

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Schrödinger Eq
• Schordinger equation or Wave equation
(encompasses all principles of quantum physics)  its
solution is called wave function
• Its solution if often tedious and usually obtained for
simple cases
• Dependent variable in the equation is an “parameter,
ψ” we do not have feeling for

h 2 2
h 
[ 2 ]  P 
8 m x
2
2i t

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