Assignment No 1

Hydrometeorology
The scientific study of the interaction between meteorological and hydrologic
phenomena, including the occurrence, motion, and changes of state of atmospheric
water, and the land surface and subsurface phases of the hydrologic cycle.
Short Brief:
Hydrometeorologic studies address questions regarding land use, the long-term effects
of climate change on water resources, and regional precipitation.UNESCO has several
programmes and activities in place that deal with the study of natural hazards of
hydrometeorological origin and the mitigation of their effects. Among these hazards are
the results of natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature such as floods, tropical cyclones, drought and desertification.
Many countries have established an operational hydrometeorological capability to
assist with forecasting, warning and informing the public of these developing hazards.
Hydrometeorological conditions of fish pond:
There will certainly be a lot of differing opinions on the best water conditions for fish
pond but one thing remains constant: poor water quality leads to a host of other health
problems that are certainly avoidable with proper care. Because stress originates from
poor water quality,we should follow these guidelines for healthy water and healthy
fishes.
Dissolved Oxygen
Oxygen levels should be at a minimum of 5.0 mg/L for fish pond. In the fish world,
there is some variation with the tolerable level of dissolved oxygen in the water but 5.0
is a good baseline. As a reference, 5.0 mg/L is the minimum for fishes and 18 mg/L is
the physical maximum that water can hold. Just as a reminder though, cold water can
hold more dissolved oxygen than warmer water so higher summer temperatures (and

overcrowded ponds) will lead to lower dissolved oxygen, which is really when you will
want to pay attention to it the most. Oxygen becomes dissolved into pond in several
ways. At the very surface there is limited diffusion occurring between the atmosphere
and the water and that accounts for only a small amount of dissolved oxygen.
Turbulence will also agitate the water enough to generate dissolved oxygen in your
pond and this often comes in the form of falling water as from a small water fall. A
tried and true and popular way to increase the dissolved oxygen in a pond is by an air
stone on the bottom of the pond or by spout or fountain shooting water up into the air.
pH
pH has something to do with acids. Its all about acidity and alkalinity. The pH scale is
a logarithmic one meaning when pond jumps from 7 (neutral) to 6, its not simply
getting a little bit more acidic, its getting 10 times more acidic. Conversely, when pond
tests at 7.5 and then gets increasingly alkaline by jumping to 9.5, then pond just got
100 times more alkaline (10 times 10). So its a big deal when pH changes and can
definitely affect fishes in negative ways. pH, or power of Hydrogen, should range
between 6.8 and 8.2.
KH
No discussion of pH is complete without also talking about KH (or carbonate hardness
or alkalinity). ponds KH level will affect how susceptible pond is to pH fluctuations.
If, for example, KH reading is particularly low then anything you do to get pH back to
an acceptable range may be short lived as pond lacks the ability to buffer future pH
swings. KH should be around 105 ppm with a possible deviation of plus or minus 15
ppm (up or down from 105). Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate or bicarbonate of soda)
will increase pH making it more basic. Conversely we can add white vinegar to lower,
or make more acidic.

Ammonia, Nitrites, Nitrates

The general cycle of waste in pond starts with ammonia excreted by fish then bacteria
and oxygen break it down to nitrites which later get broken into nitrates then free
nitrogen. Ammonia, nitrites and nitrates all have the ability to cause health problems
for fishes if their levels are not kept in check. Along with other health problems,
ammonia can essentially burn fishs gills and reduce its ability to extract dissolved
oxygen from the water. High nitrites can damage fishes kidneys and nervous system
and high nitrates, for extended periods, can cause fishs immune system to be
compromised. Ammonia and nitrites and the most troublesome when it comes to health
problems for fishes but dont underestimate the power of nitrates over long periods of
time.
Salinity
The use of salt ponds has, for long time, been a tried and true method to deal with
various water quality and health problems that arise. Some of the benefits of salt is that
its a cheap way to keep some disease at bay, control algae and may also lower nitrite
toxicity. Additionally, salt plays a part in the osmotic pressure between the fish and the
outside aquatic environment. There is a differential between the solute concentration of
the fishs blood and the fresh water that it swims in so the addition of salt actually
lowers that concentration differential and makes it easier on the fish by reducing the
amount of work its body has to do. A salinity of up to 5 ppt (parts per thousand) or 0.5
% is acceptable.
Temperature
Temperature obviously plays a big role in the overall health of pond and it warrants
attention.

Temperature can exacerbate existing problems, especially higher

temperatures. For example, warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen and ammonia

can be more toxic. Although fishes can handle temperatures of between 35 and 85 F
degrees its best to keep fish in water that ranges between 65 and 75 F degrees. And as
with pH, try to avoid large temperature swings.
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment
The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring is a service
in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment which carries out the functions
of state property management and provision of public services in the field of
hydrometeorology and related areas, monitoring of environmental environment
pollution, public oversight of the work on modification of meteorological and other
geophysical processes.
Responsibilities

State oversight of the work on modification of meteorological and other

geophysical processes on the territory.

Licensing of certain activities within the competence of the Service in

accordance with the laws.

State records of surface water and maintenance of public water inventory in

terms of surface water bodies;

Maintenance of the Uniform State Fund data on the state of the environment
and its pollution;

The formation and maintenance of the state monitoring network, including the
organization and the termination of fixed and mobile observation points and the
determination of their location;

State monitoring of ambient air

Contents

Definition
Explanation
Hydro meteorological conditions of fish pond:
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment
Conclusion