Cho1ce

HKDSE
Book 1

ANSWrERS
Name

..

C1ass

Class No

:MC E1mnswers)

Takka Education BOOks CO

Answers

1.30C (X)is -g1ucose,which

is found in

1.41 D

This

is

-glucose,which
many carbohydrates,(Y)is

Humans

and

othcr

is found on1y in ce11u1ose.

hcrbivores,cannot digest ce11ulose

1.31C

1.42 B

cc11ulosc

molecule.

ma 11nals, including

Option-(3) is Wrong because this

is an -g1ucosc, whiCh is not found in

1.32 A

The qucst1on states that this 1s a

reaction,so monom s shoLIld be
produced Cellulosc is produced

vhen
hydrogen bonds are brokcn, but this is not

cc11ulosc,

hydrolysis,So option D is /rong.

1.44 C

1.33 B C;lycogcn molecule is branched It

has both1,4and1,6glycosidic bonds,

1.45C

1.34 C

vith thrcc fatty acid mo1eculcs,

h drolv sis

1.43 D

1.46 C
Glycogcn contains

1,4 and 1,6

Hacmoglobin is a protcin

One glyccroI molecule combines

bondings.(F is at C1,( is at C-4,forming

a1,4bond.fJJ

is at C

l, is at C6,

forn1ing a1,6bond.

1.35 C) The monomcrs are -g1ucose and

the bond is 1,4 glycosidic bond This
should not bc found in ce11ulose,
vhich

1.47 A Triglyccrides (fats or oils) do not

1ix vithvater,They arc hydrophobic.

1.48A In option-(1), lipids are the

structura11materia1s of thc stcroid hormones.
Steroids arc a typc of lipids.

contains only -glucose.

1.36 D

The units nip with respect to each

1.49 C; This question actua11y asks you to

enti which is a fat molccLlle.option-D is

other This fcature is found onIy in ce11ulose

a straight-chain glucose,not fat,

1.37 B

1.50 D

Hydrolysis breaks the g1ycosidic

bonds.so the product cannot be cellu1ose,

1.51 B

1.38 B

All are proteins cxccpt glycogen.

Amylosc is an unbranched form of

starch, vith2nl 1,4g1ycosidic bond.(I is

found only in ce1Iu1ose. Note thc units that
nip
vith respect to each other.The bonding

1,52 A

Only proteins, not carbohydratcs

nor fats,contain nitrogcn Hacmoglobin is a

prote1n,

in(3)is a1~6bond.

1.53A A dipeptidc lnust havc two"N";

1.39A This is not a -glucose; so the

thcreforc option-B and option-C arc ccrtainly

ans Ver

wrong,

cannot be option-B,

Since sucrose (glucose+fruCtosc) and

1actosc(glucose galaCtose)are built om
monomcrs of t vo differcnt isomers, the
ans ver

cannot be option-C or D

1.54D
1.56 C

1.55B
Pcptide bond is invoIvcd on1y in

thc primary structurc, not in secondary or

1,40 L The structural componcnt should
be ce11u1ose.It can be rccogniscd by the units
flipping over
`ith respcct to neighbouring
units and by thc chain being unbranched

tertlary structure,

1.57B

1.58C

Ans Vers

1.59 B

The diagram shows thc co ing of a

1.60 A
1.62 D

1.73 B

llIDean1ination" is thc rcmova1 of

the a )ino group frolm an an no acid It

occurs on1y /hen a 1ino acids are broken

polypeptide chain

1.61 D

do vn,

A protcin must contain nitrogcn.

1.74C

Thcre shou1d be no phosphorus in protein.

1.75 D Finger na is built from kcratin

The disulphidc bonds in the molecu1e are the

The on1y option is D,

1.63 B

"Fibrous"

describes a molecu1e

reason for its hardncss. The mo1cculcs are

with1ong, straight chains of units, and vith

relative1y rich in a lino acids that contain

neighbouring chains associate to form an

su1phur.

clongatcd structurc,

1.76 C

1.64C A

consists of twO units

The possib1e combination is102 100

1.65 D

In the chapter of genetic code,you

wi111earn that

For 4 different units tting into 2

positions, thc possible combination is 42

=16

1.66 A The priInary 1cvel of structure is

So the
maintained by covalcnt bonds
pri1nary structure
vouId not bc affcctcd by

For4units tting into3positions,thc

possib1e combination is43=64
For4units atting into4positions,thc

urea.

possible combination is44=256,

1.67 C

fitting into p positions in a chain, thc

So for n different a 1ino acid units

1.68 A Ionic bonds are disrupted by

cxtrcme pH(too much H+ions or oH ions)
a11d by heavy metal ions such as the ions of
Iead, Inercury and cad 1ium, Lo v tempcrature only lo vers thc kinetic cnergy and in

p.
possib1e combination is

1.77 B

I)isulphidc bond is a covalent

bond,which is rcsistant to heating Enzymes

are proteins and so hcating an cnzymc is

sirnilar to hcating a protein,

fact the moleculc is more stable.

1.78 I)

The covalcnt bonds bct

`een thc
chains are disulphide bonds.This should be a

1.69B

fibrous protcin and co11agen is a typical

1.70 A

Thc

cova1ent

bonding

is

the

fibrous protein.

peptidc bond betwecn thc a1ino acid units

This bonding on1y links the units together,

1.79 A

Vrong bccause the

1.71 D Option-1 is
chains are hcld by hydrogen bonds, ionic

po1ypcptide is the secondary structure. The

bonds and disulphide bonds.

Ioss of this leve1 of struCture results in

1.80 C9

The

regu1ar

coi1ing

of

thc

randon coiling.

1.72 A
group

AInino

acid

contains

an

acid

-CooH,In water,this may dissociatc

to form-CoO and H+,

1.81 C Option

G1ycogen is not nbrous

option-B Co1lagen is unbranchcd (Fibrous

structures
arc unbranchcd.)
option-E)
Triglyceride mo1ecules arc not hc1d togcthcr

by H-bonds,

Answers

1.82 B For opjon-()

haemoglobin and
lipoprotcin arc proteins that arc uscd for
transporting other Inaterials

1.95D All were sugar samp1es

So

samp1e-2 must contain non-reducing sugar,

as
the Benedictls
solution
remaincd
unchanged after the test,

1.83 D

1.84 D

With

1.85B Rcsu -1 shows that thc foodstu

containcd no starch, Result-2 sho vs that thc

foodstuff contains protein,which coagulates

when heated in vater.

Protein
may
also
1eave
a
trans1uCcnt spot on the paper 13ut protcin
does not disso1vc in ethanol If thc spot
disappcars on eating
vith cthanoI, thcn thc
1.86 E

spot is caused by fat

1.87 D

Protease is an enzy1nc, Enzymes

are proteins, so thc proteasc wou1d givc a

Of a11 monosaccharides and all

rcsult on Bcnedictis tcst,

1.89 B Bcnedict;s solution gives a positive

resuIt in thc prcsence of reducing sugars,and
not a particu1ar sugar,

Thc 1ymph contains glucosc (and

a1so thc plasma or blood).

1.91 B

Amylase

is

an

enzyme,

and

Enzymcs arc not changcd in a

rcaction. So thc amy1asc rcmains thcre to

give a positive rcsu1t on biurct tcst.

1.93 A This is an cmulsion test.

1.94 D

red) precipitate So the sugar concentration

in sample 3 must bc higher than that in
salllplc-1

1.96 B

For option B,Test 1 showed that

thc samp1e containcd no reducing sugar. If

reducing sugar was found in Test2,thcn this
reducing sugar in the sample.

1.97 C

Option-B is wrong bccause whcn

thc rcd precipitate in thc third tcst may be

caused by the reducing sugar, and not the

sucrosc

1.98 B

Glucose is a reducing sugar,In the

reaction

vith

BenedictIs

solution,

it

is

oxidizcd; so it gains oxygen, At the same

ti1nc, it
vould lose hydrogen
hydrogcn,it a1so1oscs clectrons

1,99B

enzymes arc proteins The resu1t of thc biurct

test shou1d bc positive

1.92 C)

sugar

reducing sugar is dctected in the second test,

disaccharidcs, on1y sucrose gives a negativc

1.90 '`

reducing

reducing sugar must come from the non-

positive result with the biurct test.

1.88 A

incrcasing

Conccntration, standard BenedictIs so1ution

changcs co1our in this sequencc grccn -)
yc11ow -) orange prccipitate red (brick~

In losing

1.100A

1.101 E) Thc prescncc of hydrogen bonds

is an important factor in detern1ining thc
properties of watcr,

1.102C
1.105 C
4

1.104 D

1.103 A

Water has the greatest dcnsity at

vater at the surfacc

Whcn thc ice

warIns to 4 C, it wOuld sink

belov,

The water

cooler or warIner, wOuld rise and

vould bring n1incraIs fron

surfacc

1.106 A

1.107B

the bottolll to thc

1.108 B

Answers

1,109 C Option-1 is wrong because

hydrogcn bonds occur between
vater
mo1ecu1es.

option-2

is

correct

because

hydrogen bonds result in high cohesion forcc

betwecn thc vatcr rnolecules.

2.9

Option-A or optionC is not the

corrcct choicc bccausc some plant ce11s haVe

no ch1oroplast or vacuo1c Buta11plant ccIls
have cell Wa11,

2.10D
1.110 D

submcrgcd

aquatic

2.11C

2.12 A

plants

required light for photosynthcsis.

2.13D Option-C

is

wrong

beCause

cellulosc is a structura1 material in p1ant

1.111 A

Iron is a component of hacmo-

cells,not an cnergy storage material

globin.

2.14 C

Mitochondria, ribosOmes and cell

1.112C Even without knowing what is

membrane arc thrce basic struCturcs in living

ATP,studcnts shou1d know that aIllino acid,

trig1yceridc and ribose (a sugar) contain no

celIs. smooth ER is found mainly in 1iver

phosphorus

have little or no smooth ER. CIlycogen

ce11s and lipid synthcsising cclls.Other cells

granules arc found only in animal cells.

2.15 D
2.16 B

" osaic" means a pattern built

from small pieces, Herc, it describes the

embedding of the protein molecules among

the phospho1ipid1nolccuIcs,

Cel1ular organisation
2.17C Option-D is wrong because

molccu1cs do not pass through the protcin

channe1s

2.1 B Option-A and option-D are wrong

2.19B

2.18 A

because rcd blood ce11s contain no nucleus

and therefore contain no chromosomc.

2.20 C A glycerol mo1ccu1c combines

with two fatty acids and one phosphate-

2,2 C

containing group to form the phospho1ipid

2.3 A

2.4 C

2.5 D
2.6

2.21 B The mo1ccuIc is a phospholipid

Thc bcnd in thc chain of Y indicates the

HOrmones

are detected by thc

position of a double bond

glycoprotcins on the ce11 surface mcmbranc.

Thus, a grcater surface area can detect morc
hormones

2.22C option-D is wrong because the

2.7 A

2.23 A

2.8

A`

Cell membrane is present in both

animal ce11s and p1ant ce11s and therefore is

not helpful in distinguishing these tvo kinds
of tissues,

heads facing insidc are also hydrophilic,

2,24 D

The phospho1ipid molecu1es arc

not bonded to each other After a1igning on a

1aycr, they can move 1atera11y against each
other and this rcsu1ts in the fluidity naturc of

the membrane,

Answers

2.25 D

Whcn the tempcrature increases,

thc cholestero1 prevcnts thc cell membrane

frO111too much uidity.Thc cholesterol a1so

prevents

too

much

rigidity

when

the

temperaturc falls,

2.26 A

2.38 I)

Thc bend on(4)indicates a carbon

chain
vith a doublc bond Vith such
bending, the molcculcs are spaced
vider,
causing thc membrane to have highcr
fluidity

2.27 B

2.39 C

Fat1nolecules arc non-polar,/hich

mcans that thcy are lipid-soluble;so they can

2.28 C Fron thc sca1e givcn,thc width of

the cell1nembranc is around5nm,

lm=1000 11n=1000000um
=1000000000nm=l 109nm
Therefore,5nm =5 10 9m
2.29D

layer

2.40C
2.41 A

NucIeus

contains

chromOsOmes

Thc I)NA in thc chromosomcs contalns

2.30B

genetic information for thc correct sequcncc

2.31 I)

z arc cho1estcrol mo1ccules Thcy

prevcnt

the

l uid-like"

diffuse directly through thc phosphohpid

phospholipid

molecules( O from having too much uidity

or fron1being too rigid

of amino acids in thc proteins.

2,42C
2.43 I)

The cell walI is non-living It has

no living activities

2.32 A
2.33 B X is g1ycoprotein Its shape is
unique in each individua1.
hen foreign
cc11s have cntcred a human body, thc cel1s

can be recogniscd as aliens because the

glycoproteins on the ccll membranc are

2.44 A

Nucleus is the largest;ribosomc is

the sma11est,

2.45B

2.46C

2.48B

2.47D

2.49 A

2.50 D

rccognised as llnon-se1f",

2.34 A

Fat-solub1e

materials

can

pass

-hrough the phospho1ipid bilayer, Watersoluble matcrials havc to pass thc mcmbrane
through thc watcr- llcd protcin channels,

2.51 B The ribosomes assemblc the an1ino

acids in the correct order and release thc
product into thc cndopIas 1ic reticulum
vrong becausc cxocytotic
option-C is
vesicles on1y release the protcin outside thc

cell,not"producc"proteins.
2.35 C

The explanation is thc same as the

abovc qucstion,

2.52 E)

Lysosome

contains

digestivc

cnzymcs,and enzymcs are protcins.

2.36 A

C;1ycerol is lipid-solublc, Lipid-

so1ub1e substance can pass directly through

thc phospho1ipid1ayers.

2.53 A Lysosomes
contain
digestive
cnzymcs(hydroly c cnzymcs),wh h break
do vn

large mo1ecules to smaIler fragmcnts.

2.37 B "Z" are cholesterol mo1ccules

among the tails of thc phospho1ipid

2.54 D

molecu1cs

the ccI1s. On1y unnecessary products are

Most products can be reused inside

discharged.

2.55B

Samc explanation as Q,2.51

Answers

2.56 B
the

These are ribosomes attachcd to

surfacc

of thc

rough

endop1as

2.65 A

To re1ease the content of thc

reticulum,

vesiclc Outside the ce11,thc membrane of the

vesic1c has to fusc
vith thc cc11 surfacc

2.57 D Enzymes are proteins,They are

membrane and
membrane.

synthesised

at

the

rough

1ic

endop1as

becomcs

part

of

the

1ic

reticulum,

2.58D The amino acids w l nrst be

2.66 E| Thc pinocytic vesiclc is formcd by

thc pinching off of a vesic1e from the cc11
surfacc me1nbrane.

assemb1cd atthe ribosomes and rough ER to

2.67 C

for1po1ypcptides.

Besides of carrier proteins and

channel protcins, somc proteins in the ce11

2.59 A

structure-3

nuclcus,

It

(option~B)

certainly

contains

is

the

genetic

mcmbranc arc enzymes Therc are also ATPs

for active transport.

matcria1s

Structure-5 (option-D) is a

nitochon

drion; it has its o

^/n genetic system and
thercforc cont nsboth DNA and RNA

may

A1though structurc-4 in thc diagram

be ambiguous in indicating the

rIbosomes on the surfacc of the rough ER,

structurc-2 (option~A) certainly docs not
contain nuc1cic acid,

2.60 C

A1ino

acids are first absorbcd into

ribosomes Thcn the po1ypcptides enter the

ER, transported Via vesic1es to e G-J

wherc

thcy

are

proccssed,

packaged and transported out of the ce1l via

vesicles,

2.61 A Opdon-B is wrong because the

enzymc has to be carried by vcsic1es and is

released out of the cell by the process of

cxocytosis.Thc enzyme has no direct contact
with the ce11surface membrane.

2.62 D

endoplasmic

reticululll

produces

stcroid

hormones,not pcptide hormones Insulin is a

peptide hormonc.

2.69 A

There should bc no air inside a

ce11,So options-B,C and D are a11Wrong.

2.70 C

the cvtosol,where they are asscmbled at the

apnaratus,

2.68C Option D is wrong becausc smooth

2.63B

2.64C A ftlnction of smooth ER(structurc

Y) is the detoxification of drugs in 1iver
ceIls, Structurcs W, X and z arc ccrtainly
wrong becausc z is abundant in musc1c cc11s
are abundant in sccrctory cc11s,
and X and1

2.71 B

itochondria

o vn
Ribosomcs cont n RNA
both

have

2.72 B

thcir

and chloroplasts
genetic systcms,

Ribosomes are assemb1ed in the

nuc1eolus.

2.73 C

Go1gi apparatus is most abundant

in secretory ce11s, such as thc ceI1s seCrcting

hormones,enzymes and1nucus.
2.74 I)

The function of thc phagocytes is

to engulf and digest foreign matcria1s (e,g

bacteria).

The

digcstion

requires

the

digestive enzymes in the1ysosomcs.

2.75 A

itochondria should be the only

organc11cs that consume oxygen, The ATP

produced is used by other organe11es as
encrgy source

10

Ans vcrs

2.76 B Hydrolytic cnzymcs break down

large molecules to simpIcr oncs by the

2.87B Haemoglobin is a prot0n.The

process of hydrolysis

These tvo struCtures synthcsise protcins,

Lysosomcs contain

diagran1shows the ribosomes and rough ER,

large amounts of such cnzymcs,

2.77 E)

RIitochondria contain their o vn

DNA,but thc amount is less than that in thc

Lysosomes contain no DNA

nucleus

2.88 () Cc11 recognition dcpends

n
g1ycoprotcin, of thc four options, on1y
ribosome is thc Organc11c that synthesiscs
protc1ns,

Ribosomes contain only RNA.

2.89C
2.78D mRNA is synthesised with DNA as
thc templatc. So E)NA and the synthcsis of
mRNA are c1ose1y related.The answer is thc
same as in the prcvious question,

2.79 C

2.90 B

The proteins produccd by the frce

ribosomes are re1cascd to the cytoplasm and

is used inside th cell Thcy are not released

Ribosome should contain a certain

percentage of RNA; so option-D is certainly

outside thc ce11, Glycolysis occurs in thc

cytop1asm and the enzymcs arc synthesised
1n thc free r1bosomes

Vrong
Lysosol
es

should contain no RNA and

2.91 k Ribosomes usc anVno aC1ds as ra

thc % shou1d not be the samc as that in

ribosomc; so option-'k and option-B arc

materia1s to bu d protcins.

certainly vrong,

2.92 A

2.80 B

2.93 D Steroids
smooth ER,

Thc a 1ino acids wi11bc assembled

at the ribosomes and rough ER to form

are

produccd

by

the

polypeptides.

2.94 B

The mcmbranes of thc OrganeHes

2.81 I) Thcrc is enough hint in thc

qucst1on that X are r1bosomcs. Enzymes are

are sc1cctivc1y pcrmcable and osmosis may

proteins. X, Y and Z are involvcd in the

plasts will burst undcr osmosis if thcy arc

production and relcase of protcins,

immersed in watcr

occur through the membranes, The chloro~

z is involved in packaging,not synthesis

2.95 CJ The organe11c is a 1itochondrion

The greatcr surface area of thc melnbrane
can ho1d more enzymes option-A is
vrong

2.83 A

bccausc thcre is no gaseous eXchange inside

thc1nitochondriOn.

2.82 C

and

synthesisc

pcptidc

hormones; W synthesiscs stcroid hormones.

Only X and Y synthesisc peptide

hormoncs ormones b lt from amino

acids),W synthcsiscs hormones f1 om
steroids

2.84 A

2.96 A

There are a lot of mcmbranes in

n1itochondria. Phospholipid is a component

ofthe membranc
This

can

bc

vesic1e

or

itochondria carry out acrobic

1ysosomc. VcsicIe is uscd for storagc and

2.97 C)

transport,but not for production,

respiration, z

nacrobic respiration occurs 1n

the cytoplasm So option-(2)is wrong

2,85B Q is the nuclcolus,which produces

r1bosomcs

2.86 D

AnsWcrs

2.98D X cont ns more rough ER and

2.109 A

Golgi apparatus,thus itis a cc11that secretes,

bounded organc1les. of the four organelles

Y contains many 1itochondria. It is a

ccll that consumcs rcIati cly1argc amount of
vithout much sccrction. So it
energy but

should be the cell that absorbs food, which

rcquircs energy for acti e absorption

Skin

cells

have

fcwer

metabo1ic

rcact1ons So they have fewer1n1tochondr1a.

2.99 B

Skcleta1 1nuscle needs a Iot of

n1itochondria in the cells to relcasc encrgy

Livcr ce11s necd a lot of

cnergy for metabolic activities and 1ot of

for contraCtion

endoplas 1ic reticulun1for secretion,

2.100 A

Rcd

blood

ce11s

contain

no

Thc nuclcus is responsib1e for

directing the synthesis of proteins Vithout a

nc v supp1y of proteins,the ccll died after a11
proteins had been vorn out.

2.102 B Thc sizc of viruses and that of

prokaryotcs should not be the same.
Prokaryotcs havc a sizc siInilar to that of
tochondria and so option-A is vrong,

2.103 A

a1gae, Cell
vall is found in a11 plant cclls

thC

prokaryotes.

2.110C
2.111 D

Prokaryotes

are

baCteria.

Any

processes found in bacteria arc true in this

qucstion. Somc bacteria are photosynthetic

Thcy have no Ch1oroplast, but they have

photosynthetic pigmcnts

2.112 C

The image through a compound

licroscopc is inverted upside down and

2.114 A

2.113 D
2.115 D

Whcn magnincati n incrcascs,the

brightncss

of

thc

imagc

proportiona11y

dccreascs. Thus a strongcr i

1u 1ination

is

required to give a brighter imagc,

2.116B
2.118 B

2.117B
The 1mage through thc

11cro-

scope is inverted. When thc anilna1 was

vas actua11y rnoving to the right,Shifting thc

slide slight1y to thc left vould bright it back
to the centre of the vie v.

2.119 A The

ccll

membrane

has

thickncss of 10 nm. The rcso1ution of light

2.104C
2.105 I) A charaCtcristic of prokaryotcs is
the absence of rncmbranc-bounded organelle.

Ribosomes have no Inembranc.

2.106B Chromatin (DNA packCd With

protcin) is found only in cukaryotcs

Thc

DNA of prokaryotcs is not associated with

protcin,

2.107 C

membrane.

obscrvcd to move to the1c in thc vicw, it

F1age11unl is also found in somc

These cannot be used to idend

1isted, only ribosomes are not bounded by a

inverted left to right,

organellcs,

2.101 B

Prokaryotes have no mcmbranc-

2.108 D

1icroscope is too1ow for the ccll Ine1ubrane

to bc scen

2.120 D

2.121C

2.122 D When using a 1o vcr magnincaon,thc o ectivC is farthcr iom the slide
and the apcrturc of thc diaphragn1shou1d be
rcduccd.
2.123 B

Under a light luicrosCopc,the cc11

mcmbrane and thc n11tochondr1a cannot bc

secn c1early no matter what stain is used

12

Answcrs

124C

2.140 B Diagram X shows that40 sma11

divisions=0,1 1rn= 100um Each division

2.I25C The diameter ofthc vicw is2mm,

=2,5um

vith8 a1gal cc11s in this1ength So each cell

has a length of( 8)mm=o25mm.

In Diagram Y, each chlorop1ast has a

span of3 to4 sma11divisions The length is

2.126 A

In the vie v, the 1cngth of thc

spccimen has a span of 2.5 divisions

aCtual length=(2,5x40)u 1=100um,

2.127 D

Thc size of a

2.128 D

Due

Thc

resoIution

of

thc

1ight

re1ativcly

1o v

n1icroscopc,

ce11

membrane can be seen only vith an elcctron

11croscope.

I lum=100um.Each unit=2.5

um, (N0te the graduation on the cycpiece in

this question is different from that in the
abovc qucstion.)

In two hours, the growth is from unit

50to58,ie ,8 units This equa1s to20um

The growth rate is10u 1per h ur

2.142 A

2.130B

2.129 A
2.132 D

2.141 C Diagram X showsthat40units of

division=0

vhitc b1ood ccll is

15000nm.So15000/750 20,

to

around7to10um

2.131C

2.143 A Dead organisms can a1so consist

The tonoplast is too thin to be

scen,but thc wholc vacuo1e is largc enough

of ce11s and havc nuc1eus Osmosis can occur

in non-living ot jects.

to bc seen undcr a light rnicroscopc

2.133A
2.136 B

2.134C

2.135B

The wavelength has effect only on

reso1ution, but not on ma

1onger wave1ength

niicrdtion

vill result in lo ver

rcsolution.

2.137 B

ovement

of substances
across a1membrane

Thc length of X on paper is 1,0

u

lengh

( :1 s;:: F

2.138 A Mitochondrion has a sausage

shapc. Thc diagra1 shows a transvcrse
scction and so the seCtion has a circu1ar

shape.

It

can

bc

recognized

as

1itochondrion by the cristac (the in~fo1ding

ofthe inncr membrane),

2.139 D Thc lcngth of the sca1c bar on

paper is 1.0cn

10 000 000 n

( = 10 n=

1)

10000 um=

A length of 200 nm is

magnified to10000000nm.
1agnification=10000000/200=50000

3.1 B
3.2

Honey

contains

high

concentration of sugars. With relative1y1ow

Watcr potcntial, the honey absorbs

vater
from the 1icroorganisms that have fa11en
it. The 1icroorganisms
dchydrated and become inactive
into

wOuId

be

3.3

C Vater potcntia1 usua11y has a

ncgative va1ue Students must be very cIear
that,for examplc,a va1ue of-500is lo ver or
more negative than a aIue of-300

Ans vcrs

3.4 D

3.5 A

3.24A Option-(2) is wrong because

osmosis inVo1ves on1y thc diffusion of

3,6

Energy

is

not

rcquired

in

vater

option-(3)iS wrong because osmosis can

oCCur in non-Iiving sclectively permeable

facilitatcd diffusion.

membranc,
3,7

A shnp1e guidcline for such typc of

qucstions is tha osmosis, siInp1e diffusion

3.25 A

and faci1itated diffusion do not require

option-B is correct. But osmosis is not

energy all othcr processcs rcquire encrgy

restrictcd only to
vater, it also applies to
othcr nuids and s lutes. so the dcinition of

3.8

Energy

is

not

avai1ab1c

under

In

osmosis

involving

vater,

selcctively permeablc mcmbranc should not

anaerobic condition, So this question is

another way of asking which process does

be rcstricted to water and its solutes,

not requ1re energy.

3.26B

3,9

3.28 C The liquid Ievcl riscs rapidIy at the

beginning, but the speed of rise slows down

vhcn the solution inside the tubing is di1uted

and a hydrostatic pressurc(due to the hcight
of the 1iquid co1umn) is gradually bui1t up

A11 ions diffuse into the cc11 via

the protein channe1s, vhich arc vatcr-fi11cd,

3.10B

3.11A

3.13C
3.15 B

3.12 D

3.14 A

3.27 C

against the vater entry into the tubing.

Vhen the amount of absorption is

3.29 C

Vith a lger bcakcr, thc

vater

proportiona1 to oXygen concentration, it can

bc rcasoncd that thc absorption is an active

potcntia1 of thc
vatcr is sti11 the samc It
docs not affect the
vater potential gradient

process.

bet veen

thc Outs1dc and the 1ns1de of the

tubing

3.16 D
3.30 E

3.17 C

living

cc11

membrane

is

The liquid1evcl rises at

rst due to

osmosis. As g1ucosc can diffuse out, the

se1cctivcly permeab1e and can prevent thc

g1ucosc concentrations insidc and outsidc the

red pigment from diffusing out of the ce11 In

dialysis tubing
vill nally be equa1, The

hot water,the proteins in the ce11 membranc

liquid lcvel wi11drop to its origina11eveI

arc dcnatured and thc red pigment can

diffuse out through thc protcin channels.

3.31 D Op on-C

is wrong becausc thc fa11

rst, and then

of mass should be rapid at

3.19B

3.18 A

gradually slows down

3.32 A

As

vater diffuscd out from thc

3.20 A Faci1itated diffusion is a typc of

diffusion. MolecuIcs can on1y movc down a
concentration gradient
It sti11 does not

bag,the sucrosc concentration insidc the bag

rose and
vould na11y reach an equilibrium

rcquircd encrgy

with thc solution outsidc.

3.21 D
3.23 D

3.22 D
Osmosis is a passive process;so it

docs not rcquirc living activities to occur

3.33 C

Vater diffused out frolll the funne1

untiI the conccntrations inside and outsidc

thc funnel were the samc.

Answers

14

3.34B Osmosis

occurs. Thc

potentia1of thc5q3sa1ts

water

lution is Io

ver than

that of the 1.'3 salt solution, Thus, thc

tendency of
vater entry to thc 59 sa1t

3.45 A

In soIution P, the ce

beginning of p1asmoIysis

sho ved

thc

This indicates that

the osmotic concentration of solution P was

si 1ilar

to that of the cell contcnt.

solution is higher than that to thc 1% salt

solution. Whcn thc liquid lcvel at Y rises,

3.46 D

Vatcr is pushcd out fro1n the1c/o salt solution

and so X falls.

ocCupies most of the ce11 vo1ume. 1 he cell

sap contains a purplc pigment; therefore the

3.35 E)

easily under rnicroscopc

The vacuole, with the cell sap,

shrinkage of the vacuo1e, can be obscrved

The

external

layer

of

the

mammalian skin is almost impermeable to

water,

3.47B

3.48C

3.36B Glucose diffuscs om Yto X.Thc

3.49 B

watcr potential of X is lowered and therc is a

net diffusion of watcr from Y to X,

50%;of thc cells are plasmolyscd

Whcn liquid1cvel P rises,thc incrcascd

pressure in the left side of the vessel
vi11

3.50 A

raisc the vater potential of liquid X, Fina11y

3.51 C As thc extcrnalvatcr potcntial Vas

higher(lcss negativc), vatcr entered the cel1.

at equilibr1um,the vater potential on thc two

sides w l be the same,(Note although X has

higher

concentration,

its

hydrostatic

pressure is also higher,)

When equ ibriu 1has been reached,

the water potentiaIs on the two sides of a

select"ely permeable membrane mu

be

the same

The ccll wa11is permeab1e to largc

3.39A

3.53 C

In

solution

of

lower

conccntration, thc p1ant cells absorb water

and becomc more turgid As the pressure

3.40B

3.41 A

Vhen a plant ccll bccomcs turgid,

thevater potential inside the ccll is the same

as that outside and so no furthcr water will

cnter thc ccll,

When an Osmotic equi1ibrium has

bcen rcachcd, the

vater potentials must be
the same,

3.54 D

strip21oscs vatcr duc to osmosis.

strip31oscs water due to the cvaporation of

3.42 D

3.44 C

3.52 A

vater into the cc11,

molcculcs,

3.43 A

The ce11should become turgid.

builds up inside the cell,the water potential

wi11 rise and this wi11 counter the cntry o

3.37B
3.38 A

This is thc concentration in which

Water to thc atInOsphere,

3.55 D

A1coho1 is a dchydrating agent It

dravs vater out frorn the potato strip

3.56A

3.57C

3.58 B The sclective permeabi1ity of the

cc11rncmbrane was dcstroycd on boiling.The

carrot became per1neab1c to the sucrose

moIecu1e

3.59 D

Answers

3.60 I)

The ratio of nal mass to initia1

mass of the strip in water was I 2, Since the

3.70 A

initial1nass was20g,the nal mass should

potential of the ce11s(stated in thc qucstion),

be2,4g.

Sincc thc so1ute potential of the

eXterna1 solution is the samc as thc so1ute

at equi1ibrium,the vater potential inside the
cell is the same as the solute potential

3.61 B

The strip in a so1udon of-1.0MPa

Remember thc cquation

did not gain or losc mass.This indicates that

thc
vater potentia1 of the cc11 content
vas

vater potcntial = solutc potcntial

+ pressurc potentia1.

-1.0
Pa,

As thc vater potcntial is equal to so1ute

3.62 C

What can bc concIuded should be

the data sho vn in the graph.option 2is true,

but this cannot bc deduced fron1thc data in

thc graph.

3,63 B

The independent variab1c is the

sucrosc conccntrat1on

of the strips.Thus the length of the strip is a

variab1c.

3.64B
3.65 A

zero,

3.71B

3.72C

3.74 D

3.75B

3.73 A

A change of the

Concentration leads to a change in thc lcngth

de 2endent

potential, the pressurc potential would be

Whcn the sucrosc conCcntration

3.76 D

Incrcascd surfacc

mcmbrane

can

1ncrcasc

protein channe1s

ea of the ce11

the

number

of

option-B is wrong bccause

thc ions do not pass through thc phospholipid

layer

3.77 A

Without oxygen, only diffusion

1ncreascs, morc watcr moves out from thc

can occur and Graph-B sho vs that the ratc of

ce11(or1ess water enters thc ce11),The cell

uptakc of the 6-carbon sugar is zcro. This

Contcnt bcComes more cOncentratcd and so

means that the uptake is by activc transport

on1y

the

`ater potentia1is rnore negatiVe,

3.66 D

Thc ce11s absorb vater in thc0.1b/I

solution, Thc so1utc potentia1 and /ater

potcntial bccome1css negativc

The pressurc potcntial norma11y is0or

Its magnitude increases

Vhen the ceIls absorb

Vater and incrcasc h1
has a positive value
turgidity.

diffusion on1y

3.78 (;

The movement of the 3-carbon

option-A and D

sugar is by diffusion only

are loVrong because diffusion is passive,

which does not involve life processes.

option-B is wrong becausc the passage
shou1d go through channe1proteins,

3.67 A Thc normal cortical cc11s arc

turgid, On a frcshly cut strip, the cells
expand and push the strip to curvc Out vard
In a20% sucrosc so1ution, the cortical cells

lose
^/ater and shrink. The strip curves
1nvard,

3.68C

The uptake of the 3-carbon sugar is

unaffected This means that the uptake is by

3.69 D

3.79 C

For option-(3), the increase in

random movemen ( ffusion) of the 6~

carbon sugar cnab1cs the sugar molecuIes to

have morc chances to contact thc CarrIer

prote1ns.

3.80B
3

82 C

3.81B
Thc Oxidation of g1ucosc rclcases

energy '|ks more cnergy is avaiIab1e,the ratc

would incrcasc,

Answers

16

4.6 B Option A is wrong because somc

3.83 D Active transport is carried out by

the proteins in the ceIl membrane and this

cnzymes catalyse building reactions

function dcpends on the specific shape of thc

C is wrong because some enzymcs can

protein

function even at 90 C Option E is wrong

because some cmzymes funct1on at ac1dic pH.

moleculc,

At

high

tcmperaturc

(above around45 to50 C), the proteins arc

option-

dcnaturcd and their functions arc lost

4.7 C
3.84 D Enzymcs

are

4.8 D

proteins, ATP

(energy) is required for the synthesis of

4.9 B Option-(2)

prote1ns.

something in the cxtract had caused the

3.85 D

3.86 A

can

show

that

reaction, but could not show that it

vas an
cnzyme that had causcd the rcaction,Boiling
the eXtract can prove this.

3.87 B

thc

There is no "active transportl| in

options; so the only choicc is

It can also bc pinocytosis,

endocytosis

vhich is an endocytosis that takes in largc

molecu1es, option-E) is
vrong becausc

phagocytosis is thc engulfing of particles.

4.10C Option (1)can

3.89 C

Thc lysosomes release cnzymes

rcsponsib1c for it, Besidcs, setup 2 in thc

question had alrcady provcd this
option

3.88 A

show that thc l esh

applc tissuc had causcd the rcsult,but cannot

sho v that it
vas the catalasc that
vas

(2)can show that thc gas was

derivcd frolu the hydrogcn pcroxide,option(3) can conflrlll that the hydrogen peroxide
had rc1cascd thc Oxygen,

into thc vacuole to digcst the bacterium

4.11B

3.90B

4.14 A
4.16 A

4.12D

4.13B

4.15C
The shape of a protein is changed

by hcat,Thc cffcct of heat on cnzymes ts the

4 Enzymes

same as thc cffect of heat on proteins.

4.17 D

4.1 B

do vn

and
ina11y rcachcs a maximun1 1cve1
and stays at that1evc1.

4.2 A For option-B, 37 C is the nonnal

human body temperature, but not nccessary

an optimum tcmperature for the cnzymes,

4.18 A

For option-C),some enzymcs can be activc in

a vcry hot condition, For option-E),cnzymes

4.20 A

are only inactivated at0 C,not denatured.

product

4,3

4.21 D

There are many typcs of reactions

inside a ce11
its spcci

4.4 A

The incrcase of product (glucose)

shou1d be fast at thc beginning, then s1o vs

4.19C
This is thc diffcrencc bctween the

cnergy in the substrate and the encrgy in thc

Each type of reaction requires

c cnzymc,

4.5 D

4.22 ()

The cnergy levc1of the product is

higher than the cnergy le cl of the substratc;

so thc rcaction rcquircs energy fro 1outside
This is an endergonic reaction

Answcrs

The cnzyme dcCreases on1y the

4.23 I

4.36B

vould not change thc

activation cncrgy It
kinctic energy of thc reactant and product,or
change thc nct amount of cncrgy relcascd or

4.37A Option-C and D arc wrong bccause

absorbed in thc reaction.

up

Vould not be uscd

enzymes (or acti e sitc)

in

thc

rcaction

Enzymes

remain

unchangcd at the end of thc reaction and can

4.24B Q rcmains unchangcd after thc

bc rcused again

reaction;so this is thc enzymc.

the react1on has not stopped

option-B is wrong becausc

The lc e1-off of the curve may give the

4.25 'k

ThC reaction inVolves water and it

causcs the sp1itting of a 1 Lrgc mo1ecu1e to
t

pression that the ratc has stoppcd

wrong il
Actua11y,thc ratc is constant at a high ratc,

vo products of diffcrent shapcs,

4.38C
4.26 D

4.39D

An enzyme is not changcd in the

C Thc

rcaction it cata1yscs. It Wou1d repcat thc

4.40 D

reactiQn unti1the substrate has been uscd up,

protein is not hydro1ysed at this tempcraturc

4.27 B

this tcmperaturc.

Thcrc is no rcaction at 50

So thc amount of the protein is greatcst at

Active

site is

located on thc

cnzymc On1y,not on the substrate or product.

4.41 C

4.28C Q and R ha c sirniIar shapcs,Thc

diagram rcprcscnts the synthesis of ma1tosc
fror11two mo1ccu1cs of g1ucosc,

4.29C
4.30 C

NotC that the shapc of thc active

sitc and thc shape of the substrate are

complemcntary,notthe same shape
veak bonds,

vay
fron the
Thc products can casily brcak a

4.31 D

Hydrogcn bonds arc

cnzymc.

op on-B is wrong bccausc whcn the

tcmpcrature inCreascs furthcr, thc kinctic
cnergy will a1so incrcase furthcr, For
examp1e,thc kinctic energy of the enzyme at
R is higher than at Q option~D is wrong

bccause at S, the pcptidc bonds arc not

broken

4.42 B

The y-axis is "Timc for thc

rcaction to complcte",not"Ratc of reaction"

4.43 C Option-A and B arc wrong because

4.32 D A11 cnzymc-substratc complexes

wi11 become cnzymc-product comp1cxcs,
which thcn dissociate to free the products.

Thcrc

At R, dcnaturation of the enzymc

is taking p1ace

shou1d

be

no

enzyme-substratc

comp1cxcs at thc cnd of thc rcaction.

4.33 B

There is no acti c cnzyme to

convcrt thc sugars tO starCh

4.34 C

Hea y mcta1s ha e no effect on

enzymes;on1y their ions affcct thc enzymes

4.35 B

Crcury ion is a hcaVy mcta1ion,

hich can cause denaturat1on of thc cnzyme

mo1ccu1c

W to X ,thc substratc conccntration is

1in1iting the rate (incrCasing the substratc

fron

conccntration increases thc ratc)

4.44 D
4.46 JL

4.45 A
The curve shou1d have a higher

initia1 rate (curve steepcr) and with the

maximum1cve1higher than that of X

4.47 D

The curvc should havc a highcr

initia1ratc. The maximun1 1cvcI is thc samc

as X,as thc amount of substrate is thc samc,

The onIy differcnce is that the maXimum

1eve1is reached faster.

Answers

4,48 B

The curve shou1d have a lo

initial rate and with the maximum lcve1`er

higher than that of X,
3ut it takes longer

4.59C

4.60C

4.61 D

4.62B

timc to rcach thc maximum level

4.63B
4.49 I)

The y-axis is IlTotal amount of

product|i,not"Rate of rcaction"

Human ce11s have no ce wa11,

Thus the drug wOuId not inhibit human
enzymes.

In the sccond eXpcriInent, the amount

of product should incrcase fastcr at thc

beginning, but the amount
vou1d remain
constant after thc enzyme had been

4.64A Thc actions of option-B,C and D

denatured by heat. Thc maximun 1cvcl

shou1d be 1owcr than that in the nrst

human body.

cxpcr11ncnt,

4.65 A

affect a
vidc variety of enzymes, Thcse
would lcad to many advcrse effccts on the

do vn

Protease is an cnzyme that breaks

proteins and therefore can rcmove the

4.50D Option-(2)is true because the core

enzymes(which are proteins)on the surhce

body temperaturc can bc changed(e,g in a

of thc1ens.

fever).

4.66 I)

4.51B

Enzymc-1

vould

continuc

to

convcrt the rcactant to Substancc-P As the

convcrsion of Substance-P to Substancc-Q is

4,52 B

This is a competitive inhibition,

Thc degree of inhibition depcnds on thc

relativc

amounts

of

the

substrate

reduccd,

substance-P

vould increase in

concentration

and

inhibitor.

4.67 C In such kind of control,usua11y thc

end product (substance-R) inhibits the
rst

4.53B

cnzyme(Enzyme1)

4.54 D
the acti

Mo1ecu1es R have no arca that gts

c sitc of thc enzyme and so wou1d

not affect the rcaction,

4.55 C

An enzymc is unchanged at tIle

cnd of the reaction it catalyses

5 Nutrition and gas exchange

i

4.56 C

For

competitivc

pla ts

inhibition,

incrcasing thc substrate conccntration

vouId

incrcase the rate and the maXimum level

tcnds to reach the leve1 vith no inhibition.

4.57 B

FOr

5.1 B

non compet1tIve 1nhibit1on,

after an initiaI increase, further increase of

substrate concentration
^/ouId not increase
the rate, and thc maximum lcvc1 is 1o vcr

5.2

Anhna1 tissues are relatively rich

in proteins,and proteins are relative1y rich in

n1trogen contcnt,

than that vith no inhibition.

5.3

BOth mushroom and human must

4.58A Heavy metal ions(e.g ,lead ion,

obtain foods fron1 other organic sources.

mercury ion) arc non~competitivc inhibitors

This belongs to heterotrophic nutrition.

ofInost cnzymcs.

19

Ansvcrs

Thc

5.20 B

hetcrotrophic nutrition can be further dividcd

into hoIozoic,saprophytic and parasitic.

greatcr

5.4

C)

Both

are

heterotrophic.

A attened shape provides a

surfaCe area, but it has the

disadvantagcs of1osing morc watcr vapour

and being broken by l

5.5

5.6

`vind1nore easily,

5.21 B
5.7 C Photosynthctic p1ants cannot grOw
at the bottolll of the 1ake because of the
abscnce of light. Heterotrophic organisms
can depcnd on the organic matters falling

5.22 A

A nattcned shapc increases the

surface arca to volumc ratio. Morc surface

area is avaiIabIe for absorbing sun1ight,but it

also carries the disadvantagc of1osing more

fron1above

vater by evaporation through the surface

5.8

Enzymes arc proteins and proteins

Conta1nn1trogcn,

5.9

5.23 B

5.10 D

5.24 D

S is thc phlocm tissue,

W is the guard ccll, which also

contains ch1orop1asts,

5.11 C

Ch1orophy11 contains magnesium

in their mo1ccules. Vithout magnesium,

ch1orophyll cannot bc formcd.

5.12 C

5.25 A`

lattened shapc incrcascs the

The
area of absorbing sun1ight, not thc arca of
photosynthesis,

A main disadvantagc of organic

fcrtilizcrs is that they are less concentrated in

5,26 C OptIOn-(l) is an adaptation for

uneral contents

increasing

the

efficicncy

of

absorbing

sunlight,not for rcducing vatcr loss

5.13 B

The root absorbs nlineral ions by

5.27 D

5.28 C

requires the air in the soi1

5,29 B

Structurc3is the phlocm,

5.14 D

5,30 D

5.15 A MagnesiuH1 is found only in

ch1orophy11, Arnylase is an cnzymc, and

5,31 B

cnzymcs arc protcins A11 protcins contain

nitrogen ATP is adenosine triphosphatc
It
contains threc phosphate groups.

Thc lcaf requircs more carbon dioxidc for

5.16C

increases, but this is an undesirable and

unavoidab1e conscquence.

active transport, This process requires thc

energy released from rcspiration and thus

5.17B

5.18 D

A p1an diagram sho vs thc layout

of

tissues,

thc

and

shou1d

not

show

individual ce11s or cell contents.

5.19 A

Notc that thc guard cc11s a1so

contain ch1orOplasts.

Under

strong

sunlight,

photo-

synthesis proceeds at relatively high rate

photOsynthcsis The stomata open

vider to

allo v

morc carbon dioxide to entcr thc Ieaf

from outside, Thc rate of transpiration also

5.32 A

This type of cxpcrilnents are used

to dcmonstrate the prcscnCe of air spaccs and

stomata in a1eaf

5.33B

5,34C

5.35 A

AnsWcrs

20

5.36 A

Starch is insolub1e and cannot be

5.50 E)

Photosynthesis occurred between

transportcd directly As a storage matcrial,it

W and X and bet veen Y and z,although thc

has 1itt1e osmotic effect on the Ce11 content

rate was1oWer than the rate of respiration

and is also a compact form

5.37 D

5.51 D It is assumed that rcspiratory rate

is constant throughout thc day; therefore, 2

5.38 D

units of carbon dioxide are produccd. Thc

5.39C Ccl1wa11is composed of ce11ulose,

vhich is built on1y froln monosaccharides,

5.40B

units from its o vn respiratiOn,ie ,a total of

5.41C

5.42 A

lcaf absorbs 12units of carbon dioxide from

outside(indicated in the graph)and another2
14units are absorbed in photosynthesis.

In pIants,respiration takes placc at

5.52C

a11timc,

5.43B
5.45 C

5.53 A

5.44C

This is the ti1ne photosynthesis is

proceeding at the highest ratc Thc stomatal

aperture must be
videst at this ti1ne for

At this light intensity,thc1eaf does

not take in or release carbon dioxide Thus

sufficient carbon dioxide to diffuse into the

1eaf,

the ratc of photosynthesis is equaI to the ratc

5.54C

of respiration,

5.46 I)

The 1eaf consumes 7 units of

5.55 A

Raising thc temperature incrcascd

carbon dioxide,5units frona the atlnosphcre,

the rate. This showed that tcmperature

2units from its Own respiration.

thc li 1iting factor,

5.47 B

5.56 I)

The graph sho vs that the lcaf

re1eases 2 units of carbon dioxide at O unit

Vas

Thcre shou1d be no photosynthesis

in the seeds,as1eaves havc not yet emerged

light intensity,

It has to be assumcd that at8units light

intensity, the leaf aIso relcascs 2 units of

carbon dioxide in respiration. (Actua1Iy thc

value

shou1d

be

higher

because

the

temperature should be higher)

5.48 B

Option-(1) is

vrong bccause at 1

unit Iight intensity, the 1eaf releases Co2,

showing that thc rate of respiration is highcr,

For option-(2), the "net" rate of

photosynthcsis is zero bccause the g1ucose
produccd isjust used up in rcspiration,

option-(3)is vrong bccause the ratc is

5.57 B

Thc control shou1d prove that the

resuIt vas due to the living activities of the

secds and respiration is one of the activities,

vou1d stop the acti
Boi1ing the sceds

ities

and a negative result vas expectcd

5.58 C

5.59 A

5.61 D

5.62 A

5.63 D

5.60C

The carbon dioxidc concentration

in the bott1c is relatively high at4an1(

vith

no photosynthesis) and relative1y low at 4

pm(With a1ot of photosynthesis).

constant at a high leve1.

5.64 B
5.49 ; Photosynthesis absorbs carbon
dioxide. Thus, thc carbon dioxide concentrau n in thcvatcr is inversely proportiona1

to the ratc of photosynthesis

vater vccd
Photosynthesis of thc

maintains the oxygcn content in the water

Answcrs

5.65 C
bott1c

Therc arc twO waterweeds in thc

21

6.9 B

In darkness, the oxygen contcnt in

6.10 I)

this bott1c wOu1d be depletcd1nost rapidly,

The apcrture of the stomata 1s

smaller undcr thc di1n1ight

6.11 A

The ba1ance records the mass of

vater1ost fron1the shoot, not on the

6 Transpiration,transport
and support in plants

thercfore thc surface arca of the leaves is not

rcqu1rcd,

6.12 I)
6.1

P1ants losc more watcr and absorb

less water under this condit on, and this

The transpiration ratc per unit

surface area has some value like this

Example

causcs the stomata to close.

6.2

vater

absorbed,This question dea1s vith the rate of

Water absOrption of the
vho1c shoot;

5.2gm^2h

so thc mcasurcmcnts requirc thc tilnc

Whcn air humidity increases, thc

ratc of transpiration dccreases,

6.3 A Water evaporatcs from the surface

of the cells; thcreforc thc ans vcr cannot be

stomata or air spaccs, Epidermal cc11s arc

Covered by a cuticle. Not much

vatcr

eVaporates frolll these ce11s,

lh),the surface area of the leaf(m2)and thC

mass of thc watcr loss(g),

6,13 B

/arm

and

bright

condition

favours transpiration and therefore morc

vater is lost from the shoot

6.14 C

If the cut end is exposed to air, air

may cnter the xy1em vesse1s and may b1ock

6.4 C Therc is insufficient water in the
leavcs, The guard cclls becomc accid and

the stomata c1ose, The amount of carbon

dioxide diffusing into the1caves is reduced.

option-D is wrong bccause the amount

of water used in photosynthesis is re1ative1y

sma11.

The rcmaining

water

shou1d

bc

sufficient for photosynthesis

the Vcsse1s.

6.15B
6.16 C

The mass of watcr absorbed in20

n1inutes was (8.0-3.0)x0,1 g=0.5g, or

I,5g in one hour

The mass of water

anspired in 20

lminutcs vas(360.4-360,0)

04g,or1.2g

1n onc hour,

The amount reta1ned in one hour was

l : :i }lI

0.3g.

summer day may rcduce the aperture of the

stomata.The diffusion of carbon dioxidc into
lC isrcduTd

6.17 D
6.18 B
shoot

The bubble will move when thc

absorbs

vater

Thus

thc ratc of

moVement of the bubb1e represents thc ratc

6.8

vith water, anhydrous

In contact

coba1t chIoride turns fron b1uc to pink;

anhydrous coppcr su1phatc turns froln vhitc
to b1ue

of vater absorption,

6,19 A

Answers

22

6.20 E)

For va d cO111parison, the same

shoot and thc same potomcter should be used

in a11rncasurements,

option-C is wrong because for the

purposc of comparison, the abso1ute valucs

A si 1ilar question appearcd in the pass

Exa 1ination and the correct score is only

24%, option-B is the correct choicc On1y

because the other3choices are certainly not
corrcct,

of
vatcr absorbed or transpircd arc not
requ1red

This is a poorly dcsigned question

becausc the effect of the format1on of ncw
cells should not be so signincant,The author

6.21 C

B1ocking the stomata On thc upper

surfacc
^`ith Vaselinc rcduced thc ratc of
transpiration by ha1f. Further blocking thc

includcs this question just for thc possibility

that sillli1ar questions may rcappear again.

6.31 D

6.32C

approximatc1y thc same on both surfaces.

6.33 A

6.34C

6.22 B

6.35 B

lower surface reduced the remaining half.

This inlp1ies that the rate of transpiration vas

Option-A is wrong because the

conclusion shou1d bc thc information that

Transpiration

givcs

out

vater

vapour(moisture),not vater.

can be rcad direct1y from thc tab1c,

6,23 C optiOn-C cannot be read from thc

6.36 C

The curvcs shov c1ear1y that the

stomatal aperture remains unchanged at this

graph

tiIne The stomata should have alrcady becn

fu11y opened

6.24 A

In4hours,the shoot lost(5003-

4923 8)g of water,i.e,2.0g(or2.o cm3)

6.37 D

per hour

time,the absorption of vater at thc root rnay

Option-C is wrong bccause at this

not dccrease. The rcason for thc

vi1ting is

6.25 B

In 4 hours, thc shoot absorbed

more

hkely

that

thc

vater

lost

in

(125-2,5=10)g Of water.At the same

transpiration is greater than the amount

time,it1ost8g of vatcr,

absorbed fro 1the son, The cortical cc11s in

the young stem1ose turgidity.

6.26 A

6.27 C

6.28 D
6.38 A

6.29 A

As

thc

rate

of

transpiration

frolll thc root to the leaves.The1oss of vater

6.39 D On wiIting,the stomata are c1osed

Thc a1nount of carbon dioxide diffusing into

at the root1oVers thc Water potential of thc

the leaf is rcduced

1ncrcascs aftcr0600,more watcr1s drawn up

ce11s The cells absorb more so water by

osmosis,

6.30B Arca Y reprcsents watcr g n oate

of watcr absorp on highcr than ratc of
transpir ion) Area X

reprcsents water1oss

(ratC of watcr absorption lower than ratc of

transpiration). Arca Y greater than arca-X

means that the p1ant retains sOmc of the

Vater it has absorbed

6.40B
6.43 D

6,41 C

6.42C

The guard cc11s can carry out

photosynthcsis and this feature 1cads to a

mcchanism that enab1es the guard cc11s to

bccomc more curvcd (i.e,, incrcasing the

stomata1apcrture)when ght is prcsent

Answers

6.44 B

Such kind of qucstions concerning

the distribution of stomata on f1oating1eaves

in opcn Examinations

6.60C The excess fertilizers lowcr thc

watcr potentlal of thc soil water.Less watcr

enters the root or even water may bc drawn

becausc this fcaturc illustratcs beautifu11y

ho v organisms adapt to thcir environmcnt.

out from thc root

6.45D

activc uptake When water has displaced thc

6.61 I

6.48 A

6.46A

6.47B

Photosynthcsis

requircs

carbon

diox1dc

The root

absorbs

1inera1s

by

air in the soi ,thcre is no oxygcn for acrobic

respiration, The root cannot absorb 1inerals
fronn thc s il and therefore cannot

aCCumulatc 1inerals insidc thc ccl1, Thc

vater potcntial insidc the root rises and thc

root absorbs less water

6.49 C

6.50B Option D is wrong becausc this is

an aquatic p1ant,not a tcrrcstriaI plant.

6.62 D

As thcre is no acrobic respiration,

therc is no activc absorption of mincra1ions

6.51 A
po ver

Observing a pecl under thc lo v

givcs a vie v covCring the greatcst

The watcr potcntia1 inside and outsidc thc

cell should Inore or less the samc

surface arca of the leaf,

6.63 A
6.52 A
6.64C The watcr potcntial of so
6.53 D

swollen

shape

reduces

the

surfacc area to volumc ratio, and thcreforc

can rcducc the relativc surfacc arca

vherc

water

shouId be higher than that in the root (-500

transp1rat1on occurs

is greater than -1300) option A is

vrong
because`^/atcr potential usually has a zero or
negat1ve value.

6.54 D

6.65 B

The root hairs

arc

unicellu1ar

outgrowths.

6.55 C

R is the rcgion of cell division.

The cells arc undergoing active ce11divisions

and thc young cc11s have thc sma1Icst size

6.66A

6.67B

6.68B Q is thC co CX,One of thc

6.56C somc

cc11s

show

distinct

chromosomcs, This indicatcs that they are

functions of this region is food storage and

the food stored is1nain1y starch

undergoing ce11division

6.69 D

6.70 D

6.71C

6.57A The ce1Is at Q have not yCt fu11y

differentiatcd into tissucs
At region
diffcrcnt types of tissuc bcgin to form.

6.58 B

P,

Tonoplast is a selective1y pcr-

meable mcmbrane surrounding the ce11 sap.

6.72 D
(1) is apop1ast pathway, (2) and
(3) pass through thc vacuo1c. This
s
Vacuolar pathway, which is rc1ativc1y
insignificant, as the resistance to
relatively high in the vacuo1e,

The ce11sap contains solutcs and usua11y has

a Water potentia1 1over than that of the soi1
watcr.

6.59B

6.73 A

ow

is

Answers

24

6.74 C

ApopIast pathway refers to the

6.89 D

routes which do notinvo1ve living structures

It includes thc transport of

vatcr in the
xy1em.

6.75B

6.90 D

R is the xylelll tissue

Its hardness

contr1butcs support to the stem, s arc thinwa11ed ce11s,

vhich contribute support by
their turgidity,

6.76 I)

The xylen in option-E) is stained

option-B is vrong becausc it is a section of a

6.91C

root

6.92 A

structure R is a hard tissue. The

distribution on the periphery causcs the stem

6.77 A

to bend lcss readily.

6.78B OpJons-C and D arc scctions of

6.93 C

stem, Option-A shows that thc ph1oem is

stained These cannot be the correct choice,

sucrose.Q is the ph1oem and it transports

sucrosc, R is the xylem and it transports

The remaining option is B.Thc resu shows

water and1nincral ions.

solutcs include 1inera1 ions and

that thc dye cannot enter thc intact root,

6.79 D

6.80C

6.81 A

6.82B

6.94 B
6.96 A

6.95 D
X is the ph1oen and Y is thc

xylem

vall is relativc1y thin.

6.83 C The cell
There is no chloroplast. The shape is

the process of respiration The lcaf re1eases

rectangu1ar They look likc cpiderma1ce11s

oxygcn as a result of photosynthesis

6.84 I)

6.98 C

This is the stem of a young p1ant.

6.97 I)

The root hair absorbs oxygen in

Support is mainly by the turgidity of the

6.99 B Nitrogen gas a1 vays occupies up to
78q;of the vo1ume of air

thin-va11ed cells

6.85A Opdon-C

is

wrong

because

turgidity refcrs to the turgid state of the thin-

6.100 D

6.101 C

6.102B

valled ce11s after they have fu11y absorbed

water This term cannot be used to refcr to

6.103 A

the hardness ofthc stem

6.86 C

Ce11 type 3 are the xy1em vessels.

Thcy arc dead ce11s,

6.104 Ak Up vard movement of vater in the

xy1em depcnds on transpiration A condition
that favours transpiration wou1d result in a

highcr ratc of movement of watcr up thc

6.87 D

6.88 C
4,

vith

stcrn

When

vater is sufficient,ccll type

thcir

turgidity,

arc

thc

chief

supporting tissuc of the young stem When

6.105 E During thc daytirne, dccreasc of

vater potcntia1in the leaf ceIls increascs the

transpiration pu11. This in turn increases thc

atcr is dcficicnt, cell type 4 1ose this

cohes1on tens1on forcc 1n the watcr stream

function and cell typc 3 become the chief

inside the xylem This force crcates a suction

that causes the xy1em vcssels to constrict a

supporting tissue,

little bit,

Answers

6.107C

6.106B

6.122 A

Submerged plants oat in water

and therefore support is not required,

6.108D Lcaf C would not w t

because the

xy1en tissue is sti11intact. Vater can sti11be

absorbcd at the root

6.109 A
6.110 A

The phloem had been des oyed

togethcr vith the bark. Organic foods cou1d

7 Energetics photosynthesis
and respiration

not reach the root. Thc root died after the

stored food had bcen exhausted, The wholc

p1ant vould die becausc thcrc was no root to

7.1 A

absorb watcr

6.111 B The ph1oem,which is1iving,w

be killed by the hcat of the steam,The xylem

is a dead tissue.It wou1d not be affectcd.

6.112C
6.114 B

6.113C
but

The oxygcn rc1cascd in photo-

synthcsis is derived frolll the photo1ysis of

water. If the oxygcn in the
vatcr
`cre
radioactivc, the oxygcn relcased would a1so
be radioactive.

so1ute potential is sizni1ar to watcr

potentiaI

7.2

ncglecting

the

7.3 B

7.4 D

7.5 A

hydrostatic

7.6 C

prcssurc of the solution. When the so1utc

concentration increases (bccomcs higher),
thc so1ute potential wi11decrease(becomes

7.7

lower or morc negt ti

green light passcs through it unabsorbed,The

I)

Ch1orophy11is grcen bccausc most

chlorophy11does not"c lit"any

6.115 C The
contains

fluid in the

sucrosc,

but

sieve tube

no

g1ucose

allo vs1ights

light

It on1y

to pass through,

and

ccrtain1y no starch

7.8

Green 1ight is 1cast effective in

driving photosynthesis in green plants.

6.116 B

The

companion

ce11s

absorb

organic foods from surrounding cells by

thc sievc eIement,The active uptake requires
energy,

7.9 C "Action spcctrun1tI is the relative

vavelengths of
cffectiveness of different
light in driving photosynthesis. It is
proportional to the rate of photosynthesis,

6.117 D

Option A is "absorption
"action spcctrun 1

active uptake and thcn movc thc food into

The source shou1d bc the rcgion

spcctrum",

not

that prOduces carbohydrates Thc sink should

be

thc region

that uses

or

stores

the

carbohydrates,

7.10A

any plant ce11s(eg r00t cClls

and the cc11s inside the stcm)do not contain

chloroplasts

6.118 D
6.121 A

6.119 C

6.120 C

A herbaceous stc 1 is supported

chieay by the turgidity of the thin-wallcd

ce11s,In a concentrated sa1t so1ution,the ce1Is
lose turgidity and the sten1becomes soft

Bacteria1 cc11s may contain

photosynthctic pigments,but not ch1oroplast.

Bactcria
are
prokaryotes
They
are
considered as the origin of ch1orop1asts and
they have a size similar to thc ch1oroplasts.

Answers

26

7.11B

7.27 C

During photOsynthcsis, thc pIant

absorbs carbon dioxide and releascs oxygcn,

7.12C X is a granum, wherc thc light-

The amount of carbon dioxide in the botde

dcpendcnt reactions occur Y is the stroma,

remains unchanged becausc thc hydrogcn-

vhere the1ight-independent reactions Occur

carbonate so1ution gives out carbon dioxidc

to rcplace thosc absorbcd by thc plant. The

7.13B

increasc in the volume ofthe gas in thc bottle

reprcsents the amount of oxygcn rcIcascd

7.14 B

Ca1vin cyc1e occurs at the stroma.

Q is tllC stroma.

7.28 A

7.29 D

7.30B

7,15 B

7.31 D

7.32 A

7.33 C

For increasing the surface arca of

membranes,
cr1stae
are
found
in
mitochondria and thyIakoids (or a stack
kno vn

7.34C

as granum)are found in chloroplasts.

7.35 A

7.16 A

Carbon

ixation

and

glucosc

production occur in thc Ca1vin cycle and

This stcp destroys the membranes

so that alcoho1 can entcr thc chloroplasts

morc rcadily to cxtract thc ch1orophy11

Cdlvin cyc1c takcs p1acc at the stroma(Q)

7.36B
7.17 D

7.38C

7.37 D

Thc photosystcms arc located in

thc membrane of thc thylakoids,

7.39 B

Soda Ii1ne absorbs carbon dioxide,

If soda li1ne is on1itted,carbon dioxidc vou1d

7.18 I)

The clectron transport chains arc

1ocatcd at the rncmbrancs of the thyIakoids

be available to the plant If photosynthcsis

oCCurs,

thcn

it

can

bc

proved

photosynthesis would not take plaCc

The photo1ysis of

7.19 C

/ater does not

that

vhcn

therc1s no carbon diox1dc

occur at thc membranes, but inside the

7.20 B

ATP

oxidative

7.41B

7.40 A

thy1akoids

sti1l

be

formed in

phosphorylation

can

in

cellular

resp1rat1on.

7.42 k The region that is green in colour

and reccives sun ght and carbon dioxide
would contain starch and would be staincd
b1uc-back in colour,

7.21 C

Carbon

diox1de

comes

from

outside or froln the respiration at thc

7.43C

7.44 D

7.45 C

11toChondr1a

7.46D Hcating the water to60 C would

7.22 D
7.25 B

7.23 C

7.24 A

Vhen distilled vatcr is uscd in the

control and therc is no starch produccd,then

dcnature the cnzymes

7.47 C9

Rcspiration of thc worms produced

carbon diox1dc,

it can prove that the starch found in thc tcst

setup is derived fronn the glucose

7.48 B

7.26 A

of photosynthesis at 10 C, but the oxygen

rclcascd may be used by thc plant itsclf or

Thc concentratcd g1ucose solution

dehydrates the cells, The dricd cclls have a

1o vcr

Inetabo ic ratc

Thc pIant may have some degrce

may dissolve in water.

Answers

7.61B

7.49 A When the light intcnsity increascs,

the rate rcmains Constant at X This shows

7.60 D

that some factors other than light intcnsity is

7.62 C Thc aerobic rcspiration in a111iving

organisms is irtua11y thc samc

1i1iting

thc ratc,If thc1illliting factor is1ight

intcnsity, thc ratc wou1d inCrcase whcn thc

7.63 A

1ight intcnsity incrcascs

7.50 C Most reactions insidc a cc11,

inc1uding photosynthctic rcactions, arc

7.64 B

Conduction of nervous iIupu1scs

contro11cd by cnzymcs

requires energy. In thc process, A1 P is

convcrted to ADP and phosphate,

7.51 B The tcmpcraturc (3O C) is high

7.65B

cnough for thc photosynthctic cnzymcs to

function cfficiently,but the supp1y of carbon

7.66 D

dioxidc (0,01%) may not bc fast cnough to

vou1d break down thc protcins in

thc body

sustain a high rate of reaction (Dption-

k is

wrong bccausc the low tempcraturc may bc

On1y undcr cxtrcmc fasting that

the body tissue to relcase the encrgy in thc

protcins

thc li ting factor,

7.67 D

7.53 D

Of thCsc4substanccs,on1y protcin

contains nitrogcn

7.52 D
If a factor is 1i1niting the rate,

7.68C

increasing the factor vould increase the rate.

With this in mind, option A, B and C arc

7.69A OptIOn-(2)is wrong bccausc son1c

stagcs of acrobic respiration occurs in thc

wrong,

cytoplasm option-(3) iS wrong bccausc

7.54 k

Thc conc1usion

shou1d bc thc

somc stages of photosynthesis produce ATP

resu1t that can be rcad dircct1y frolll the data

7.70 C

7.72B

7.56 A

7.55 D

7.73 Jk

7.57 B

7.71 D

Not a11 ce11s contain starch or

This cxpcri1ncnt only dcmonstrates

the rcleasc of hCat from thc gcrlll1nating

sccds, It is On1y an assumption that this hcat

g1ycogen Oxygcn contains no cncrgy.

is re1eascd fro 1respiration, So option-B is

7.58 C

Thcrc is no sucrosc Or starch in a

human body Protcin is thc 1ast source of

cncrgy.

7.59 A

In

a1most

a11

cc11s,

whcn

an

not the best conc1usion

7.74 B
7.75 C

F1ask Y is the con o1 setup, It is

oxidation reaction supp1ics encrgy to a cc11,

used to prove that a ccrtain factor in the tcst

the cnergy is rst uscd to synthcsise 2`TP,

sctup(flask X)has causcd thc resu1t.

and this ATP is uscd to dr1vc various

activitics in thc cc11.

7.76 D

option-13is vrong because thc rcaction

rc1eascs encrgy and thercfore is an excrgonic

7.77 A

reactiOn,Option-C or option-D is wrong

because the question has no information on
how thc bacteria rcact if therc is no oxygcn

In flask Y,thc tcmpcraturc shou1d

rst two days Latcr,the
bactcria and fungi ourishing on thC dcad

remain1ow on thC

secds wou1d rcleasc a1arge amount of hcat

Answcrs

7,79C

7.78 A
7.80 A

7.96 I)

Option~lD is not thc choicc because

this setup cannot compare thc volume of

oxygen taken in and thc vo1ume of carbon
dioxide givcn out.

The 20% g1ucose solution has

lowcr watcr potcntial than the cell content

Thc yeast ce11s vere dehydrated by osmosis,

Thcy becamc1ess activc,

7.97B Carbon dioxide was relcascd f1
thc Jiquid. 1

7.81 B Option (1)can show that the result

om

/hen the gas rosc to thc top of

thc test tube,the liquid1evcl wou1d drop.

is due to thc acti ity of thc insect,option-(2)

can sho
`that the rcsu1t is duc to reduction of
pressurc inside thc test tube aftcr the carbon

7.98 D

dioxide has been absorbed by the soda liIne.

option-(3)can prove nothing because the use
of the hydroxidc solution is the same as thc

caused thc result.

soda liIne

Without a control, we on1y kno

the rcsult but cannot conClude

vhat had

7.99 C

When distilled
vater is uscd and
no a1coho1is produccd,it can be provcd that
thc alcoho1is derived fronn the g1ucosc

7.82C

7.83B

7.84 D
7,100 C

7.85 D
7.86 B

Anaerobic respiration1nay occurin

the presencc of oxygen.In such casc,aerobic

and anaerobic rcspirations occur at the samc
t1me

7.87 D

Thc oi11ayer had already kcpt thc

glucose solution from air Thc purpose of

7.88 A

7.89C

plugging thc stoppcr tightIy

vas to ensurc
that all thc rc1eased gas vould pass through
liquid X.

7.101 J` (1) and (2) changC colour after

absorbing carbon dioxlde and thcrefore can
(3)is used

be used to dctcct carbon dioxide

to absorb carbon dioxide but thcrc is no

7.90C

visua1change after the absorption.

7.91 B The rlte should risc rapid1y at nrst,

and then declincs,

7.102 B

The concentrated solution dehy

drates the yeast, This would inactivatc thc

ycast,but vou1d not kill them.

7.92 A

Yeast can surviVe for many days

v/ithout oXygen.Actua11y thcre is no oxygcn

7.103 A

7.104 A

7.105 C

at the beginning and the yeast can sti11

survive, Thc lack of glucose on1y stops the
yeast cells fron1 multiplying, but wOuld nOt

7.106 A

causc the death of the yeast vithin two days.

7.107D Thc
inactivated by

7.93 E)

This cXper1ment measures thc rate

solution

of release of bubblc If pure vater can do the

vork, thcre is no reason for using a liquid

vith chen1ical addcd.

7.108A
7.111B

7.94 C

7,95 A

yeas1
the

vould be
cells
conccntrated g1ucosc

7.109C

7.110A

Answers

7.112B Option-(3)is wrong because the

7.122 D

curve after point R shows that thc yeast ce11s

and C are not thc corrcct choices,

could grow rapidly after oxygen had been

supp1icd At point R, most probably some

7.123 D

29

It is very c1ear that option-A, B

cc11s had survivcd or most cells werc 1iving

1n an1nact1 ated statc

7.124 C

7.113C Option-B is wrong bccause f1 om

acrobic and anacrobic pathways. Glyco1ysis

produce pyruvate and ATP

CIlycoIysis is common to both

Qt0R,alc0hol was sti11ed produced,

7.125 B
7.114 D

The breaking of thc phosphate

group from A1 P and thc addition of thc

phosphate group to ADP are hydrolysis and

Carbon dioxide is produccd in

fcrmcntation reaction.

7.126 A

condensation reactions involving a watcr

molecu1e.

7.127 D

In glycolysis, NAE) is con ertcd

to l`TAE)II, i.e., glycolysis rcquires NAD.

7.115 A

When the formation of NAD is inhibited(as

indicated in thc qucstion), thC supp1y of

7.116 A

In the glycolysis of one g1ucosc

molecule,2ATPs arc consumed and4ATPs

are produccd, The net amount of ATP

to ofg1yco1ysis
be
the`D
rate
g1yco1ysis would
vi11drop,

7.128B

produccd is2.

The NADH produced in glycolysis

pathways

would yield ATP later,but this is not direcd

pyruvate

produced in glyco1ysis

7.117 B This question actually asks about

the substances produced in g1ycolysis, as

The

aerobic

split

after

rcduCcd, and

and
the

7.130 A

7.131 A

7.132 D

7.133C

7.134 C

Carbon dioxide is not released at

the end of the rcaction,but at thc conversion

of pyruvatc to acetyl-CoA and in Krebs

cyclc

Thc

1ast

phosphorylation

stagc

is

oxidative

A1 P

oxygcn combincs

is produced and

vith hydrogen to form

`ater.

7.119B Most ATPs(typica y32ATPs

r
one molecuIc of glucose)arc produced in the
last stage of ce11ular respiration, thc

oxidative phosphory1ation. This proccss is

inhibitcd by cyanides,

7.120 C Thecc11s that rcquirc the greatest

aInount of encrgy are affectcd most by

cyan1des

7.121 A

of

7.129B

g1yco1ysis occurs in cytoplasm,

7.118 B

anaerobic

formation

End of the answer