(Two marks ouestions and ansrvers)

I{NIT-I

l.

State any four losses that can take place in prestressed concrete. (A.U: APR/IVIAY

2008,

MAY/JITNE 2m9, 2012)

For pretensiooing and post tensioning:

F Elastic deformation of concrete
F Relaxation of sfess in steel
Y gffinkage of concrete
! Creep ofconcrete
For post-tensioning only

Anchorage slip

2. What !s meant by post tensioning? 1.1.u. i'tovloEc 2009)

Post tensioning is a method of prestressing in which t}re tendon is tensioned
has hardened. ln this method the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing'

of concrete

3. Why high strength concrete is necessary for prestressed concrete? (A.U. NOV/DEC

2012,

NOV/DEC 2009)

F To withstand high compressive stress due to prestress at early stages

F To offer higher iesistance to tension, shear, bond and bearing.
P To have lesser shrinkage effect.
F To have higher modulus of, elasticity and smaller creep strength and thus rezulting in
lesser loss

l-a
( 4,!trt"

of prestress.

two advantages of prestressd concreteover reinforced concrete. (A,U. NOv/DEc

"ny
zooo
Yotz, rulvaunr

F
F
F
)
>

The technique df prestressing eliminates cracking of concrete under all.stages of

loadirrg, the entirc section ofthe structure take part in resisting the extemal load' (ln
RCC only the portion of the concrete above the neutral axis is effective.
Absence of cracks results in higher capacity of the structure to bear reversal of
stress. impact, vibration and shock.
The use of curved tendons and the pre compression of the concrete helps to resist
shear.

The quantity of steel required for prestressing is above.l/3'd of that required for
reinforced concrete though the steel for the former should have high tensile strength.
Prestress concrete beams have usually low deflection.

(;,rName any four systems or methods of prestressing? (A.u. MAY/JUNE

Pretensioning systems
I.

IL.-

Abutment method

2013)

Post tensioning svstem

L Freyssinet system

t_
.,
l

2. Lee-Mccall sYstem
3. Magnet-Blaton system
3.Mould method
4. Prescon sYstem
5. Baur-Lcohharat sYstem
6' Gifford Udall sYstem
concrete? 1e'U'
pretensioning concrete oYer post tensioned
of
advantages
the
are
What
6.
ureyLrunr zorz, UAY/JUNE 2009)
2. Strut method

;r1c6;ffii6NrNG
ING
Suitable for large
Suitable Ior mass Presuuuv,
of small and r49iliu4 gn![.- construction
Little or more

}D

ASPECT
-:-...------.---

l. SuitabilitY
? Transoortahon
l. End encno4g"s4 G,routing
5.

tnss of Preqllregr

^^--::^--l,Io

UntY serr wsrBul vau

6. Dead load counter action

L^
ew

Only stragnt or

cJool(cu

--^{:lyrvurv
Reusable several times

8. Formwork or moulds

Any curved Profile feasible

Forms generallY

only

once

of a Prestressed

MAY/JI I{E 2012' 2or0)

used

Modest

High

invesment

ffi

dead loadi can be counteracted

^^,.-iara.ta.l

?. Cable Profile

9. Capital

Required
Required

renrrired
Nnt renrrired

]r.Tnt

--=.-

m-srre

concrete? (A-U.

the structure by
primarily balancing a portion of the load on
and
ii'J;'ff"' "pptpriate ' to the moments due to dead weight

L,oad balancing concept is

choosing the proper prof'te

applie<t

ioads.

flr

S.Whatlossduetoelasticshorteningcanbeignoretiforposttensionedbeam?.^
the loss due to elastic deformation is
tensioned'
simultaneously
are
wires
the
If all
compared to that of post tensioned
au. to creep is more for pretensioned beam

ffilo*,

member? (n-u. ePwMAY 2oro)

creep than post tensioned
pretensioned members have large magnitude of loss due to
member'
take"s placJ earlier in pretensioned
over, as Eansfer of p,",*"" ot"Afy
used in pre tensioning works?
10. Why is smaller diameter rvires

Theultimatetensilestrengthofwiresvarieswithitsdiameter.Thetensilestrength

AecreJ -ittt

fill
\'/

increases in the diameter of wires'

concrete?
tensile steel is used in the prestressed
\ryhat are the three forms in which high
High tensile steel wires

)
)
>

Cables

Strads
2

"*ffi**

2,

o
a

(A'u' MAY/JUNE 2009)

Why high tensile steel is essential for prestressed concrete?
to 240 N/nrm2 and it is apparent
The normal loss of stress in steel is generally aboul 100
stress, the sg.ess in steel in the initial
that ifthis toss of stress is to n" .*"li po6"on of thc initial
^
ranges are possible onlv
;ery hiCh, about 1200 to'2000 N/mm2. These high stiess
;;;;;;rG
with the use ofhigh strength steel
of steel? (A'U' Nov/DEc 2010)
13. What is meant by loss of prestress'due to relaxation
12.

Therelaxationofprestressingsteel,definedasthereductionbfstressunderconstant
strain, is due to creeP.
2009)
What is meant by pretensioning? (A'u' Nov/DEc 2011' Nov/DEc
before the-co-ncrete
A method of pr-estressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned
between steel and
bond
by
is imparted to conqete
is placed. In this method, ti ;;;t
14.

concrete.

the principle of prestressing? (A-u' Nov/DEc 20rr) '

suitable
The basic principle of presiressing is to produce bV 11Y
1:1"^t:^::T"i"n'
whose tinsile stresses would occur, when'
comoressive stressed in ,ff tn.r"'p*tr ut tt! .on"r"i"
the extemal load i.e. dead and live loads are applied'

@Mention

and post tensioned woiks?

What are grades of concrete to beused pre tensioned
of 400 Mpa for
The Indian code of practice suggests a minimum cube strength
pretensioned and 300 Mpa for post tensioned system'
(A'u' Nov/DEc 2009'2010) (A'u' APR/MAY 2010)
17. What is meant by pressure or thrust line?
16.

Atarrysectionofabeam,thecombinedeffectoftheprestressingforceandlheextemally
into a single
will result in a distribution of concrete stresse; that can be resolved called the
-ri"l""r,
or structure is
or tr," poi.t.'oi upprication of this force in any beam
Iii".
'pressure line'.
moment on the pressure line?
18. What is the effect of increase in external
O"'*
A change in the extemal moments in the elastic ryC: of pT-t":T^"-d^^":":'-t:t:,
torce ln the Dezrm.
,"rrlt. in ,rhidofthe pressure line rather than in an increase in the resultant
pretensioned member compared to post
f 9. Why loss due to shrinkage is mbre for
tensioned member? (A-u. Nov/DEc 2010)
applied load

Inthiscaseofpretensionedmembers,generallymoistcuringisresortedtoinorderto
strain will

Cooi"queoily, t],e total residual shrinkage

p'"st"'* in comparison with post tensioned
be larger in pretensioned *"-b",, after transfer oi
taken place by the time of transfer of
*ffl ut'e
members, where a portion
"lieaay
"i'.fu,ug"

p."r"nftr-irt ug",",1'*r" ti*"

oi

tr-rr"..

prestress.

20. What is meant by dxternal prestressing?

A member can be
external Prestressing.

h*-

prestressed by extemal reaction ofiered

by rigid abutments is called

I!-Ita

b neant by loss of prestress due to slip in the anchorage?

*,rdoraselossesoccurduetoslipofwiresduringarrchorageorduetostrainat
oi post tension.d system.

-I-;';;;

Such slips occur at both the jacking end and the

-d-inrage.
',
Ia ofsaess due to anchorage slip = E, x strain / length'
buded prestressed concrete and non-bonded prestressed concrete'
pressed concrete: confiete in which prestress is. imparted to concrete through
H
ht8 Ae tendons and surrounding concrete. Pre tensioned members belong to this

ILl

A method of construction in which the tendon are not bonded

concrete. ffr" t*ab"t may be placed in ducts fomred in the concrete

pcs*ressed concreie:

-;dngbe placed outside the concrete section.

fl you improve the shear resistance of concrete
D thircoral

beam using prestressing

or axial prestressing

> k*essing by inclined or sloping cable

D Yrrtical or transverse prestressing

E tors which influence the

deflection of prestressing concrete beams. (a.u'

D Iryoced load and self weight

D urgnitude of the presressing force
D fre profile
D Sr.o'rl moment or area of cross section
D Hus of elasticity of concrete
D 5tage, creep and relaxation of steel stress
D $ dtte member.
cable?

ft
f t

(au. Nov/DEc 2orl)

cable is a tendon profile in which the eccentricity is proportional at all

bcnding moment caused by any loading on a rigidly supported statically'
or a profrle which does not induce any redundant reactions and hence

eficcting shrinkage of concrete? (A.U- NoviDEc

-d

quality

2010)

27. What is meant by loss of prestress?

The effective prestess in concrete undergoes a gradual reduction with time from the
stages of transfer due to various causes..This is generally refened to as loss ofprestress.
28. What are the assumptions made in analysis of stresses in prestress concrete structural
element?
1. Concrete is a homogeneous elastic material

2. Within the range ofworking stresses, both concrete and still behave elaltically.
3. A plane before after bending.
4. Linear strain distribution across the depth ofthe member.

rare the two methods to calculate

@Wn
\-/

loss due to creep of concrete? (A.u. NovlDEc 2010)

Ultimate creep strain method

. 2. Creep coefficient method.
1.

30. What are the factors affecting creep coelficient? (A.U. NOv/DEc 2010)
1.

Humidity

2. Concrete quality
3. Duration of applied loading
4. Age ofthe concrete when loaded.
31. What is meant by

'wobble' or 'waves'?
The loss oflstress due to friction between the cables and undulations in the duct termed
'wobble' or 'waves'.

as

32. Define prestressed concrete. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2002, Nov/DEC 2009)

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which intemal stresses of a suitable

magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from extemal loads are
counteracted to a desired degree.
33,

Differentiate reinforced' concrete and prestressed-concrete.

ln RCC members, the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.
The tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its compressive strength and the
problem of it being defrcient in tensile strength appears to have been the driving factor in the
development of the composite material known as reinforced concrete
Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which intemal stresses of a suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting &om extemal loads are counteracted to a
desired degree.
34.

Write some need for high strength steel ard concrete material. (4.u, Nov/DEc 2orl)

l. Necessity ofusing high-strength steel and concrete

2. Recognition of losses of prestress due to various causes.

35. Define the terms:

a) Ten'don, b) Anchorage, c)

Full prestressing, d) Partial prestressing

A sfretched element used in a concrete member of $rucnre to impart

d"*iJfy,

0.".L*

to lhe concrete-

frign ,ensile steel wires, bars cables or strands are used as tendons'

b)ANCHORAGE
prestress in the concrete''

A device generally used to enable .the tendon to impart the maintain

rr'""o*,o,ontyusedun"ho,ug"saretheFreyssinet,MaglelBlaton,Gifford-Udall,Leonhardt.
Baur, LeeMcCall, Dywidag, Roebling, and BBRV systems'
c)

FULL PRESTRESSING

prestressed concrete in which tensile stresses in the concrete are entirely obviated at working
loads by having sufiiciently high presbess in-the members'
d) LIMITED OR PARTIAL PRESTRESSING (A.U. NOV/DEC

2OO9}.

Thedegreeofprestressappliedtoconcreteinwhichtensilestressestoalimiteddegpeare
perrnitted in concrete under working loads.
36. Define

ixial prestressing.

compressive prestress' In
Members in which the entire cross-section of concrete has a uniform
the concrete section.
thi" typ" ofp.".t essing, the centroid, ofthe tendons coincides with that of
37. Define eccentric

prestressing.

section at which the tendons are eccentric

trapezoidal compressive stress distribution'

to the centroid, resulting in a triangular or

38. Define Non-distortional prestressing'

stress is such that
ln this type, the combined effect of the degre" of p.estr"ss and the deadweight
due to
tte a"nection of the axis of the membei is preverted. In such cases, the moments
in the member'
prestress and deadweight exactly balance resulting only in an axial force

triaxial prestressing?
where concrete is prestressed (i) in only one direction, (ii) in two

39. What is meant by Uniaxial, biaxial and

The terms refer to the cases

*,rtuutty p"tp"naicular directions and (iii) in three mutually perpendicular directions'
40. Define circular Prestressing
The term refers to prestressing in round members, such as tanks and pipes'

41. What is meent by moderate Prestressing?

form of
No limit is imposed rpon the magnitude of the tensile stesses at working loads. This
concrete with
construction is not really protroin concrete but is to be regarded as reinforced
of reinforced
reduced cracking and tte sectioos should be analyzed according to the rules
concrete.

42. Deline

or untensioned reinforcement,

Reinforcement in prestressed members not tensioned with respect to the surrounding concrete
before the application of loads, these are gcncrally uscd in partial prestressed members.
43. Define the terms: Transmission length, cracking Ioad.

The length of the bond anchorage of the prestressing wire ftom the end of a pretensioned
member to the point

offull

steel stress is called as transmission length.

The load on the structural elernent corresponding to the

load.
44. What is meant by

frst visible crack is known

as cracking

proof stress?

The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain ctf 0.2 % ofthe original gauge length
on unloading.
45, Define cap cable.

A short curved tendon arranged at the interior supports of a continuous beam. The anchors are
the compressiori zone, while the curv6d portioh is in the tensile zone.
46,

in

Write the definition about degree of prestressing.

measure of the magrritude of the prestressing force related to the resultant stress occurring in
the structural member at working load.

47. Define Debonding. (A.u. Nov/DEc 200E)

Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete is known as debonding.
48. Write some applications of prestressed concrete.

The use of prestressed concrete has revolutionized the entire building industry in the erst while
USSR, USA, UK, Japan and the continent. Some of the applications are thirteen storey apartnent
building with precast post-tensioned in slab conskuction, 203mm thick light weight concrete
slabs of 8-6 m span in San Francisco.
49, Mention some tensioning devices used in prestressed concrete.

/
/
/
/
50.

Mechanical

Hydraulic
Electrical
Chemical

Write thq principles of post-tensioning.

Wedge action producing the tendons

. ts Direct bearing from rivet or bolt heads formed at the end of the wires
D Looping the wires arorind the concrete.

I&,,

't
I

51. Write the applications of post tensioning.

post tdnsioning is ideally suited for medium to long span in-situ work where the tensioning cost
is only a small proportion of the cost ofthe whole job.

5L Define the term Tendon splices. (A.u. MAY/JUNE 2002,2003)

In case of continuous prestressed concrete members involving long tendons, it is necessary t0
splice the tendons to achieve continuity. Several types of splices have been developed over the
yiuts to t it th" dif[erent types of wiies and stands used as tendons.
53.

Briefly explain thermo elastic prestressing. 1e.u. ernnr'rAY

2008, MAY/JUNE 2002)

of prestressing by heat tendons, achieved by passing an electric current in the hightensile wires, ii generally ieferred to as 'thermo-electric prestressing'. The process consists of
elecrically heatirig the bars to a temperanre of 3004000 c.

The method

54.

Explain Hoyer,s effect in prestressed concrete, (A,U. MAY/JIiNE

2009, NOViDEC 2010)

For mass production of pretensioned elem'ents, the long-line process developed by Hoyer is
genaally used in a factory- In this method, the tendons are stretched betweeft tlvo bulk heads'
several hundred meters apart so that a number of similar units may be cast along the same goup
of tensioned wires. The wires or skands wher teosioned hydraulic jacks or by a move able
stressing'machine.
55.

Explain Gifford-Udall system

The Gifford-Udall system developed

cone anchorages

in UK consists of steel split-cone and cylindrical female

to house the high-tensile wires bearing against Steel plates.

56. Exptain the concept about

Lee+kCaD systeur and l\fiagnel-Blaton.

(A.U. MAY/JUNE 200q

In the Lee-McCall system the tendons comprise high-tensile bars of diameter varying from 1240
mm which are threaded at the ods ASer tensioning bach bar is anchored by screwing a nut and
washer tightly against the eod plares-

post-tmiooirg syse.m adopts metallic sandwich plaJes, flat wedges, and a

plate
for
ancbodng &e wfus. Each sandwich plate can house upto four pairs of
distribution
The Magrcl-Blaton

wircs.
57. Define the

term chemi,I prcstressing. (A.u. Nov/DEc

demi:al

2009)

of concrete was made possible by the development of

Setf-stessing or
consists of 75% Portland cement, 150 high alumina
expanding cments- Erga@
cement md I (FZ gpm, rhich resrlt in the formation of, caicium sulpho aluminate.

ml

fm frors iLaciry d.flectiotrs. (A.u. NovlDEc 2011)

members are influenced by the following
The deflectioos of,prtsrnd m*
1. Imposed loed d sf ciiE
2. ivlapitude of thc pt*tsig 6rce
58.

List any

3. Cable

profile

4. Second

romear of rte of crrc section

8

salient factors:

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4r

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looo x to1

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a#-r+"*
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+ tno)

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1?5 xto'

?e
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i

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p z.
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