Documenti di Didattica
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Documenti di Cultura
Wind
o Nuisance and environmental issue with wind
o Wind technology is running up against the laws of physics
Solar
o Thermal (10%) and photovoltaic (90%)
o Getting cheaper,
o 2% of global electricity supply by 2020
1.4 EU Context
energy from renewable sources means energy from renewable non-fossil sources,
namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy,
hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases
biomass means the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from
biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and
related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable
fraction of industrial and municipal waste;
bio liquids means liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including
electricity and heating and cooling, produced from biomass
biofuels means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass
guarantee of origin means an electronic document which has the sole function of
providing proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced
from renewable sources
Establishes an overall policy for the production and promotion of energy from renewable
sources in the EU.
It requires the EU to fulfill at least 20% of its total energy needs with renewables by 2020
to be achieved through the attainment of individual national targets.
All EU countries must also ensure that at least 10% of their transport fuels come from
renewable sources by 2020.
Specifies national renewable energy targets for each country, taking into account its
starting point and overall potential for renewables. These targets range from a low of 10%
in Malta to a high of 49% in Sweden (16% for Ireland).
EU countries set out how they plan to meet these targets and the general course of their
renewable energy policy in national renewable energy action plans.
Progress towards national targets is measured every two years when EU countries publish
national renewable energy progress reports.
Mandatory national overall targets and measures for the use of energy from renewable
sources
Each Member State shall ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources,
calculated in accordance with Articles 5 to 11 [includes co-operation methods], in gross
final consumption of energy in 2020 is at least its national overall target for the share of
energy from renewable sources in that year, as set out in the third column of the table in
part A of Annex I [Ireland 16%]. Such mandatory national overall targets are consistent
with a target of at least a 20 % share of energy from renewable sources in the
Communitys gross final consumption of energy in 2020. In order to achieve the targets
laid down in this Article more easily, each Member State shall promote and encourage
energy efficiency and energy saving.
From article 4: cooperation between local, regional and national authorities, planned
statistical transfers or joint projects
Differing renewable potential throughout out EU
Rivers suitable for hydroelectric power, sunshine suitable for solar.
Ireland has one of the best wind energy climates in Europe.
The Directive promotes cooperation amongst EU countries (and with countries outside
the EU) to help them meet their renewable energy targets.
For example, Ireland Exporting Renewable Electricity (see SEAI/DCENR/EirGrid/CER
Study on the Viability and Cost Benefit Analysis for Ireland of (RES-E))
Article 2 defines support scheme means any instrument, scheme or mechanism applied
by a Member State or a group of Member States, that promotes the use of energy from
renewable sources by reducing the cost of that energy, increasing the price at which it can
be sold, or increasing, by means of a renewable energy obligation or otherwise, the
volume of such energy purchased. This includes, but is not restricted to, investment aid,
tax exemptions or reductions, tax refunds, renewable energy obligation support schemes
including those using green certificates, and direct price support schemes including feedin
tariffs and premium payments
Two or more EU countries can co-fund a joint support scheme to spur renewable energy
production in one or both of their territories.
This form of cooperation can involve measures such as a common feed-in tariff, a
common feed-in premium, or a common quota and certificate trading regime.
Without prejudice to the obligations of Member States under Article 3, two or more
Member States may decide, on a voluntary basis, to join or partly coordinate their
national support schemes. In such cases, a certain amount of energy from renewable
sources produced in the territory of one participating Member State may count towards
the national overall target of another participating Member State if the Member States
concerned
Member States shall ensure that any national rules concerning the authorisation,
certification and licensing procedures that are applied to plants and associated
transmission and distribution network infrastructures for the production of electricity,
heating or cooling from renewable energy sources, and to the process of transformation of
biomass into biofuels or other energy products, are proportionate and necessary.
administrative procedures are streamlined and expedited at the appropriate
administrative level
rules are objective, transparent, proportionate, do not discriminate between applicants
and take fully into account the particularities of individual renewable energy
technologies
simplified and less burdensome authorisation procedures are established for smaller
projects
Information and training: Member States shall ensure that information on support
measures is made available to all relevant actors, such as consumers, builders, installers,
architects, and suppliers of heating, cooling and electricity equipment and systems and of
vehicles compatible with the use of energy from renewable sources.
Guarantees of origin of electricity, heating and cooling produced from renewable energy
sources
For the purposes of proving to final customers the share or quantity of energy from
renewable sources in an energy suppliers energy mix Member States shall ensure that
the origin of electricity produced from renewable energy sources can be guaranteed in
accordance with objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria.
Biofuels and bio liquids are instrumental in helping EU countries meet their 10%
renewables target in transport.
The Renewable Energy Directive sets out biofuels sustainability criteria for all biofuels
produced or consumed in the EU to ensure that they are produced in a sustainable and
environmentally friendly manner.
Companies can show they comply with the sustainability criteria through national
systems or so-called voluntary schemes recognized by the European Commission.
Article 18: Verification of compliance with the sustainability criteria for biofuels and bio
liquids
Article 19: Calculation of the greenhouse gas impact of biofuels and Bio liquids
Para. 54: In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to Question 1 is that
point (k) of the second paragraph of Article 2 and Article 3(3) of Directive 2009/28 must
be interpreted as allowing a Member State to establish a support scheme, such as that at
issue in the main proceedings, which provides for the award of tradable certificates to
producers of green electricity solely in respect of green electricity produced in the
territory of that State and which places suppliers and certain electricity users under an
obligation to deliver annually to the competent authority a certain number of those
certificates, corresponding to a proportion of the total volume of electricity that they have
supplied or consumed.
1.26 Case C-195/12 Industrie du bois de Vielsalm & Cie (IBV) SA v Region
Wallonne
Para 82: Having regard to the above considerations, the answer to the second part of
Question 1 and Question 2 is that, in the present state of European Union law, the
principle of equal treatment and nondiscrimination laid down in particular in Articles 20
and 21 of the Charter does not preclude the Member States, when introducing national
support schemes for cogeneration and electricity production from renewable energy
sources, such as those referred to in Article 7 of Directive 2004/8 and Article 4 of
Directive 2001/77, from providing for an enhanced support measure such as that at issue
in the main proceedings capable of benefiting all cogeneration plants principally using
biomass with the exclusion of cogeneration plants principally using wood and/or wood
waste.
1.28 REFIT
The potential offshore wind resource in Ireland is large scale and much greater than the
capacity of our electricity system to absorb it for all for domestic use.
Ireland has a landmass of around 90,000 square kilometres, sea area of around 10 times
that size, at 900,000 square kilometres.
Irelands position at the Atlantic edge of the EU gives an almost unparalleled offshore
energy resource.
1.33 OREDP
Identifies the opportunity for the sustainable development of Irelands abundant offshore
renewable energy resources for increasing indigenous production of renewable electricity.
Sets out key principles, policy actions and enablers for delivery of Irelands significant
potential in this area.
Provides a framework for the sustainable development of Irelands offshore renewable
energy resources.
Ireland also, developing wave and tidal energy potential
Only one supply company (ESB Customer Supply) is currently offering consumers a
microgeneration feed-in tariff support scheme
SI 201 of 2012 provides for the refund of VAT paid by farmers on qualifying equipment,
purchased from 1 January 2012, for the purposes of microgeneration of electricity for use
in a farm business.
Section 62 Finance Act 1998 provided for a scheme of tax relief for corporate investments
in certain renewable energy projects. The Section came into operation as Section 486B,
TCA 1997, with effect from 18 March 1999. Since then, the scheme has been periodically
extended.
The relief applies to corporate equity investments in certain renewable energy generation
projects. The relief is given in the form of a deduction from a companys profits for its
direct investment in new ordinary shares in a qualifying renewable energy company.
To qualify for this relief, the energy project must be in the solar, wind, hydro or biomass
technology categories, and must be approved by the Minister for Communications,
Energy & Natural Resources.
The relief is capped at the lesser of 50% of all capital expenditure (excluding lands), net
of grants or 9.525 million for a single project. Investment by a company or group is
capped at 12.7 million per annum, and unless the shares are held for at least 5 years by
the corporate investor, the relief shall be withdrawn (Section 486B (6) (b) refers).
The construction, erection or placing within the curtilage of a house of a wind turbine:
Class 2(b), Part 1, Schedule 2, PDR 2001
The installation or erection of a solar panel on, or within the curtilage of a house, or any
buildings within the curtilage of a house: Class 2(c)
The installation on or within the curtilage of a house of a ground heat pump system
(horizontal and vertical) or an air source heat pump: Class 2(d)
The construction, erection or placing within an agricultural holding of a structure for the
purposes of housing a (fully enclosed) Combined Heat and Power system.: Class 18(a),
Part 3
The construction, erection or placing within an agricultural holding of a wind turbine.:
Class 18(b)
The installation or erection on an agricultural structure, or within the curtilage of an
agricultural holding, of solar panels (thermal collector or photo-voltaic).: Class 18(c)
The installation within an agricultural holding of a ground source heat pump system
(horizontal and vertical) or air source heat pumps. : Class 18(d)
The provision as part of a heating system for an agricultural building of a biomass boiler,
including a boiler house, flues mounted on the boiler house, and over-ground fuel storage
tank or structure.: Class 18(e)
The independent electricity Transmission System Operator (TSO) for the Republic of
Ireland.
The Transmission System, often referred to as The National Grid, is a meshed network
of approximately 6,500km of high voltage, 110,000 volts (110kV), 220,000 volts (220kV)
and 400,000 volts (400kV), overhead lines and underground cables and over 100
transmission stations.
The system can be compared to Irelands motorway network delivering power to over
100 bulk transfer points or nodes all over Ireland where power can be taken onwards on
lower voltage, distribution system, lines to individual customers premises.
High voltages are used to reduce or minimize energy losses which would otherwise occur
when transferring power over long distances in a lower voltage system.
The distribution system is separately managed by the Distribution System Operator
(DSO), ESB Networks and brings power directly to Irelands domestic, commercial and
industrial customers.