Puri Vol I

PURI MUNICIPALITY
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
24/7 PIPED WATER SUPPLY

FOR PURI CITY
VOLUME I: REPORT
Chief Engineer, Public Health

Govt. of Orissa
Administrative Staff College of India

Hyderabad, India
March 2009
PURI MUNICIPALITY
24/7 PIPED WATER SUPPLY

FOR PURI CITY
VOLUME I: REPORT
Chief Engineer, Public Health

Govt. of Orissa

Hyderabad, India
March 2009
CONTENT
VOLUME I: REPORT
VOLUME II: DRAWINGS
VOLUME I: REPORT
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations
Salient Features
1
SECTOR BACKGROUND
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Introduction
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
City Development Plan for Puri
Detailed Project Report
2
4
5
10
PROJECT RATIONALE
13
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
14
17
19
20
28
31
About Orissa
Urbanization in Orissa
The District of Puri
The City of Puri
State Water Supply Status
Puri City Water Supply Status
CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF PROJECT
44
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
45
45
49
54
61
62
63
64
69
71
73
76
77
78
80
82
83
84
84
Design Period
Population
Source
The Surface Water Source
24/7 Water Supply
Coverage
Rate of Supply
Water Quality
Water Demand
Surface Water Extraction & Treatment
Distribution System
Storage
Elevated Service Reservoirs
Rising Mains to Zonal Reservoirs
Clear Water Pumps and Pump Houses
Distribution Mains
Disinfection
Water Supply Arrangements for Rath Yatra
The Puri Sewerage System
PROJECT COST
89
4.1
4.2
Elements of Cost
Estimated Project Cost
90
91
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
102
5.1
5.2
103
103
Institutional Framework of State PHEO

Transfer of PHEO from Works to Urban Development
Department
5.3 PHEO in 1970s
5.4 PHEO in 1980s
5.5 PHEO in 1990s
5.6 PHEO in 2000s
5.7 Puri PH Division
5.8 Strategic Action Plan for Puri Water Supply
5.9 Roles and Responsibilities
5.10 Systems, Procedures and Records
5.11 SCADA
5.12 Other Records
104
104
106
107
108
112
113
118
118
120
FINANCIAL STRUCTURING
121
6.1
6.2
6.3
122
122
122
Cost Sharing
Year-Wise Investments
Source-Wise Investments
PROJECT PHASING
123
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
124
125
128
130
130
131
Approach to the Project

Implementation of Continuous Water Supply
Sustaining 24/7 Supply
Critical Success Factors
Activity-Time Schedules
Schedule for State and ULB Level Interventions
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLANNING
134
8.1
8.2
135
137
Increasing Cost Recovery

Options to Increase Cost Recovery
FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
143
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
144
144
146
146
The Need for Financial Sustainability

Planning for a Viable Revenue Stream
Constraints to Financial Sustainability
Conclusions and Recommendations
ii
10
PROJECT BENEFITS ASSESSMENT
148
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Factors Effecting Sustainable Water Supply

Benefits of The Project
Benefits to The Water Utility
Negative Impacts
Economic Analysis
149
149
150
151
151
Appendix-1 : Design Calculations for Rising Mains to Zonal

Reservoirs and Clear Water Pumps
154
VOLUME II: DRAWINGS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Existing Drinking Water Supply System in Puri City

Sourcing of 75 MLD Drinking Water for Puri Town and Samuka
Beach Project
The Proposed Pond Area With Village Boundaries
Proposed Water Supply System at Puri Showing Sources, Rising
Mains and Zonal Storage Reservoirs
Proposed Distribution Network for Zone-1
iii
Plate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Puri Municipality, the State Public
Health Engineering Organization
and the Housing & Urban Development
Department of the Government of Orissa for preparation of this Detailed Project
Report for 24/7 Water Supply to Puri city.
We wish to place on record our gratefulness to Dr. Arun Kumar Panda, IAS,
Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Housing and Urban Development Department,
Government of Orissa for his support, advice and guidance throughout the
assignment.
We are grateful to Er. Dilip Kumar Singh, Chief Engineer, Public Health (Urban),
Orissa, Er. Asimananda Mohanty, Superintending Engineer, PH Circle,
Bhubaneswar, Er. K K Khuntia, Executive Engineer, PH Division, Puri for their
valuable input, guidance, cooperation and facilitation at different stages of
preparation of the DPR. Our thanks are due to all other associated engineers and
staff of the State Public Health Engineering Organization (PHEO) and the Orissa
Water Supply and Sewerage Board (OWSSB) for facilitating value addition to the
DPR.
We are grateful to Shri Gourahari Pradhan, Chairman and Shri Muralidhar Barik,
OAS(I) of Puri Municipality for their encouragement for preparation of the DPR.
We acknowledge the advice, active support and input made by Er. P. C. Rath, former
Chief Engineer, PH of the Government of Orissa throughout the assignment.
We thank all members of the ASCI team, Hyderabad and the SPARC team,
Bhubaneswar, who have been instrumental in the successful completion of the
assignment.
Dr. Srinivas Chary Vedala,

Director,
Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance and Infrastructure
Development,
Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASCI
BOD
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand
CIP
Capital Investment Plan
CI
Cast Iron
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
CDP
City Development Plan
CDP
City development Plan
DPR
Detailed Project Report
DO
Dissolved Oxygen
DI
Ductile Iron
FIRE
Financial Institutions Reforms and Expansion
FOP
Financial Operating Plan
GoI
Government of India
GoO
Government of Orissa
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
H&UDD
Housing and Urban Development Department
IRR
Internal Rate of Return
JnNURM
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
MSL
Mean Sea Level
MoUD
Ministry of Urban Development
NPV
Net Present Value
NGO
Non-Government Organization
NAC
Notified Area Council
O&M
Operation and Maintenance
PHEO
Public Health Engineering Organisation
PPP
Public Private Partnership
RWSS
Rural Water Supply & Sanitation
SPARC
Spatial Planning and Analysis Research Centre (P) Ltd.
SS
Suspended Solids
TDS
Total Dissolved Solids
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
ULB
Urban Local Body
WRD
Water Resources Department
Salient Features of the Existing and the Proposed Schemes for

24/7 Water Supply to Puri City
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
Description
Existing
Proposed
Design year
Project period
Population
2041
2008-09 to 2011-12
2041:
Residential: 3,41,000
Tourists: 34,100
Total: 3,75,100
Rate of supply
2001 census: 1,57,610

excluding tourists
2008 estimated:
Residential:
1,69,000
Tourists: 17,000
Total: 1,86,000
118 lpcd all inclusive
Demand of water
2008: 32 mld all

inclusive
Source
Storage Pond for Raw

Water
Groundwater
(Production Wells):
Baliapanda: 13 nos.
Chakratirtha: 15
nos.
Isolated: 27 nos.
Total: 55 nos.
Total supply: 20.02
mld
No surface water
None
Raw Water Intake
Raw water pumps
10
Water Treatment Plant

near Samanga/Sireikona
area along Puri
135 lpcd domestic and nondomestic + 10 percent for

other needs like industrial,
institutional and tourists etc.
+ 15 percent UFW 171 lpcd
all inclusive
2011: 34 mld all inclusive
2026: 46 mld do2041: 58 mld -do Groundwater (Production
Wells):
Baliapanda: 6 mld
Chakratirtha: 12 mld
Isolated: Nil
Total: 18 mld
Surface water:
2011: 16 mld
2026: 28 mld
2041: 40 mld
One no. at Dhaudia Nalla in
the Samanga Lake area of
capacity 3 Mm3 and size
1400m long x 700m wide x
4m deep with ancillary
control structures on the
rivers, branches and the
pond
I no. of 40 mld capacity to
draw water for 2041 demand
3 nos. (2 running + 1
standby), each of 50 KW
capacity to draw 28 mld of
water for 2026 demand
1 WTP of 28 mld capacity
to be constructed now
for 2026 demand
Sl.
No.
Description
Existing
Proposed
Brahmagiri road
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Raw water rising mains

from Intake Well to WTP
Electrical substation at
Raw Water Intake
Distribution zones
Area covered
Coverage through house
service connections
Supply period
Pressure in distribution
system
Distribution pipelines
19
Ground Storage
Reservoirs (GSRs)
20
Elevated Service
Reservoirs (ESRs) in
distribution system
1 clear water GSR of 2 ml

capacity at WTP to be
constructed now
1 WTP of 12 mld capacity
to be constructed in 2026
or so for the subsequent
demand up to 2041
2 nos. of pipeline, each 600
mm dia DI K9, 2 km long
1 no. of 440 KVA
22 percent
10 nos.
13.38 sq. km.
90 percent
Intermittent (6 hrs/day)
Not known
Continuous (24x7)
7m for single storied
buildings and 12m for twostoried buildings
Size, mm
Length, km
(additional)
(additional)
400
0.726
350
0.158
300
0.664
250
1.742
200
4.967
150
13.388
100
21.865
80
102.623
Total
146.133
Size, mm
Length, km
400
2.20
350
5.30
300
1.30
250
5.63
200
14.68
150
22.06
125
2.00
100
77.83
90
2.00
80
12.00
Total
145.01
At source:
Chakratirtha: 2 nos.,
each of 2 lakh
gallons
In distribution:
Ghodabazar: 1 no.
75,000 gallons
Totagopinath: 1 no. 4
lakh gallons
Total: 8.75 lakh gallons
Ghodabazar: 1 no. 2
lakh gallons
Markanda Tank: 1
no. 2.2 lakh gallons
Totagopinath: 1 no. 1
lakh gallons
ii
Additional at source:
Baliapanda: 1 GSR 1.5 ml
capacity
Chakratirtha: 2 GSRs 1.5
ml capacity each
WTP: 1 GSR 2 ml capacity
Total: 4 GSRs 6.5 ml capacity
Zone
1
2
3
4
ESR capacity,
ml
0.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
Sl.
No.
Description
Existing
Proposed
Institutional: 3 nos.
each of 20,000 gals
Total: 5.80 lakh gallons
5
0.9
6
0.5
7
0.75
8
0.5
9
0.8
10
0.5
Total
6.7
Size &
Length, m
material
CI Class B
350
2450
DI K9
250
105
300
240
350
3045
450
1740
500
890
550
1660
Total DI
7680
To be reduced in a phased
manner to restrict extraction
to 6 mld at Baliapanda, 12
mld at Chakratirtha and zero
at other places
21
Clear water rising mains
Included in
distribution system
shown above
22
Clear Water Pumps in

production wells for
direct supply to
distribution system
23
Clear Water Pumps for

supply from sources to
ESRs
15 nos. at Baliapanda
(Table 2.7) +13 nos. at
Chakratirtha (Table
2.9) +27 nos. at isolated
places (Table 2.11) of
different capacities
-
24
25
26
Disinfection
Public stand posts
House service
connections
As described
1047
7603
iii
As below* (centrifugal)
*From
To ESR at
Ctirtha
Ctirtha
4&5
KW incl.
50% standby
81
204
Ctirtha
44
Bpanda
38
Bpanda
105
WTP
Markanda,
1, Ratha &
3
307
WTP
9 & 10
141
As described
Nil
100 percent preferred
ultimately, but at least 90
percent.
About 10,000 connections
immediately on completion
Sl.
No.
27
28
29
30
Description
Existing
Proposed
Unaccounted for Water

Not known
Water quality testing
Existing partly
facilities
Cost of project
Not valued
Details of the proposed project:
Sl. No. Activity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
of the project.
15 percent maximum
Laboratory
Equipment
Rs. 167 crores
Construction of control structures over Bhargabi river

system and storage pond along Dhaudia nalla etc.
Intake Well at Dhaudia
Raw water VT pumps at Dhaudia
Raw Water Transmission/ Rising main
Water treatment plant 28 mld capacity
Clear water transmission mains/ Rising mains
Ground Storage Reservoirs
Clear water centrifugal pumps
Clear Water Pump Houses at Chakrtirtha and
Baliapanda
Distribution network pipes
Water quality testing laboratory and facilities
Metering
Electrical sub-stations at Intake Well, WTP,
Chakratirtha, Baliapanda and zonal reservoirs
Disinfection arrangements
Staff Quartes
Shifting of utilities
Survey and Investigation
Sub-total
Contingencies @ 3% of above
Administrative charges @ 0.5%
Total
Say
iv
Cost (Rs. cr)

100.57
4.38
0.12
4.38
8.46
6.88
2.78
2.63
0.26
8.30
16.94
0.54
2.84
0.51
0.69
0.21
0.50
0.25
161.24
4.83
0.83
166.90
Rs. 167 cr
1
SECTOR BACKGROUND
1
1.1
SECTOR BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Historically, cities have been a driving force in the economic and social
development of a nation. In India, the cities contribute more than half of countrys
GDP, and also provide more than 60 percent of the countrys employment potential.
More than one-fourth of the total population of India is urban. Total urban
population increased leven fold, from 25.85 million in 1901 to 285.35 million in 2001
(Table 1.1). In numerical terms, India's urban population is second largest in the
world after China, and is higher than the total urban population of all countries put
together barring China, USA and Russia. Such a rapid growth has been possible by
migration of population to urban places. Growth of cities involves two processes:
enlargement of urban centres and emergence of new towns. Both have played a
significant role in growth of urban population and urbanization.
Table 1.1: Trends of Urbanisation in India, 1901-20011
Year
Number of
Towns/UAs
Urban Population
(in Thousands)
% of Total
Population
Decennial
Growth (%)
1901
1827
25851.9
10.84
1911
1815
25941.6
10.29
0.35
1921
1949
28086.2
11.18
8.27
1931
2072
33456.0
11.99
19.12
1941
2250
44153.3
13.86
31.97
1951
2843
62443.7
17.29
41.42
1961
2365
78936.6
17.97
26.41
1971
2590
109113.9
19.91
38.23
1981
3378
159462.5
23.34
46.14
1991
4689
217611.0
25.71
36.47
2001
5161
285354.9
27.78
31.13
Census of India classifies urban centres into six classes (Table 1.2). An urban centre
with population of more than one lakh is called a city, while that with population
less than one lakh is called a town. Cities accommodating population between one to
five million are called metropolitan cities and more than five million are mega cities.
Majority of metropolitan and mega cities are urban agglomerations. An urban
agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations:
(i)
A town and its adjoining urban outgrowths,
(ii)
Two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths,
and
(iii)
A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths
together forming a contiguous spread.
1
Census of India
Typical examples of urban outgrowth are railway colonies, university campus, port
area, military cantonment etc. located within the revenue limits of a village or
villages contiguous to the town or city.
Table1.2: Class-wise number of cities and their population in India, 20012
Class
Population Size
All
Number
Population
(Million)
% of total
Population
5161
285.35
100.00
1,00,000 and more
423
172.04
61.48
II
50,000 - 99,999
498
34.43
12.30
III
20,000 - 49,999
1386
41.97
15.00
IV
10,000 - 19,999
1560
22.60
8.08
5,000 - 9,999
1057
22.60
7.98
VI
Less then 5,000
227
0.80
0.29
The majority of urban population in India live in 423 cities, i.e., only 8.2 per cent of
all urban places. They support 60.3 per cent of the total urban population of the
country. Out of 423 cities, 35 cities/ urban agglomerations have population more
than 1 million each, thus they are metropolitan cities. Six of them are mega cities with
population over five million each. More than one-fifth of the urban population (21.0
per cent of the total) lives in these mega cities. More than half (55.2 per cent) of the
towns (with population less than 20 thousand each) accommodate only 11.0 per cent
of urban population. One-fourth of the urban population (27.3 per cent of the total)
lives in middle-sized towns. These medium towns recorded highest growth during
the last decade, raising their share in total urban population from 24.3 per cent to
27.3 per cent.
Some salient features of the Indian cities are as follows:
Most towns and cities are over-grown villages and have much rural semblance
behind their street frontages.
People are even more rural in their habits and attitude, which reflects their
socio-economic outlook in housing and other aspects.
Sizeable chunk of cities are full of slums largely due to the influx of immigrants
without much infrastructure.
Several cities have distinct marks of earlier rulers and old functions.
Functional segregation is distinctly rudimentary, non-comparable to western
cities.
Social segregation of population is based either on caste, religion, income or
occupation.
Despite the increasing role of the cities in the life of the nation, the growth of urban
infrastructure and services has been far from adequate. Public infrastructure
Census of India
deficiencies in the cities get reflected in the poor quality of life indices. Urbanization
has not only outpaced infrastructure development, but has also brought in its train a
terrible downside in many ways including relentless march of pollution and
ecological damage.
The process of urbanization is likely to continue unabated. It has been empirically
established that even countries that restrict and regulate migration to cities have
encountered urban population pressures. And therefore, the real challenge before
the urban sector is to make the urban transition efficient, equitable and cost
effective, by not only wiping out the deficits in urban infrastructure, but also
providing for the incremental population. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission has opened up an unparalleled window of opportunity for the
State Governments and Urban Local Bodies to take up urban infrastructure
improvement and upgradation programmes on a sustainable basis.
1.2
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION
Notwithstanding the 74th Constitution Act (CAA), 1992 on Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs), most ULBs and urban institutions, responsible for service provision, are
starved of capacity and resources. With urbanization comes the need to invest in
infrastructure and to improve the quality of life in the cities. The vision of urban
development has so far been uni-dimensional. Thus far, focus has been more on
space and less on people. An integrated framework is needed, in which spatial
development of cities would go hand-in-hand with improvement in the quality of
living of ordinary people including slum dwellers.
Considering that the state of the cities has been incompatible to the countrys socioeconomic objectives and the countrys growing role in the world economy, the
Government of India launched, on September 3, 2005 the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) with a view to upgrade the cities
through a set of identified objectives. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to
create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. In line
with the objective, the JnNURM focuses on
Integrated development of infrastructure services;
Securing linkages between asset creation and maintenance for long-run
project sustainability;
Accelerating the flow of investment into urban infrastructure services;
Planned development of cities including the peri-urban areas, outgrowths,
and urban corridors;
Renewal and redevelopment of inner city areas; and
Universalisation of services so as to ensure their availability to the urban
poor.
The Mission walks in two legs of improved urban infrastructure and improved
urban basic services. It has been designed to support the following thrust areas:
Water Supply;
Sewerage and Sanitation;
Solid Waste Management including Hospital waste Management;
Storm Water Drainage System;
Roads;
Urban Transport;
Construction and development of bus and truck terminals;
Renewal and redevelopment of inner city areas;
Development of Heritage areas;
Preservation of Water Bodies;
Integrated development of Slums (Housing and Infrastructure);
Basic Services to the Urban Poor; and
Street Lighting.
The JnNURM aims at encouraging reforms and fast track planned development of
identified cities with focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery
mechanisms, community participation and accountability of ULBs and parastatal
agencies towards citizens. The role of urban governance reform in the Mission is to
catalyze a process that enables its legs to move forward.
JnNURM funds can be accessed by eligible ULBs and parastatal organizations by
application comprising:
A City Development Plan (CDP);
Detailed Project Reports (DPRs); and
Timeline for implementation of the urban reform agenda.
1.3
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR PURI
A City Development Plan (CDP) provides both a

perspective and a vision for the development of a city
and is the citys corporate strategy that presents both a
vision of a desired perspective and mission statements
on how the long-term vision would be achieved. It
defines how the city would serve its customers, run its
business and manage its resources. It translates
missions into actions and actions into outcomes.
The CDP for Puri city was prepared by the Puri
Municipality with the help of the City Managers
Association of Orissa (Fig. 1-1) during 2006 through a
consultative process after a series of consultations
Fig. 1-1: CDP for Puri
with various stakeholders at different levels, which broadly include elected

representatives, service providers, government officers, business houses and
associations, non-government organizations (NGOs), community based
organizations (CBOs) and resource persons. A Vision Statement was adopted
along with a set of strategic directions organized around four themes to realize this
vision3.
1.3.1
Vision 2030
The following Vision Statement was adopted for Puri city in 2030:
Puri as a vibrant sustainable city with unique heritage and rich legacy.
Puri Municipal Council along with all stakeholders adopted a set of strategic
directions to realize this vision. These directions are organized around four themes
to make Puri
Connected and accessible

Environmentally responsive
Inclusive and engaging
Innovative and vital heritage tourism business oriented.
The strategic directions suggested for making the themes achievable are listed in
Table 1-3 below.
Table 1.3: Suggested Strategic Directions for Puri
Sl.
1
Theme
Connectivies and
Accessibility
Environmentally
Responsive City
Strategic Directions
1. Ensure that the citys transport infrastructure is
world tourism competitive
2. Build international relationships that consolidate
Puris heritage city role and promote social
equity, environmental quality and economic
prosperity
3. Ensure a sustainable and highly integrated
transport system that serves the needs of the city
and its people
4. Increase public transport services and use
5. Enhance the network of Puris heritage site, parks
and gardens to include a wide range of diverse
landscaped areas that are well connected to the
community and reflect community values
6. Improve connections between Badadanda, the
temple area, the river belts, sea front and other
key city attractions
1. Increase Puris performance and recognition as
an international, tourist centre and competitive
knowledge city
Puri City Development Plan, 2006
Inclusive and Engaging

City
Innovative Heritage
Tourism Business City
2. Foster a civic and business culture that

encourages entrepreneurship
3. Promote and extend the citys role as Orissas
principal centre for tourism business and trade
4. Develop and sustain a world class retail
experience within the city
1. Welcome and facilitate all sectors of the
community to participate in city life
2. Encourage social equity, inclusion and wellbeing
3. Deliver and provide access to facilities and
services to support those living in, visiting and
working in the city
4. Promote, celebrate and further develop the city,
which encompasses its key strengths in art and
sport
5. Enhance the liveability and diversity of local
areas
6. Protect and promote Puris distinctive physical
character and ensure that it continues to develop
a strong sense of place and identity
7. Enhance the quality of the existing public and
private built form and further develop the city as
an exemplary urban environment
8. Increase urban, rural, national and international
tourism
9. Attract, facilitate and maximize benefits of major
city events and festives
1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote
renewable energy and maintain air quality in the
city
2. Encourage imposed water quality, reduced water
consumption and sustainably manage waste in
the city
3. Protect and enhance the citys biodiversity
4. Demonstrate and encourage leadership in
sustainability
5. Create a sustainable built form for the city
The CDP has since been approved by the Government of India.

1.3.2
Capital Investment Plan
As per the CDP, a year-wise sector-wise Capital Investment Estimate has been
generated for the Puri Municipality (PM) for a medium-term period of seven years
beginning 2006-07 through 2012-13. The Capital Investment Estimate, which
provides essential inputs in terms of capital transactions with the multi-year
scheduling of public physical improvements and investments, has the following
provisions.
1.3.3
Project Estimates
The total estimated investment required for providing efficient services to the
present population and future population of Puri city by the year 2031 is about Rs.
1828 crores at present prices (Table 1-4). About 55 percent of the total investment is
aimed at inner city revitalisation, preservation and conservation of heritage
structures etc. and account for Rs. 999 crores. It indicates that the detailed estimates
of all projects would be finalised only after preapration of Detailed Project Report
(DPR) for each project during the mission period.
Table 1.4: Summary of Sector-wise Investment Estimate
Sl.
No.
Project
Capital
Investment
Estimate
(Rs. Crores)
A. Heritage Preservation
1
Preservation of ancient temples, Mathas/Monasteries and
other Built Heritage
2
Preservation of ancient and sacred Water Bodies
3
Preservation of Community Owned Jagaghara, sacred
water bodies and immovable heritage
4
Heritage Museum inside Shri Gundicha temple
5
Upgradation & Development of the Heritage Garden (42
acre)of Shri Jagannatha Temple at Jagannatha Balav
Matha
6
Development of Parikrama around Shri Jaganath Temple
and Shri Gundicha Temple complexes
7
Development of Parikrama around Shri Gundicha Temple
complexes
8
Landscaping around Heritage area
9
Development of Swargadwar
10
Heritage Awareness IEC
11
Sea and River front Development
Sub-total
B. Heritage Promotional Infrastructure
1
Security Measures in Shri Jagannath Temple
and Heritage Places
2
Viewing Tower for Foreign Tourists
3
Development of Bicycle Lanes and Pedestrian
Network
4
Development of Heritage Circuits
5
Divine Discourse Convention Centre
6
Construction of Night Shelters (for 10000
Pilgrims)
7
Urban Hatt & Amphitheater
8
Heritage Gateway & Interpretation Centre
9
Street Furniture, City Beautification (signage,
traffic lights, landscaping, etc)
10
Provision of Public Toilets near Heritage Sites
100.00
30.00
18.00
5.00
10.00
0.50
0.50
3.00
2.00
1.00
100.00
270.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
1.00
10.00
20.00
10.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
Sl.
No.
Project
11
12
13
Water Supply
Major Roads / Bridges / Flyovers
Inner City Revitalization
Sub-total
C. City Level Infrastructure
1
Street lighting
2
Municipal Roads
3
Subways
4
Sewerage
5
Development of Storm Water Drain System
6
Social Infrastructure
7
Animal Protection
8
Slaughterhouse & Ghosala
9
Upgradation of Town Hall
Sub-total
D. Basic Services to Urban Poor
1
Housing & Infrastructure
2
Livelihood Support Programme
3
Economic Opportunity Complex
4
Social Amenities (Community Toilets, Halls etc)
Sub-total
E. Environment Infrastructure
1
Green Infrastructure
2
Environment Monitoring Infrastructure
3
Solid Waste Management
Sub-total
F. Tourism Infrastructure
1
Development of Bus & Truck Terminus
2
Development of Parking Lots
3
Development of Heritage (Urban) Villages
4
Beach Cleaning Mechanism
5
Tourism Information Centre
6
Eco Friendly Tourist Vehicle
7
Capacity Building & Database Development Information
System
8
Water Sports & Maritime Aquarium & Museum
9
International Convention Centre
Sub-total
G. Urban Governance
e-Governance
1
Capacity Building
2
Disaster Management Mechanism
3
Research & Development
4
Sub-total
Total Capital Investment Estimate
Capital
Investment
Estimate
(Rs. Crores)
450.00
156.00
60.00
729.00
10.00
50.00
40.00
45.00
90.00
100.00
8.00
2.00
2.00
347.00
90.00
40.00
10.00
25.00
165.00
5.00
10.00
35.00
50.00
25.00
20.00
22.00
5.00
15.00
8.00
2.00
120.00
30.00
247.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
10.00
20.00
1828.00
The CDP suggests the Institution-wise investments of the total of Rs. 1828 crores as
below:
JnNURM 80% (Rs. 1462.40 cr)
Govt. of Orissa 8.33% (Rs. 152.20 cr)
Puri Municipality 2.63% (Rs. 48.10 cr)
Jagannath Temple Administration 1.09% (Rs. 20.00 cr)
OTDC/Dept. Tourism/Culture 0.71% (Rs. 13.00 cr)
PHEO 2.71% (Rs. 49.50 cr)
National Highway 0.22% (Rs. 4.00 cr)
Works Dept. 0.91% (Rs. 16.60 cr)
Industries Dept. 0.05% and (Rs. 1.00 cr)
Peoples Public Private Patnership (PPPP-P4) 3.35% (Rs. 61.20 cr).
The P4 will basically substitute the stae Govt and certain institutions investments in
total share, i.e, Water Sports & Maritime Aquarium & Museum, International
Convention Centre etc.
Thus the CDP provides for an amount of Rs. 450 cr for Improvement of Water
Supply to the city.
1.4
A Detailed Project Report (DPR), which is a specific proposal in an area with details
of the projects feasibility and compatibility with other norms and standards, is an
essential building block for the Mission in creating infrastructure and enabling
sustainable quality service delivery.
The Government of Orissa has requested the Administrative Staff College of India
(ASCI), Hyderabad for preparation of the DPR on Water Supply to Puri and
Bhubaneswar cities, to be taken up for intervention under JnNURM in conformity
with the CDP approved. The scope of the work includes:
To assess current the status of water supply systems in Bhubaneshwar and Puri
towns with reference to all major aspects like institutional, technical, financial,
citizen orientation, organizational capacity and service delivery to the poor.
To assess employee and stakeholders perception regarding the continuous water
supply initiative through citizens surveys and consultation workshops
To formulate action plan and investment programme for a continuous water
supply
Accordingly the DPR has been prepared.
10
1.4.1
The DPR structure
The structure of this DPR is maintained as below.
Sector Background
Introduction
JnNURM and City Development Plan
Priority areas
Capital Investment Estimates
Background & Rationale

Current water supply status with reference to source, availability of raw
water, demand estimate, physical infrastructure etc.
Coverage, access and supply of water
Customer database
Existing tariff and cost recovery methods
Production costs
Private sector and community participation
Concept and Scope

Project components and modules including
Land requirements, its ownership status etc.
Physical infrastructure components like source development, treatment,

transmission, distribution etc.
Environmental impact and risk assessments
Consultancy services
Project Cost
Land costs
Physical infrastructure costs
Rehabilitation and resettlement costs
Environmental compliance costs
Consultancy costs
Survey costs
Finance/interest costs during construction
Contingency
Other costs
Project Institution Framework

Role/responsibility matrix of the institutions involved in construction and
implementation of the systems
Project Financial Structuring

Sources and composition of financial contributions from ULB, state, centre,
11
private sector etc. for the project
Project Phasing
Project O&M planning

O&M of the created infrastructure asset
Existing billing and collection methods
Key issues and challenges in regard to O&M and proposed counter
measures to overcome
Project Financial Viability & Sustainability
Project Benefits Assessment
Each component is described in the following chapters.
12
2
PROJECT RATIONALE
13
PROJECT RATIONALE
2.1
ABOUT ORISSA
Situated on the coast along the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 2.1), Orissa stands for its ancient
glory and modern endeavor. Endowed with nature's bounty, a 482 km stretch of
coastline with virgin beaches, serpentine rivers, mighty waterfalls, forest-clad blue
hills of Eastern Ghats with rich wild life, Orissa is dotted with exquisite temples,
historic monuments as well as pieces
of modern engineering feat. The land,
while retaining its pristine glory, also
offers the visitors modern amenities.
Its lush green countryside and fertile
plains, tiny hamlets fringed with
palm, coconut trees and mango
groves offer the charm of rural beauty
while the urban pockets, the four
cities in particular, with the splendor
of modern technology provide the
Fig. 2.1: Location of Orissa
amenities necessary for a comfortable
stay. This wonderful land of fascinating beauty boasts of colourful festivals round
the year. Orissa is also the land of unique handicrafts and other excellent artifacts.
2.1.1
Origin of the Name
The name Orissa is derived from the Sanskrit Odra Vishaya or Odra Desa. Both Pali
and Sanskrit Literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah,
respectively. Greek writers like Pliny and Ptolemy described the Odra people as
Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras,
Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are
associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas,
Pallhavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been
given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were
inhabitating the country where stood the Mount Maleus. The Greek Oretes is
probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with
Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the Mount Maleus with the people
called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the
Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Orissa.
2.1.2
History
Orissa, with a rich heritage that is more than two thousand years old, has a glorious
history of its own. It was known under different names in different periods:
Kalinga, Utkal or Odradesha. Seaports flourished along the coast as early as the 4th
14
and 5th centuries B.C., when the sadhabs, the Orissan seafaring merchants, went to
the islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Bali with their merchandise. Not only did
they bring home wealth and prosperity, they also carried the glorious Indian
civilisation with them and helped its spread abroad. Vijaya, the first king of Ceylon,
is believed to be a prince of Orissan origin. The land had its martial glory in the past
and the people had made their contact with the kingdoms South East Asia in
ancient times. Kalinga had made its mark in the Indian history when the Nanda
dynasty ruled the kingdom of Magadha. She posed a threat to the Maurya Empire.
Ashoka, the Great invaded Kalinga in 261 B.C. and conquered her. But the terrible
bloodshed on the banks of the river, Daya that preceded Ashoka's victory changed
his heart. He embraced Buddhism and preached peace and goodwill for the rest of
his life. Kalinga reasserted her independence after the death of Ashoka and
increased her strength.
The Kalingan Empire reached the pinnacle of glory during the reign of Emperor
Kharavela who even pursued the Greek King Demetrius out of India. The
inscriptions on Hati Gumpha (Elephant Cave) on the Udayagiri Hill in
Bhubaneswar record the story of his reign. Kalinga maintained its trade links with
overseas countries during the first three centuries of the Christian era but the
kingdom itself was divided into a number of principalities. In the fourth century
A.D. Emperor Samudragupta invaded Orissa and overcame the resistance offered
by five of her chiefs. Orissa came under the rule of King Sasanka and later King
Harsha Vardhana in the 7th century A.D. when the Chinese traveler Hiuen T'sang
visited Orissa. Towards the middle of the century the Somavamsi dynasty was
firmly established in the land. The end of the 8th century saw the emergence of
Jajpur-on-Baitarani as an epicenter of Brahminical religion. Thus Buddhism and
Jainism took a back seat for sometime when Yayati Keshari invited ten thousand
Brahmin pundits from Kanauja and settled them in different parts of his kingdom.
He established Abhinaba Yayati Nagar which was abbreviated to Jajpur in course of
time. The centre of political activities shifted to Cuttack, known as Abhinab
Varanasi Kataka, in the eleventh century A.D.
Illustrious Ganga kings ruled Orissa for nearly three hundred and fifty years and
they were followed by Suryavamsi Gajapati Kings and Mukunda Deva
Harichandan of the Chalukya dynasty. Pancha Kataka or the five forts protected the
capital against any aggression. The Hindu state of Orissa came under the Muslim
rule in 1568 A.D. when King Mukunda Deva lost to the Sultan of Bengal, Suleiman
Karni. Subsequently, Orissa came under the Moghuls and the Marathas and finally
in 1803 A.D., under the British. Orissa formed a part of greater Bengal but didn't
lose its own separate cultural identity. The political capital shifted to Patna when
the state of Bihar-Orissa was carved out of Bengal. Orissa became a separate
province in 1936 A.D. with Cuttack as its capital. The new capital was built in
15
Bhubaneswar after independence. However, the state took its present shape only in
1949 with the merger of the princely states including Mayurbhanj.
2.1.3
Location
On the height of their power in the 15th century AD, the Gajapati Kings of Orissa
ruled over a kingdom, extending from the Ganges in the north to the Kaveri in the
far south. Today it is located between the parallels of 17.49' N and 22.34' N latitudes
and meridians of 81.27' E and 87.29' E longitudes. It is bounded by the Bay of Bengal
on the east; West Bengal on the north-east; Jharkhand on the north; Chhattisgarh on
the west and Andhra Pradesh on the south. It has a coast line of about 482 kms.
2.1.4
Morphology
On the basis of homogeneity, continuity and physiographical characteristics, Orissa

has been divided into five major morphological regions: the Orissa Coastal Plain in
the east, the Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region, the Central plateaus, the
western rolling uplands and the major flood plains.
2.1.5
Area and population
Orissa extends over an area of 1, 55,707 square kilometers, which accounts for about
4.87 per cent of Indias geographical area. According to the 2001 census, it has a total
population of 3,68,04,660, which is 3.58 per cent of Indias total population. Of this,
1,86,60,570 are males and 1,81,44,090 are females. Thus the sex ratio was 972 females
agaist each thousand males. The density of population of the State was 236 persons
per sq. km. as per 2001 census.
2.1.6
Climate
There are three major seasons: summer (March-June), rainy season (July-September)
and the winter (October-February). Orissa lying just south of the Tropic of Cancer,
has a tropical climate. It is warm almost throughout the year in the Western districts
of Sundergarh, Sambalpur, Baragarh, Bolangir, Kalahandi and Mayurbhanj with
maximum temperature hovering between 40-46C and in winter, it is very cool. In
the coastal districts, the climate is equable but highly humid and sticky. The
summer maximum temperature ranges between 35-40C and the low temperatures
are usually between 12-14 C. Winter is not very severe except in some areas in
Koraput and Phulbani where minimum temperature drops to 3-4C.
The average rainfall is 150 cm, experienced as the result of south west monsoon
during July-September. The month of July is the wettest and the major rivers may
get flooded. The state also experiences small rainfall from the retreating monsoon in
16
the months of October-November. The months of January and February are usually
dry.
2.1.7
Literacy
As per 2001 Census, 63.08 per cent of the people are literates. Among males, the
literacy is 71.35 per cent, while it is 50.51 per cent among females.
2.2
URBANISATION IN ORISSA
In terms of urbanisation, Orissa is one of the least urbanised states in the country.
As per 2001 census, the proportion of total urban population to the total population
of Orissa was about 14.97 percent, which is very low as compared to other states of
the country. It is the 24th most urbanized and 5th least urbanized state in India. The
trend in urbanization in the state is much lower in comparison to the national
average of 27.82 percent. But the state decadal growth of urban population during
the last decade from 1991 to 2001 has been too rapid with a growth rate of 30.28
percent, almost at par with that of the country, which was 32.60 percent. In other
words, while the growth of population in the state was 14.97 percent, the growth of
urban population has been more than double, i.e., 30.28 percent.
The number of towns in Orissa has grown by almost one and a half times since
19714. It is interesting to note that more than 50% of the towns in Orissa have a
population of below 20,000. One of the major reasons for such a low urban
population distribution is because of the fact that Orissa has an agrarian base and
even today more than 70% of the population is dependent on agriculture for their
livelihood. The decadal growth of urban population from 1981-1991 has been good
due to the stabilized political scenario and emergence of some new corporate sectors
in the major cities and towns of Orissa. The distribution of the urbanised population
in terms of the various classes of towns in Orissa is as below.
2.2.1
Class I Towns (100,000 & above)
Among Class I towns, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack have the maximum population. In
case of Rourkela, which stands third in the list of Class I towns, has undergone a
tremendous decrease in the growth rate from 87.02% in 1971-81 to 23.58% in 198191. Such a fall may be because of the sick condition of Rourkela Steel plant (RSP).
RSP, which was at one time, a major employment provider to lot of people all over
the State as well as neighbouring States, is in deteriorating since last 12 years
despite little improvements this year.
Orissa Review, November 2004
17
2.2.2
Class II Towns (50,000-99,999)
There has always been a fall in the growth rate in the Class II towns in the State. The
major Class II towns are Bhadrak, Bolangir, Baripada, Jeypore, Brajarajnagar,
Jharsuguda, Sunabeda, Bargarh, Bhawanipatna and Jatani. It has been observed that
there is a continuous migration of population from these Class II towns to Class I
towns for jobs and education. Bhubaneswar being the capital, all the institutes and
corporate sectors are setting their base over there. So there is a natural tendency of
people to migrate from smaller towns to capital.
2.2.3
Class III Towns (20,000-49,999)
Majority of Class III towns in Orissa are the result of rural outgrowth. In course of
time, some industrial activities have given some boost to the employment and
economy generation developing the rural areas into urban centres. The major Class
III towns of the State are Rayagada, Paradip, Dhenkanal, Barbil, Keonjhar,
Rajgangapur and Parlakhemundi.
2.2.4
Broad District-wise Comparison
A comparative study among the districts of Orissa reveals Khurda to be the most
urbanised district in the State. This is due to the fact that Bhubaneswar city is said to
be an administrative centre with people mostly engaged in non-agricultural
activities. BMC itself has 100 per cent urban population (648,032), which is quite
high as compared to the proportion of the total population of the district. Past
records also reflect that Bhubaneswar city has got a very high growth rate of
population since 1971-81 (107.80%) and 1981-91 (87.74%). This is obvious due to the
migration from all parts of the State to the capital in search of jobs and better
education. The districts of Nayagarh (4.3%) and Jajpur (4.5%) have the least
percentage of urbanisation as per
2001 census records. Jajpur has so
less urban population as the district
has a large number of suburban
settlements like Sukinda, Korai,
Mangalpur,
Binjharpur,
Balichandrapur, Badachanna and
Dharmasala.The maximum urban
population in the whole of Jajpur
Fig. 2-2: Map of Puri District
district is in Jajpur Road, i.e. 40,741.
Along the coastal belt, only Ganjam and Puri districts have more than 10% urban
population, though Ganjam district has the highest population in the whole of
Orissa. The major urban centre in the district is Brahmapur municipality, which is a
Class I town with an urban population of 30,7792. Puri district (Fig. 2.2), which is
famous as a place of pilgrimage, contributed an urban population of only 13.6 % in
18
2001 as compared to 19.76 % till 1991 .The reason for such a decadal fall of urban
population in Puri district can be related to the reshuffling of towns in the district
directory and addition of new districts. Earlier Bhubaneswar city, which is one of
the major urban centres in the map of Orissa, was a part of Puri district.
2.3
THE DISTRICT OF PURI
Located between 190 28 to 260 35 N Latitudes and 840 29 to 860 25 E Longitudes,

the district of Puri is one of the 30 districts in Orissa. It spreads over an area of 3479
sq km. It consists of only one sub-division with 5 Tahsils, namely, Krushnaprasad,
Nimapada, Pipili, Puri, and Kakatpur. The district accommodates 15,02,682 people
as per 2001 census. While the male population of the place is 7,63,389, the female
population is 7,39,293. The district, with a total paddy area of 1, 70, 658 hectares, is
primarily engaged in agricultural activities. Animal husbandry is another major
occupation of the inhabitants of Puri.
Some salient features of the district are as follows:
No. of Subdivision
No. of Tehsils
No. of Blocks
11
No. of Gram Panchayats
230
No. of Municipality
No. of NACS
No. of Revenue Villages
1,714
Geographical Area
2,64,988 Ha, or 3051 sq km
Cultivated Area
1,88,745 Ha
Paddy Area
1,70,658 Ha
Water logged Area
15,192 Ha
Saline area
19,480 Ha
Forest Area
18,175 Ha
No. of High Schools
173
No. of Sanskrit Tols
10
No. of English Medium Schools
Total Population
15,02,682
Males
7,63,389
Females
7,39,293
Rural Population
Males
12,98,654
6,57,199
19
Females
Urban Population
6,41,455
2,04,028
Males
1,06,190
Females
97,838
SC Population
2,73,917
Males
1,38,550
Females
1,35,367
ST Population
4,482
Males
2,355
Females
2,127
No. of Police Stations
17
Average Annual Rainfall
1586 mm
Average Temperature
Minimum
13.90 C
Maximum
370 C
As the sacred land of temples, golden beaches and sanctuaries, Puri receives a huge
number of global tourists every year who visit the famous Jagananth Temple,
Chilka Lake, Sun Temple etc., among others.
2.4
THE CITY OF PURI
Puri, which is one of the coastal towns of Eastern India, is known all over the world
as an important center of pilgrimage and possesses an enchanting beach. Millions of
pilgrims and tourists visit the town every year. Puri, the abode of Lord Jagannath, is
replete with historic antiquities. Numerous monuments like the Lord Jagannath
Temple (Fig. 2.3), Sri Gundicha Temple, Sunar Gauranga Temple, Sri Loknath
Temple and the sacred tanks like Narendra, Sweta Ganga, Markandeya etc. are
great places of attraction in the city. Initially, the human settlement began around
the temple of Lord Jagannath, and it spread to further settlements, improperly
planned and connected with narrow lanes.
2.4.1
History
The antiquity of the initial settlement of Puri is shrouded in mystery5. But a number
of Sanskrit Slokas (particularly a passage quoted from the Rigveda and explained
later by Acharya Sayana, one of the greatest Vedic commentators of India) indicate
of an early settlement around Puri dating back to the age of Rigveda (Refer Rigveda
10/155, Sukta Mantra 3). According to historical records, the early settlement of
5
Puri City Development Plan, 2006
20
Puri started with fisherman (Dhibars along the sea and hunter-gatherers (Sabars) in
the forests, later settling in scattered agricultural villages.
The town owes its birth and existence to the temple of Lord Jagannath. The story of
the origin of the temple of Jagannath at Puri dates back to the times of Mahabharata.
According to it, Lord Krishna was killed by the arrow of Jara, a fowler, Arjun
consigned the body to flames, but the flames could not consume it. Directed from
the Heaven, Arjun then threw the body into the sea at Dwarka. It floated in the form
of a Daru (log) and took thousands of years to reach the eastern shores.
Indradyumna, the King of Malava, who had performed a thousand Ashwamedha
Yagnas, found this log and for whom the God appeared in the form of log at Puri.
With this, he got a temple constructed and installed three deities in it.
In 262 AD, King Ashoka invaded Kalinga and caused a lot of devastation, but the
devastation did not cast a permanent shadow as Ashoka adored Buddhism with
Ahimsa. During his period of rule,
Buddhism spread in Orissa, but not
much in Puri. In 9th century AD, a
major change occurred in Puri,
when Acharya Shankar visited the
holy place and upgraded it to one
of the four Dhamas. During the
10th century, king Yayati Kesari
(Yayati II of Somavamsi dynasty)
built the second temple on the
same spot, as the first temple by
Indradyumna was dilapidated.
Fig. 2.3: Lord Jagannath Temple
King Anantavarman Chodaganga
Deva (1174-1198 AD) of Ganga dynasty built the third or the present temple. He
began the construction of the present temple some time after 1135 AD. The temple
was completed by his descendent and grandson Anangabhima Deva III.
The town consisted of the Temple of Lord Jagannath in its centre with eight quarters
(Sahis) radiating from it. The town colonies were called 'Sahis'. The population of
the town was composed mostly of priests and people attached to the various
activities related to the temple. Besides, there are large numbers of mathas which
chiefly cluster around the temple. As the rituals of the temple and Ratha Yatra
became more and more elaborate, more and more people started migrating to Puri.
Puri market is replete with the colourful art and craft products of Orissa and, here,
one can also find typical Puri handicrafts, woodcarvings, items made out of seashell
and the like. Puri is also famous for its golden beach (Fig. 2.4), ideal for swimming
and surfing. Fine white sands, roar of the breakers rolling in from the Bay of Bengal
21
and countless devotees flocking the place for a purification dip are the synonyms to
the Puri Beach. The beach has continued to be a sacred venue for an endless number
of pilgrims coming to pay homage to Lord Jagannath.
The beach at Puri offers a unique opportunity to witness the striking sunrise and
the sunset on the same beach: often crowded with holiday makers bathing in the
afternoon, enjoying the brightly lit kiosks in the night, roaming around the stretches
parallel to the main Marine Drive
Road, strolling in front of the row
of hotels, eating fast food in the
food stalls and kiosks and
purchasing
souvenirs.
A
comparatively clean and quite
place for sunbathing and a
relaxed swim can be found at the
eastern end. Local fishermen
easily distinguishable by their
triangular straw hats and dhotis
serve as lifeguards on the beach,
Fig. 2-4: A view of Puri Sea Beach
and take visitors out to sea in their
boats to watch the sunsets. On the Chakratirtha side, the long stretch of golden sand
is more tranquil and pleasant place to stroll. Take enough precaution while
swimming as the currents can be treacherous in Puri. It is interesting to visit a
fishing village along the coast, with dozens of boats made of solid trunks ply to the
from off the coast during the day. Once landed, the rich catch of prawn, pamphlets
and other fishes drawn into the nets is transferred to baskets. The best time to pay a
visit is around dawn, when the
fishermen head out from the
village and row the fleet towards
the rising sun over the sea.
The town was originally built on a
sandy track which began from
north and west towards Cuttack
and Ganjam road where the
Madhupur or Matia stream is
lined with the largest tanks,
Narendra, Mitiani, Markandeya
and Siva Ganga. As the tributary
of the river Matiani draining into the sea dried up, it paved the way for the new
direction of development of the town in the southeast.
22
With the annual Beach Festival taking place in November, the beach has now
become a favorite haunt of both Indian and foreign beach lovers. Located at a mere
distance of 35 kms from the Sun Temple and 65 kms from Bhubaneshwar, the beach
is an ideal place for an introvert holiday maker for the scarcity of crowd here. The
beaches of Puri are also renowned for the sand sculptures created particularly by
the internationally famed Sudarshan Patnaik (Fig. 2.5). The subjects are generally
inspired by sculptures covering the temple walls, characters and episodes from the
mythology and also the contemporary events.
Historical records show that Puri was also a seaport. It was open for imports and
exports during middle of September to the middle of March every year. During the
other six months of the year, the surface did not allow the ships to be loaded or
unloaded. The vessels that frequented the port consisted chiefly of country barges.
They were laid half a mile away from the shore in good weather. The trade
consisted mostly of the shipment of rice to Madras coast and occasionally to
Mauritius.
Mythologically, the city is believed to have been planned in the shape of conch or
Sankhakshetra (Fig. 2.6). This area is
about five Koshas (10 miles) in
extent, of which nearly two koshas
are submerged in the sea. In the
centre of the khetra lies the Lord
Jagannath temple on a hillock called
Nilagiri. Eight Shiva temples guard
the eight quarters radiating from it.
The Bada Danda connecting the Lord
Jagannath Temple to Sri Gundicha
Temple is the spine. The temple of
Fig. 2.6: The Sankhakshetra at Puri
Lord Loknath lies on the broad end
of the Sahnkakshetra towards its west, while the temple of Lord Nilakantha lies on
the apical end or tail end towards the east.
2.4.2
Location
Overlooking Bay of Bengal, Puri is located on a 67 km stretch of sandy beach that

extends from the Chilika Lake to the south of Puri town. The sun temple of Konark
is located on this beach at a distance of 35km north of Puri. The town of Puri is
located almost at the geographic centre of the District, and is bounded by sea on
South east. Mauza Sipaurubilla on West, Mauza Gopinathpur on the North and
Mauza Balukhand on the east surround it. Geographically Puri is located on 19
degree 18 minutes North latitude and 85 degree 51 minutes East longitude.
23
2.4.3
Connectivity
Puri is a terminus on the East Coast Railway having direct express and super fast
train links to all places in India. The city is directly connected by broad gauge
railway line with Khurda, a prominent Railway junction on the East Coast
Railways. It is about 499 kms from Kolkata and 468 kms from Vishakhapatnam. The
National Highway (NH) 203 connects the city with the sate capital city
Bhubaneswar, which is about 60 kms away. Moreover, this town is also well
connected with Satapada, a tourist centre, via Brahmagiri through NH 203B and
with Konark, another tourist centre at about 35 kms away from it, through Marine
on NH 203A. The Puri-Konark-Bhubaneswar triangle is famous and very widely
known as the Golden Triangle in the tourism sector. The nearest Airport is at
Bhubaneswar, which is about 60 kms from the city.
2.4.4
Topography
Geographically, Puri town is bound by the sea in the south-east, River Musa in the
north, River Sunamuhin in the west and Balukhanda reserved forest on the east.
Geologically, Puri city area is underlain by unconsolidated formations of alluvium.
The coastal sand dunes occur almost parallel to the shoreline and the width of this
varies from a few hundred metres to about 7 km. The lower deltaic plains occur
adjacent to the coastal sand dunes and the width varies from 5 to 10 km. Extensive
agriculture is observed around Puri town area in the deltaic plains. The city has an
elevation ranging from sea level to about 18.8 metres above MSL. It is situated on a
sandy terrain with sand dunes, locally called as khasmahal balukhand all along the
coast. The Temple of Lord Jagannath is built on a huge sand mound. The general
topography of the town slopes towards the south-east.
2.4.5
Area
Puri Municipality limits extends over an area of 16.84 sq km, whereas the Master
Plan Area extends over 63.578 sq km. The municipal area stretches along the seashore measuring about 6.59 km.
The municipality has 30 wards extending over 34 mouzas. The master plan area has
16 more villages in addition to the municipal area. The master plan area stretches
over 20.35 km along the seashore.
2.4.6
Climate
Puri lies in the deltaic region and as such the temperature variation during summer
and winter is relatively less unlike in the hilly areas, where the climate is
comparatively drier with higher temperatures in summer and slightly cooler during
winter. The winter season is usually from December to February followed by the
24
summer. The rainy season is usually from June to September followed by post
monsoon transition period of October and November.
The average annual rainfall in the district of Puri is 1488 mm. The distribution of the
intensity rainfall usually decreases from the northeast to the southwest. The average
annual rainfall at Pipli in the NE is 1923 mm, while that at Banpur in the SW is 1361
mm. About 74 per cent of the annual rainfall in the area is received from the
southwest monsoon during June to September every year with the maximum
rainfall in the month of July only. Mean monthly rainfall during rainy season varies
from 166 to 322 mm. The average number of rainy days in a year is about 71.
May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 31.90C, while
December is coldest month with mean daily minimum temperature of 17.10C.
Maximum temperature goes up to 420C during summer, while minimum
temperature goes down to 10.60C during winter. Relative humidity is generally high
throughout the year varying from 62 to 85 per cent.
2.4.7
Population
Puri city had a population of 1,57,610 in 2001 as per census of India with a growth
rate of 26 percent during the past decade. The growth rate of the city is always
lower than that in the urban sector of the state. It is a class I town as per census of
India definition and a medium town as per UDPFI guidelines. The growth of
population in the city over the past few decades is shown in the following Table 2.1
and Fig. 2.7.
Table 2.1: Population details for Puri6
Year
Population
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
49,057
60,810
72,674
1,00,942
1,25,199
1,57,610
Decadal
growth (%)
Area
(sq km)
Density
(per sq km)
23.96
19.51
38.90
24.03
25.89
16.84
9359
The literacy rate in the city is 83.53 and the sex ratio 917 females to each 1000 males.
Census of India, 2001; PKDA
25
Population
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
Fig. 2.7: Population Growth in Puri City

2.4.8
Socio-economic Conditions
The occupational pattern of Puri urban area is given in Table 2.2 below. While a
third (33.61 percent) of the people is primary workers, an eighth (12.63 per ecnt) is
secondary ones7. Moer than a half (55 per cent) belong to the tertiary category.
Among the primary workers, about 12 per cent are cultivators, while another 14 per
cent resort to agriculture. A majority of tertiary workers (24 per cent) resort to the
Trade and Commerce. There are more than 1500 shops in Badadanda alone.
Table 2.2: Occupational Pattern in Puri City8
Total
53.76
55.00
Others
21.89
22.00
Transport
8.65
9.00
Trade &
Commerce
23.22
24.00
Total
12.63
15.00
Construction
1.02
Other than
HH Indus.
3.00
7.67
8.00
Tourism
3.94
33.61
30.00
2.4.9
Tertiary
4.00
0.05
0.00
Household
Industries
2.12
4.00
Total
15.55
2001
14.00
Mining &
Quarrying
1991
14.89
Live stock
Secondary
12.00
Agriculture
Primary
Cultivators
Year
Puri is a famous heritage centre in India, which attracts local, national and
international tourists and other visitors during different periods of time of the year
7
8
Census of India, 2001

Census of India, 2001
26
for different purposes either for religious, merry making or for otherwise. The
study on inflow of tourist reveals that there has been a significant increase in the
inflow of domestic tourists to the city, where as the inflow of foreign tourists is
either constant or has marginally increased. All visitors to the town are not recorded
as tourists and hence even if there is a large inflow and outflow of people to the city
on many religious occasions, the recorded number as tourists is always much less
than the actual. Table 2.3 below gives an account of the registered tourists to the city
during the past few years.
Table 2.3: Tourist Inflow in Puri9
Year
Domestic
Number of Tourists
International
Total
1995
26,97,365
28,201
27,25,566
1996
27,73,245
34,303
28,07,548
1997
28,28,131
35,081
28,63,212
1998
28,61,788
33,101
28,94,889
1999
26,91,840
25,758
27,17,598
2000
28,88,392
23,723
29,12,115
2001
31,00,316
22,854
31,23,170
2002
34,13,352
23,034
34,36,386
2003
37,01,250
25,020
37,26,270
2004
41,25,536
28,817
41,54,353
2.4.10 The Ratha Yatra

Popularly known as Rathyatra, this car or chariot festival is celebrated in the honor
of Lord Jagannath - who is believed to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu - in the
month of Asadha, on the second day of the lunar fortnight that falls during JuneJuly. The celebrated Ratha-Yatra festival is said to have started in the time of
Svarochisha Manu of the second manvantara and is predicted to continue until the
end of the second half of Lord Brahma's lifetime. Even in the Valmiki Ramayana, it
is related that when Lord Rama was getting ready to leave this world; he told
Vibhishan, Ravana's younger brother to worship Lord Jagannatha, the Lord of the
Iksvaku dynasty in His absence.
The Skanda Purana also fixes the date of the Ratha-Yatra as the second day of the
bright fortnight if the month of Ashadha, a day called Pushyami Nakshatra by
astrological calculations. The Padma Purana describes that in Purushottamakshetra, or Jagannatha Puri, the supremely blissful Personality of Godhead pretends
to be made of wood. In this way, although the Lord takes on what appears to be a
Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of Orissa
27
material form, it is completely spiritual by the causeless mercy of the Lord for the
conditioned souls who cannot perceive the transcendental domain of His.
On the day of the festival the wooden images of Krishna, Balrama and Subhadra are
taken out in procession in three chariots (Fig. 2.8) to their summer temple for a
week. The main chariot is 14
meters high and 10 meters square
with 16 wheels. The actual
construction of the carts begins
two months before the festival
day, on the third day of the bright
fortnight of Vaisakha (AprilMay). More than 600 trees, or 400
cubic meters of wood, are needed
for the construction, taken from
the local forests along the banks
Fig. 2.8: A view of Ratha Yatra at Puri
of the Mahanadi River. Using the
same simple tools and procedures as they have for the past hundreds of years, once
the basic elements are made, such as the wheels, the actual construction begins only
a few weeks before the festival.
The ropes of the huge chariots are pulled by millions of devotees. In the ancient
times, devotees would occasionally throw themselves in front of the chariot of Sri
Jagananath, for it was believed that to be crushed to death under its sixteen wheels
was to go straight to heaven. Since Sri Jagannath is a form of Vishnu and Sri
Krishna, many of the rituals observed in Puri temple are associated with events in
the life of Sri Krishna. Thus this annual car festival represents Sri Krishna's Journey
from Gokul to Mathura.
About 10 to 15 lakh pilgrims visit Puri on this day to witness the festival.
2.5
2.5.1
STATE WATER SUPPLY STATUS

Status till 20th century
Orissa became a separate province on the 1st April 1936 with six districts under the
British rule. In addition, it had 24 feudatory states in it. As on the same date, there
existed five community piped water supply systems at five places of the state,
namely, Deogarh, Berhampur, Baripada, Sundergarh and Puri. The scheme at
Deogarh was commissioned in and maintained by the Feudatory State of Deogarh
since 1892, while that at Brehampur was commissioned in and maintained by the
Madras Presidency since 1905. Similarly the system at Baripada was commissioned
in and maintained by the Feudatory State of Mayurbhanj since 1928, while that at
Sundergarh was commissioned in and maintained by the Feudatory State of
28
Sundergarh since 1934 (Fig. 2.9). The then British Government installed and
maintained the water supply system at Puri in 1934 and maintained it along with
the water supply installations at Cuttack Medical School (now a premier
government medical college and hospital in the state), the government houses at
Cuttack and Puri, and the circuit house at Koraput etc. (Fig. 2.10).
During the early and mid-fifties, many new water supply schemes were taken up in
the state and the responsibility of their implementation and operation and
maintenance fell on the State Government as a consequence of the following:
An Environmental Hygiene Committee was set up by the Government of India

during 1948-49 for an overall assessment of the country-wide problems in the
field
of
Baripada WS Scheme,
environmental
Sundergarh WS Scheme,
commissioned in 1923 and
commi-ssioned in 1934 and
operated by the feudatory state of
operated
by
the
feudatory
hygiene.
The
Mayurbhanj
state of Sundergarh
Committee
Deogarh WS Scheme,
commi-ssioned in 1892 and
recommended a
operated by the feudatory
state of Bamanda
comprehensive
plan to provide
N
water
supply
and sanitation
facilities for 90
Berhampur WS Scheme,
commissioned in 1905 and
per cent of the
operated by Madras
Presidency
population
within a period
of 40 years.
Sundargarh
Mayurbhanj
Jharsuguda
Keonjhar
Deogarh
Bargarh
Angul
Sonepur
Nuapada
Balasore
Sambalpur
Bhadrak
DhenkanalJajpur
Boudh
Bolangir
Cuttack
Kandhamal
Nayagarh
Khurda
Kendrapara
Jagatsingpur
Puri
Kalahandi
Ganjam
Nabarangpur
Rayagada
Gajapati
Koraput
Malkangiri
the Fig. 2. 9: Water Supply Systems run by Feudatory States as

on 1st April 1936
merger of the
Eastern State Agency with the state of Orissa, the responsibility of operation and
maintenance of the Water Supply Systems owned by the feudatory states also
fell on the State Government.
With
As part of post-war reconstruction activities, the National Government initiated

the Five-Year Plans, in which implementation of water supply and sanitation
schemes in the States was included.
In 1954, the Union Health Ministry announced their National Water Supply and
Sanitation Programme, under which specific provision was made to assist the
states in the implementation of the water supply and sanitation schemes in both
urban and rural areas.
29
New water supply schemes were taken up for implementation in the state at the
New Capital Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rayagada, Parlakhemundi and Sambalpur in
addition to improvement schemes for Berhampur, Baripada and Puri. Besides, the
Cuttack Drainage Scheme was also taken up.
The Ministry of Health, Govt. of India, constituted the National Water Supply and
Sanitation Committee on the 28th April 1960 to make a critical review of the
progress made under
the National Water
N
Supply
and
Sanitation Program,
then
under
implementation,
to
project
the
requirements
of
Cuttack Medical School
Cuttack Government Houses
water supply and
Puri Town Water Supply
sanitation in future
Puri Government House
and to suggest ways
Koraput
Circuit House
and
means
for
financing
such
programs.
The
Committee furnished
its report in 1962,
which indicated that
in urban areas of the state by 1961, of the total 64 towns having a population of 11.11
lacs in Orissa then, only 9 towns had adequate water supply, while in 24 others the
same was adequate. Only two towns had sewerage systems. Similarly it also
reported that in rural Orissa by the same time, there were 48,400 villages with a
total population of 1.65 crores, of which only 2000 villages had safe water supply,
mostly in the form of open wells only.
Sundargarh
Mayurbhanj
Jharsuguda
Keonjhar
Deogarh
Bargarh
Bhadrak
Angul
Sonepur
Nuapada
Balasore
Sambalpur
DhenkanalJajpur
Boudh
Bolangir
Cuttack
Kandhamal
Nayagarh
Khurda
Kendrapara
Jagatsingpur
Puri
Kalahandi
Ganjam
Nabarangpur
Rayagada
Gajapati
Koraput
Malkangiri
The activities of the PHEO grew very fast during the 1980s in the wake of the
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and other Bilateral
Assistance Programs. In the early nineties, the Union Government at the centre felt
that the rural works needed focused attention to make the benefits of the various
programs reach the people more effectively. It separated the rural works from a
combined structure by creating a separate Ministry for Rural Development with a
separate Department for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS).
2.5.2
Present Status
In the 21st century, Orissa has been experiencing an environment of rapid

development, technical advancements, changed management, increased
30
investments and enhanced service in the water and sanitation sector in keeping with
the pace and requirements of a rapidly developing country. As of now, 666 million
liters of potable water is supplied daily to about 4.2 million people living in 102
urban local bodies (ULBs) and 2 census towns of the state through more than
186,000 house service connections, 19,000 street stand posts and 18,000 hand pump
tube wells. About 240,000 people are benefited by sewerage systems at
Bhubaneswar and Cuttack partly or fully.
Huge investments are being done and are expected in future from various sources,
which include State Plan, Centrally Sponsored Plans (CSP), Calamity (drought,
flood and cyclone) Relief Funds, Accelerated Urban Water Supply Schemes
(AUWSP), Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP), Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for
Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) in addition to deposit works by various
agencies.
2.6
PURI CITY WATER SUPPLY STATUS
As indicated above the city piped water supply system was commissioned by the
British Government in the year 1934 prior to independence. A lot of improvements
have been made between then and now. The salient features of the city supply are
given in Table 2.4 below:
Table 2.4: Salient Features of Puri City Water Supply System10
2001 census population
1,57,610
Present estimated population
1,86,000
Present estimated floating population
Present average supply
About 15,000 per day on an average;

About 15,00,000 on Rathayatra
20.02 mld gross including losses
Total wards
30 nos.
Wards covered
Fully covered= 20 wards

Partly covered= 10 wards
Not covered= Nil
Source
Ground water from freshwater well

fields at Baliapanda and Chakratirtha
and from inside the city area
No. of production wells
55
Type of disinfection
Chlorination through Bleaching

Powder and Gas Chlorinators
Distribution
Through a 145 km network of pipes of

400 to 80/75 mm dia of various
materials
10
PHEO, Orissa
31
Storage
Type of supply
Hours of supply
House service connections
9.95 lakh gallons community supply

(3 GSRs + 3 ESRs)
+ three ESRs each of 20,000 gallons
capacity for institutional supply
Intermittent
About 2 hours in the morning + 2
hours in the evening
7603 nos.
Street stand posts
1047 nos.
Hand pump tube wells
530 nos. (IM II, IM III and shallow well

hand pumps)
The details of the physical infrastructure are described below.

2.6.1
Source
The city meets its drinking water needs from the ground water through tube wells
fitted with motorized pumps and hand pumps. Since the city is situated near the
sea, the ground water near the sea beach is saline. There two major sweet water
zones at about 2 to 3 km away from the seashore, which are the main sources of
drinking water to the city: one at Chakratirtha towards the east of the city and the
other at Baliapanda towards the west of the city (Fig. 2-1111). The Chakratirtha
wellfield extends over an area of 497.68 acres, while the Baliapanda one extends
over 207.52 acres. Several production wells have been sunk in these two areas for
extraction of water from these wellfields and supply to the community. Besides
there are also production wells sunk in other areas of the city to supplement the
supply to the community as well as to various institutions and government
residential offices/quarters/ houses.
The total number of production wells supplying water to the community today is as
under (Table 2.5):
Table 2.5: Number of Production Wells as Source12
Location
Total
number
15
Chakratirtha well field
Baliapanda well field
13
Isolated production wells scattered throughout the city
27
Total
55
Fig. source: Study on Survellance of Drinking Water Quality in 25 Selected Cities in India Draft Final Report, NEERI, November 2003
12 Source: PHEO, Orissa
11
32
Fig.2-11: Puri Sweet Water Zones
33
Besides, there are 28 production wells of smaller diameters (6 to 8) installed in

various government institutions for the purpose. Each production well is fitted with
a submersible pump of suitable capacity to extract and deliver the water. Thus there
are 83 pumps running in 83 wells round the year13. Details are discussed below. One
or more production wells are controlled through a pump chamber (Fig.2.12).
The Chakratirtha Wellfield has 15 production wells in 13 pumphouses (see Fig. 2.12
before), the details of which are given in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6: Existing Production Well Details in Chakratirtha Wellfield9
Sl.
No.
Production Well
2(1)
200
36.00
Water
Table
below GL
m
5.00
2(2)
200
37.00
6.00
26,872
2.93
200
38.00
7.50
23,789
2.60
200
36.00
9.00
26,872
2.93
8(1)
200
40.00
7.50
22,467
2.45
10
200
36.00
15.00
11,894
1.30
11(1)
200
39.00
6.50
21,145
2.31
11(2)
200
35.00
8.00
12,755
1.39
200
36.00
6.50
29,800
3.25
10
200
36.00
6.00
12,000
1.31
11
200
36.00
6.00
15,000
1.64
12
200
36.00
7.00
12,000
1.31
13
200
36.00
6.00
13,000
1.42
14
16
200
36.00
7.00
15,000
1.64
15
13
200
40.00
6.00
18,346
2.00
31.72
No./Name
Diameter
mm
Depth
m
Yield
Gal/hr
mld
29,736
3.24
Total
The details of the pumps fitted to the above tube wells are as below (Table 2.7):
Table 2.7: Details of Pumps presently intalled at Chakratirtha Pump Chambers9
Sl.
No.
Type of
pump
Bore
well
No.
2(1)
Make
HP
Discharge
gal/hr
Head
m
Hours
of run
Submersible
KSB
15
11,013
52
20
Daily
supply
mld
1.00
2(2)
Submersible
KSB
15
11,013
52
20
1.00
Submersible
KSB
15
11,013
52
20
1.00
Submersible
KSB
20
12,114
54
20
1.10
8(1)
Submersible
KSB
15
11,013
52
20
1.00
13
Source: PHEO, Orissa
34
Sl.
No.
Type of
pump
Bore
well
No.
10
Make
HP
Discharge
gal/hr
Head
m
Hours
of run
Submersible
KSB
10
5,286
57
20
Daily
supply
mld
0.48
11(1)
Submersible
KSB
15
13,216
52
20
1.20
11(2)
Submersible
KSB
13
7,490
46
20
0.68
Submersible
KSB
20
12,114
54
20
1.10
10
Submersible
KSB
15
8,370
50
20
0.76
11
Submersible
KSB
15
8,370
50
20
0.76
12
Submersible
KSB
10
8,370
46
20
0.76
13
Submersible
KSB
15
8,370
50
20
0.76
14
16
Submersible
KSB
10.5
6,608
46
20
0.60
15
13
Submersible
KSB
30
22,026
60
10
1.00
Total
13.20
Similarly, the Baliapanda wellfield has 13 production wells, each with a

pumphouse, the details of which are given in Table 2.8 below.
Table 2.8: Existing Production Wells in Baliapanda Wellfield14
Sl.
No.
Production Well
200
36.00
Water
Table
below GL
m
9.00
200
36.00
6.00
39,648
4.33
200
36.00
6.50
12,775
1.39
200
36.00
7.00
13,877
1.51
200
37.00
5.00
19,824
2.16
200
38.00
6.00
23,789
2.60
7(1)
200
36.00
6.00
29,736
3.24
7(2)
200
38.00
6.00
29,736
3.24
7(3)
200
39.00
8.30
13,877
1.51
10
7(4)
200
36.00
8.50
13,877
1.51
11
200
36.00
6.50
13,877
1.51
12
10
200
42.00
5.50
10,573
1.15
13
Duty Room
200
34.00
5.50
10,573
1.15
No./Name
Diameter
mm
Depth
m
Total
Yield
Gal/hr
mld
13,877
1.51
26.81
14
35
Table 2.9: Details of Pumps presently intalled at Baliapanda Pump Chambers10

Sl.
No.
1
Bore
well
No.
1
Type of
pump
Make
HP
Discharge
gal/hr
Head
m
Hours
of run
Submersible
KSB
10
7,930
48
20
Daily
supply
mld
0.72
Submersible
KSB
15
9,912
56
20
0.90
Submersible
KSB
15
8,811
52
20
0.80
Submersible
KSB
13
7,490
46
20
0.68
Submersible
KSB
15
8,811
59
20
0.80
Submersible
KSB
20
13,216
52
20
1.20
7(1)
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
45
20
1.00
7(2)
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
45
20
1.00
7(3)
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
45
20
1.00
10
7(4)
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
45
20
1.00
11
Submersible
KSB
15
8,811
59
20
0.80
12
10
Submersible
KSB
13
7,490
46
20
0.68
13
Duty
Room
Submersible
KSB
14
7,400
46
20
0.67
Total
11.25
Besides there are 27 other isolated production wells sunk at various places of the
city, mostly inside government offices and institutions, the details of which are
given in Table 2.10 below.
Table 2.10: Existing Isolated Production Wells at Puri15
Sl.
No.
Production Well
No./Name
Diameter
mm
Depth
m
South-gate
200
50
Water
Table
below GL
m
12
Lakshmi
Bazar
(Dolabedi)
200
42
Biswambhar
Bidyapitha
200
Narendra
Tank No. 1
Yield
Gal/hr
mld
35,683
3.89
12,000
1.31
40.8
17,420
1.90
200
40
17,000
1.85
Narendra
Tank No. 2
200
40
17,000
1.85
Dhoba sahi
200
45
8.5
30,000
3.27
Zilla School
200
36
15,000
1.64
Ghodabazar
Headworks
200
36
6.4
15,000
1.64
15
36
Sl.
No.
Production Well
No./Name
Diameter
mm
Depth
m
Podakothi
Guesthouse
200
46
Water
Table
below GL
m
6.4
10
Sri Jagannath
Sanskrit
University
200
36
11
Totagopinath
No. 1
200
12
Totagopinath
No. 2
13
Yield
Gal/hr
mld
10,000
1.09
6.4
10,000
1.09
39
10,930
1.19
200
42
7.5
9,251
1.01
Rajbhavan
No. 1
200
34
0.00
14
Rajbhavan
No. 2
200
35
0.00
15
Circuit House
200
36
4.5
0.00
16
Swetaganga
Puskarini
200
38
3.5
7,930
0.87
17
Matimandapa
Sahi
200
42
8,370
0.91
18
Mudulijaga
200
45
6.5
8,370
0.91
19
Ayurvedic
College
200
45
5,000
0.55
20
Balisahi
Municipal
High School
200
45
6.5
8,370
0.91
21
Collectorate
200
45
5,000
0.55
22
Civil Court
200
45
4,000
0.44
23
Court
Guesthouse
200
45
1,000
0.11
24
SCS College
200
45
5,000
0.55
25
SCS College
Ladies Hostel
200
45
5,000
0.55
26
SCS College
Hostel No. 1
200
45
4,000
0.44
27
South Gate
Amenities
Centre
200
45
2,378
0.26
Total
28.78
37
Table 2.11: Details of Pumps presently intalled at Isolated Pump Chambers16

Sl. Bore well
No. No./Name
Type of
pump
Make
HP
South-gate
Submersible
KSB
25
Laxmi Bazar
(Dolabedi)
Submersible
KSB
10
5,286
57
0.14
Biswambhar
Bidyapitha
Submersible
KSB
15
8,370
52
10
0.38
Narendra
Tank No. 1
Submersible
KSB
10
8,370
46
12
0.46
Narendra
Tank No. 2
Submersible
KSB
75
5,286
40
12
0.29
Dhoba sahi
Submersible
KSB
30
22,026
60
20
2.00
Zilla School
Submersible
KSB
15
8,370
50
20
0.76
Ghodabazar
Headworks
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
38
20
1.00
Podakothi
Guesthouse
Submersible
KSB
12.5
11,013
38
20
1.00
10
Sri Jagannath Submersible

Sanskrit
University
KSB
7.5
5,286
40
0.19
11
Totagopinath
No. 1
Submersible
KSB
10
5,286
57
0.10
12
Totagopinath
No. 2
Submersible
KSB
13
7,490
46
0.14
13
Rajbhavan
No. 1
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
48
0.10
14
Rajbhavan
No. 2
Submersible
KSB
3,083
38
0.06
15
Circuit House
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
35
0.19
16
Swetaganga
Puskarini
Submersible
KSB
10.5
6,607
46
0.24
17
Matimandapa Submersible
Sahi
KSB
7.5
5,727
58
0.16
18
Mudulijaga
Submersible
KSB
10
5,286
57
0.14
19
Ayurvedic
College
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
48
0.19
20
Balisahi
Municipal
High School
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,727
58
0.16
21
Collectorate
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
48
0.19
22
Civil Court
Submersible
KSB
4,405
40
0.16
16
38
Discharge Head Hours Daily

gal/hr
m
of run supply
mld
15,419
60
10
0.70
Sl. Bore well

No. No./Name
Type of
pump
Make
HP
23
Court
Guesthouse
24
Discharge Head Hours Daily

gal/hr
m
of run supply
mld
1,101
30
8
0.04
Submersible
KSB
SCS College
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
48
0.19
25
SCS College
Ladies Hostel
Submersible
KSB
7.5
5,286
48
0.19
26
SCS College
Hostel No. 1
Submersible
KSB
4,405
40
0.16
27
South Gate
Amenities
Centre
Submersible
KSB
1,982
30
17
0.15
Total
9.48
Thus the total capacity of pumps installed, source-wise, is as below:

From Chakratirtha wellfield:
13.20 mld
From Baliapanda wellfield:
11.25 mld
From isolated wells:
09.48 mld
Total water pumped:
33.93 mld
Against this, the total water reportedly supplied to the city, both domestic and nondomestic, is as below:
Community supply:
18.60 mld
Institutional supply:
01.20 mld
Government residential supply:
00.22 mld
Total water supplied:
20.02 mld
The PHEO has installed the pumps with a view to pumping only about 70 percent
of the capacity of pumps on an
average. But in absence of any
rational measurement, the actual
quantity is not known. This is
discussed in the next chapter.
The
National
Environmental
Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI) had conducted during
2003 a Study on Survellance of
Drinking Water Quality in 25
Selected Cities in India, of which
Puri was one. The Draft Final
Fig. 2-12: A view of Chakratirtha Waterfield
39
Report17, published in November 2003, indicated that
The physico-chemical characteristics of ground water were well within the

permissible limits under BIS: 10500-1991 standards.
The Chloride values were very low though the zone is very near to seashore.
NEERI again conducted a study in 2007 titled Study of Groundwater Aquifer
System at Jagannath Puri and its Protection from Contamination. The study
indicated that the safe withdrawal from the water fields is optimized against the
saltwater intrusion and found to be 11.67 mld in Balia Panda and 25.12 mld in
Chakratirtha waterfields, which are equal to population equivalents of 84,000 and
1,78,000 respectively. It indicated that Pump Chamber 10 in Balia Panda and Pump
Chamber 9 and 10 in Chakratirtha water field are critical against saltwater intrusion
due to their location near to the shoreline. It further indicated that the presence of
coliforms is observed in the groundwater in some of the production wells and that
the concentration of nitrate is also found to be above the permissible limit in some
of them, which may be due to wastewater discharges from the nearby habitat areas.
The details are discussed in the next chapter.
2.6.2
Transmission
Water from the production wells is transmitted through transmission mains to 3

major storage reservoirs located at Ghodabazar, Markanda tank and Totagopinath.
The transmission mains, varying in sizes from 250 to 400 mm in diameter, are about
15 km long as shown in Drawing No. 1.
2.6.3
Storage
There are three major storage reservoir complexes, consisting of Ground Storage
Reservoirs (GSRs) and Elevated Storage
Reservoirs (ESRs) in the city at Ghodabazar, Markanda and Totagopinath.
Besides, there are 3 other institutional
service storage reservoirs in the city. The
detailed storage capacities of the
reservoirs are as given in Table 2.12
below.
Fig. 2.13: A view of Markanda ESR
The
Markanda
ESR
(Fig.
2.13),
constructed of brick masonry in the year 1935, has a capacity of 2,20,000 gallons,
diameter 18.10m and height 4.56m over a staging height of 22m. The height of the
Study on Survellance of Drinking Water Quality in 25 Selected Cities in India - Draft Final
Report, NEERI, November 2003
17
40
dome is 7m. The thickness of the staging wall is 1.2m at the bottom and 1m at the
top. The wall thickness of the tank portion is
0.8m.
The Totagopinath ESR (Fig. 2.14) was
constructed in the year 1969 and has a
capacity of 1,00,000 gallons, diameter 10m
and height 3.6m over a staging height of 30m.
The staging comprises of a polygonal
structure of circular columns in five stages.
The Ghodabazar ESR, constructed in the year
1975, has a capacity of 2,00,000 gallons,
diameter 11m and height 8.5 m over a staging
height of 29.5 m. The staging comprises of a
polygonal structure of circular columns in
five stages with acircular ladder attached to
the superstructure.
Table 2.12: Storage Capacity of Service Reservoirs at Puri
Sl.
No.
Location
Capacity
GSR
ESR
Gallons
Liters
Gallons
Liters
1. Community Reservoirs Existing
1
Ghodabazar
75,000
340,957 200,000
909,218
2
Markanda Tank
220,000 1,000,140
3
Totagopinath
400,000 1,818,436
100000
454,609
Total of 1
475,000 2,159,393 520,000 2,363,967
2. Community Reservoirs under Construction
1
Chakratirtha
200,000
909,218
2
Chakratirtha
200,000
909,218
Total of 2
400,000 1,818,436
2. Institutional Reservoirs Existing
1
Ayurvedic
20,000
90,920
College
20,000
90,920
2
Kamaladevi
maternity
Hospital
3
IDH
Total of 3
Grand Total of 1+2+3
875,000
3,977,829
Total
capacity
Gallons
Total
capacity
Liters
275,000
220,000
500,000
995,000
1,250,175
1,000,140
2,273,045
4,523,360
200,000
200,000
400,000
909,218
909,218
1,818,436
20,000
90,920
20,000
90,920
20,000
90,920
20,000
90,920
60,000
580,000
272,760
2,636,727
60,000
1,455,000
272,760
6,614,556
As of now the total storage capacity of the service reservoirs at Puri including the
institutional reservoirs is about 6.61 ml.
41
2.6.4
Transmission and Distribution
Supply of water to the city is made through a distribution network as shown in

Drawing 1. The network comprises of the following lengths of pipes (Table 2.13) as
per PHEO. The higher sizes include a portion of the transmission mains also.
Table 2.13: Water Supply Pipeline Network in Puri City18
Sl. No.
Pipe size in mm
Length in km
Percentage of Total
400
2.20
1.52
350
5.30
3.65
300
1.30
0.90
250
5.63
3.88
200
14.68
10.13
150
22.06
15.21
125
2.00
1.38
100
77.83
53.67
90
2.00
1.38
12.00
8.28
145.01
100
10
80
Total
It may be noted that about 54 percent of the pipes are of 100 mm dia, while about 15
percent are 150 mm dia, about 10 percent 200 mm dia and 8 percent 80 mm
diameter. The total length of transmission and distribution mains together is 145.01
km laid along a total road length of about 692 km in the city, which is about 21 per
cent. The materials used are mostly CI and some PVC.
2.6.5
Hours of Supply
Puri consumers get on an average 6 hours of water supply per day, 4 hours in the
morning and 2 hours in the evening. The normal supply hours from the system are
as below (Table 2.14):
Table 2.14: Hours of Water Supply in Puri City
Sl.
No.
From headworks at
Ghodabazar
5 AM
9 AM
4 PM
6 PM
Total
hours of
supply
6 hrs
Markanda
5 AM
9 AM
4 PM
6 PM
6 hrs
Totagopinath
5 AM
9 AM
4 PM
6 PM
6 hrs
Didhamahabir
5 AM
9 AM
4 PM
6 PM
6 hrs
18
Morning
From
To
42
Hours of supply
Evening
From
To
2.6.6
Disinfection
All the ground water that is supplied to the city is not disinfected, only a portion is
done. Chrine gas solution is fed to the 3 major ground level storage reservoirs at
Ghodabazar, Markada Tank and Totagopinath through solution-feed gas
chlorinators. The combined storage capacity of these ground storage reservoirs
(GSRs) is about 2.16 ml. The tanks are filled twice a day for supply. Thus, roughly, a
total quantity of 4.32 ml of water is disinfected at storage reservoirs through
chlorine gas solution. For the rest of supply, on line injection of bleaching powder
solution is resorted to at some points.
43
3
44
3.1
DESIGN PERIOD
Water supply projects are normally designed to meet the requirements over a thirty
year period after their completion, except in regard to some components, depending
on their useful life or the facility for carrying out extensions when required and rate
of interest so that expenditure far ahead of utility is avoided.
In case of Puri, the project components may be designed to meet the requirements
of the following design periods (Table 3-1):
Table 3.1: Design Periods for WS Project Component19
Sl. No.
1
2
a
b
3
4
5
6
7
8
Item
Storage by dams
Pumping:
Pump house (civil works)
Electric motors and pumps
Water treatment units
Raw water conveying mains
Clear water conveying mains
Clear water ground level reservoirs
Clear water elevated reservoirs
Distribution system
Design period in years

50
30
15
15
30
30
15
15
30
It is presumed that the actual execution of the project would be started during 200809 and completed by around 2011-12. The project should therefore cater to the
requirements of the year 2041. Accordingly, the following calculations have been
made.
3.2
POPULATION
Puri city is a class I town as per census of India definition and a medium town as
per UDPFI guidelines. The city had a population of only 49,057 in 1951, which
increased a little more than three-fold to 1,57,610 in 2001 as per census of India. The
decadal growth rate varies between 19.51 percent and 25.89 percent, the later being
during the past decade. The growth rate of the city has always been lower than that
in the urban sector of the state.
3.2.1
Estimation of Future Population
Estimation of future populations for Puri has been made for the period upto the
year 2061 from the following mathematical and graphical methods (Table 3.2 and
Fig. 3.1):
19
Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, CPHEEO, MoUD, Govt. of India, 1999
45
1.
2.
3.
4.
Arithmetical Increase Method

Geometrical Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Graphical Projection Method.
Table 3.2: Forecast of Population of Puri City
Year
Population
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Total
Average
Geometric mean rg
Increment
49,057
60,815
72,674
100,942
125,199
157,610
11,758
11,859
28,268
24,257
32,411
108,553
21,711
Population
168,465
179,321
201,031
222,742
244,452
255,308
266,163
287,874
2. Geometric Progression Method:

Year
2006
2011
2021
2031
2041
2046
2051
2061
Population
176,737
198,186
249,209
313,367
394,043
441,863
495,488
623,050
3. Incremental Increase Method:

Year
2006
2011
2021
2031
2041
2046
0.240
0.195
0.389
0.240
0.259
0.257
1. Arithmetical Progression Method:

Year
2006
2011
2021
2031
2041
2046
2051
2061
Rate of growth Incremental

Increase
Population
170,402
184,484
216,521
253,721
296,085
319,203
46
101
16,409
-4,011
8,154
20,653
5,163
2051
2061
343,612
396,302
4. Graphical Projection Method:

Projections are made graphically from the past figures in linear, polynomial and
exponential manner to arrive at the estimated populations as in the figure below.
700,000
Exponential
600,000
Populationm
500,000
Polynomial
400,000
300,000
Linear
200,000
100,000
0
1951 1961
1971 1981 1991
2001 2011
2021 2031 2041
2051 2061
Year
Fig. 3.1: Graphical Projection of Population for Puri City

The population projections from various methods for various years are summarised
below (Table 3.3):
Table 3.3: Population Projections from various Methods
Year Arithmetical Geometrical Incremental Linear Polynomial Exponential
Increase
Increase
Increase
Method
Method
Method
2011
179,321
198,186
184,484
168,000
198,000
200,000
2021
201,031
249,209
216,521
194,000
240,000
260,000
2031
222,742
313,367
253,721
216,000
290,000
322,000
2041
244,452
394,043
296,085
238,000
341,000
406,000
2051
266,163
495,488
343,612
260,000
400,000
520,000
2061
287,874
623,050
396,302
280,000
468,000
650,000
3.2.2
Estimation of Future Tourist Population
The tourists flow to Puri city has been discussed earlier. Based on this flow (Table 23), the estimated tourist population in the year 2041 has been calculated as shown in
Table 3.4 below. Accordingly, it is expected that 27,475 tourists would visit Puri
during 2041 everyday. Taking into account the unregistered visitors, a figure of
50,000 persons per day has been considered here for consideration of water supply.
47
This excludes the special arrangements made during major festivals like Rathyatra,
Sunabesha etc.
Table 3.4: Estimation of Future Tourist Population
Year
No. of Tourists
Increase per year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2725566
2807548
2863212
2894889
2717598
2912115
3123170
3436386
3726270
81,982
55,664
31,677
-177,291
194,517
211,055
313,216
289,884
2004
Total increase in 9 years
Average increase per year
4154353
428,083
1,428,787
158,754
Increase in 37 years
5,873,902
Estimated no. of tourists in 2041
10,028,255
Estimated no. of tourists in 2041 per day
27,475
Taking into account the growth capacity available in the city, it is prudent to adopt
the method of polynomial increase for estimation of future population (Table 3.5).
The tourist population is restricted to around 10 percent of the residential
population. This additional tourist demand would also take care of the institutional
and commercial demand of the city.
Table 3.5: Suggested Population Projections for Puri
Year
Census
population
Projected
Residential
Population
Projected CDP
Residential
Population
Projected
Tourist
Population
Projected
Total
Population
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2008
49,057
60,810
72,674
1,00,942
1,25,199
1,57,610
1,86,000
187,550
18,600
204,600
2011
198,000
200,380
19,800
217,800
2021
240,000
254,280
24,000
264,000
2026
265,000
288,475
26,500
291,500
2031
290,000
322,670
29,000
319,000
2041
341,000
409,470
34,100
375,100
2051
400,000
519,630
40,000
440,000
2061
468,000
46,800
514,800
48
It is recommended to adopt a design residential population of 3.41 lakhs (against

the suggested 4.09 lakhs in CDP) in 2041 and a tourist population of 34,000.
3.3
SOURCE
As discussed in the previous chapter, Puri city receives drinking water supply from
groundwater sources. There is no surface water source for water supply to Puri city
till now. There are two sweet groundwater zones or wellfields at Baliapanda and
Chakratirtha situated inside the city having an area of 207.52 acres (0.967 sq km) and
497.68 acres (2.149 sq km) respecively. Since the city is situated near Bay of Bengal,
there is a delicate dynamic balance of salt and fresh water interface near the coast
line. The production wells situated towards seaside in the water fields are at a
distance of 350 m and 680 m respectively away from the shoreline at Baliapanda
and Chakratirtha respectively.
Over the last few years, the demand of water has been increasing considerably.
Besides, Puri being a city of religious importance and the demand for water on
specific festival days like the Rathayatra suddenly shooting high, the availability of
adequate water at source, both on a short term and a long term basis, has always
been a matter of concern for the authorities. Further, with more and more number
of houses coming up over the reserved wellfield areas, possible contamination of
the groundwater coupled with reduction of groundwater rechsrge aws another
concern for the authorities. Assistance from the National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur was therefore taken in this regard.
3.3.1
NEERI Study on Water Quality and Quantity
NEERI conducted during 2003 a Study on Survellance of Drinking Water Quality in

25 Selected Cities in India, of which Puri was one. The Draft Final Report20,
published in November 2003, indicated that
The physico-chemical characteristics of ground water were well within the

permissible limits under BIS: 10500-1991 standards.
The Chloride values were very low though the zone is very near to seashore.
NEERI again conducted a study during 2007 titled Study of Groundwater Aquifer
System at Jagannath Puri and its Protection from Contamination with the following
objectives:
Simulate the groundwater aquifer to know the flow and direction
Simulate the contaminant transport to know the extent of contamination
and source of pollution.
Study on Survellance of Drinking Water Quality in 25 Selected Cities in India - Draft Final
Report, NEERI, November 2003
20
49
Simulate the saltwater intrusion against safe pumping withdrawal from

the water fields.
Plan for safeguarding the water fields and groundwater aquifer from
surface contamination and saltwater intrusion.
The study area for hydrodynamic study in Puri city lay between latitudes 19 46 30
N to 19 51 N and longitudes 85 47 E to 85 54 30 E (Fig. 2-12). A threedimensional groundwater flow model was simulated to assess the effectiveness of
the aquifer and remediation efforts to curtail contaminants in the groundwater. The
model was also calibrated by adjusting model input parameters until a best fit is
achieved between simulated and observed water levels prior to assess safe pumping
limit. The calibrated flow model was subsequently used to simulate the saltwater
intrusion and contaminant transport for future scenario.
As per the draft report, the groundwater level in the study area varies from 0.33m
(bgl) in Balighat area to 12.6m (bgl) in Totagopinath water works during November
2006 sampling. The recharge in the study area has been considered as 33% of the
annual rainfall. Groundwater is the only source to meet the drinking water
requirements of Puri city through production wells. The present net groundwater
withdrawal rate is 20.44 mld from 19 production wells in Chakratirtha, 13 in Balia
Panda water fields and 4 in the city with average depth of 30m.
A number of important observations and recommendations given in the draft
report, published in October 2007, attract focused attention of the water utility
authorities:
Since the city is situated near Bay of Bengal, there is a delicate dynamic balance
of salt and fresh water interface near the coast line.
The production wells situated towards seaside in the Balia Panda and
Chakratirtha water fields are at a distance of 350 m and 680 m respectively away
from the shoreline.
As per flow model result, the region is drained by two rivers, viz., Nuanai and
Samangkat and the direction of the flow is toward the sea and Samang Lake.
The aquifer in Puri city has sufficient groundwater storage due to high recharge
and subsurface inflow.
The water table of the city varies from 1.240 to 5.405 m and 0 to 4.425 m with
reference to mean sea level in post monsoon and summer season respectively.
Fresh water due to its lower specific gravity will normally float above a layer of
salt water without mixing. But when the ground water levels drop, there will be
a tendency for seawater to move landward, displacing the fresh water in the
aquifer. As water level continues to decline, the sea water wedge will continue
to advance until conditions of equilibrium are established. When intrusion takes
place, the wedge tends to flatten out and then too moves somewhat faster than
50
the remaining portion of the interface. The seawater interface is a very slow
process.
The sensitive zones as per the simulation of saltwater intrusion are Chakratirtha
and Balia Panda water fields. The salt-water interface in these zones moves
faster towards the water fields as compared to the remaining area due to
drawdawn of groundwater level and high pumping rate, especially in summer
season.
Based on the simulation results, both the water fields are safe against the
saltwater intrusion problem for present as well as safe limit.
The safe withdrawal from the water fields is optimized against the saltwater
intrusion and found to be 11.67 mld in Balia Panda and 25.0 mld in Chakratirtha
water field (Table 3-6), which are equal to the population equivalents of 84,000
and 1,78,000 respectively. The projected population for 2021 is 1,75,000.
Table 3.6: Assessment of Groundwater Withdrawal
Features
No. of Pump Chambers
Balia Panda
Water Field
Chakratirtha
Water Field
Total
14
22
36
Present Pumping Rate (mld)
7.95
12.49
20.44
Safe Pumping Rate (mld)

against Salt Water Intrusion
11.67
25
36.67
From the model output, Pump Chamber 10 in Balia Panda and Pump Chamber
9 and 10 in Chakratirtha water field are critical against saltwater intrusion due
to their location near to the shoreline. Therefore, any groundwater development
activity in such regions needs to be carefully planned with remedial measures in
order to curtail the further intrusion of seawater.
Various methods have been advocated for the control of saline water intrusion
but the pragmatic and cheapest solution is to reduce and/or rearrange the
pattern of pumping wells abstracting groundwater.
The strategy for Puri water supply should be such that when fresh-water flows
towards the sea are more in monsoon season, wells near the sea are to be used
for most of the supply and withdrawal compared to the inland pump wells. The
situation is to be reversed in summer season due to lesser flow of fresh water
towards the sea. It is suggested that any additional pumping should be
practiced in the middle of the water field to minimize the adverse impacts.
As per field observations, the water table depth in the Puri city is not varied
much; therefore the depth of the water table is a governing factor for pollution.
Since the water table approaches nearer the ground during monsoon months,
higher the risk of contamination.
The area around the hand pumps should be well protected from dumping,
sewage discharge and unhygienic conditions.
Similarly open wells and water bodies in the city, which are not utilized for
drinking, and other useful purposes, serve as sources of groundwater pollution.
51
Such wells should be sealed to prevent the ingress of surface water and other
domestic waste.
Based on the bacteriological analysis, harmful bacteria are observed in the
groundwater due to septic tanks, cesspools and no sewerage system in the city.
Therefore, the sewerage system of the city which is under construction should
be implemented as early as possible to reduce the future groundwater
contamination.
As per mass transport model results, both the water fields are safe against the
saltwater intrusion but contaminated by the local pollution sources. The quality
of water is generally good in Puri city except in an area where there is acute
pollution due to the discharge of sewage in groundwater.
The concentration of Nitrate is found above the permissible limit in some of the
locations like Paranulia Sahi, Ram Krishna Mission, in front of Hotel Seagul,
Gosalla, Pardeshi Barat Ward No. 3, PKRIT colony, Kundhebent Sahi, Kalika
Devi Sahi, Bali Nalia Sahi in June 2007 sampling and even in the water fields in
pump chamber 10 and 7 of Balia panda and Chakratirtha water field
respectively. The source of nitrate in the water fields may be wastewater
discharges from the nearby habitat areas.
Therefore to prevent both the water fields against the contamination, the entire
slum and other unauthorized activity should be stopped and any existing
buildup in the water fields should be well connected to the city sewerage
system.
As per modeling results, due to high recharge in Puri city, most of the
contaminants get diluted and at the same time contaminants move towards the
water fields in the direction of flow due to continuous pumping. Unless steps
are taken immediately, the migration of contaminants in the water cannot be
ruled out. To prevent the migration of contaminants in the water fields, the
pump wells that are located near the boundary and vicinity of the human
habitats should be sealed and shifted to the center portion of the water field.
Thus as per NEERIs study, the two fresh water well fields can safely yield upto
36.67 mld without any saline intrusion. This can cater to the needs of about 244,000
people at an average rate of supply of 150 liters per capita per day. Puri city is
expected to reach a population of 244,000 including the floating population in 2016
or later. In other words, Puri city can depend on the groundwater from these two
wellfields upto about the year 2016, beyond which additional sources must
contribute. It would be prudent to go in for additional sources from surface waters
as no further ground water sources are available nearby.
3.3.2
Suggested Action
First, it is important to initiate action as below based on the results of NEERI study:
52
The safe maximum withdrawal of groundwater from Baliapanda and

Chakratirtha well fields are indicated as 11.67 and 25.0 mld respectively. Pump
Chamber 10 in Balia Panda and Pump Chamber 9 and 10 in Chakratirtha water
field are critical against saltwater intrusion. The concentration of Nitrate is
found above the permissible limit in pump chamber 10 and 7 of Balia panda and
Chakratirtha respectively. Keeping in view the susceptible salt water intrusion
and fecal pollution and the discussions with CPHEEO , the maximum extraction
should be restricted to about 50 percent of the safe yield. In other words, the
extraction from Baliapanda and Chakratirtha well fields should not exceed 6
and 12 mld respectively. The reduction in drawal may be done in a phased
manner.
The two well fields should be fully protected from external intrusion by
constructing a compound wall around each to keep them free them from
pollution.
The isolated production wells used as source of water now suffers from the
following shortcomings:
The concentration of Nitrate is found above the permissible limit in locations
like Paranulia Sahi, Ram Krishna Mission, in front of Hotel Seagul, Gosalla,
Pardeshi Barat Ward No. 3, PKRIT colony, Kundhebent Sahi, Kalika Devi
Sahi, Bali Nalia Sahi in June 2007 sampling, the source of which is likely to
be wastewater discharges from the nearby habitat areas. Harmful bacteria
are observed in the groundwater from septic tanks, cesspools in the city.
Though a sewerage system is under implementation for the city, the
possibility of a leakge any where can not be ruled out. Monitoring such a
large number of PWs continuously and preventing pollution is almost next
to impossible. Pollution of the isolated production wells can create havoc in
the form an outbreak of cholera and other water-borne diseases, especially
during the festivals like Rathayatra when lakhs of people congregate in the
city for days.
Unlike near the water fields, these PWs are scattered around for which a
large work force is required for operation and maintenance.
The operation and maintenance costs in terms of repairs, replacements, and
energy are very high compared to a single source.
It is therefore recommended that all these isolated production wells in the city
are dispensed with.
The high water table is a governing factor for pollution. The area around the
hand pumps should be well protected from dumping, sewage discharge and
unhygienic conditions.
Similarly open wells and water bodies in the city, which are not utilized for
drinking, and other useful purposes should be sealed to prevent the ingress of
surface water and other domestic waste.
53
To prevent the migration of contaminants in the water fields, the pump wells
that are located near the boundary and vicinity of the human habitats should be
sealed and shifted to the center portion of the water field.
Secondly, there is no existing method of direct measurement of the flows. No bulk

or individual flow meters have been installed in the system. The reported figures
are indirect assessment of flows based on the pump ratings indicated on the pumps.
It is recommended that bulk meters are installed at each pump chamber to measure
the discharge of each pump. Pressure gauges should also be fitted to measure the
delivery head to help assist installation of the required size of the pump and proper
functioning of the same. Besides, bulk meters should be installed at delivery of each
storage and service reservoir to monitor the quantity supplied. The installation of
individual household meters and institutional/commercial connection meters
should be taken up subsequently so that the quantities extracted and supplied can
be easily monitored and the gaps reduced.
Thirdly, with the restriction of extraction from the Baliapanda and Chakratirtha
PWs and the dispensation of the isolated PWs, ground water sources would be
inadequate to meet the deamand of the city as shown subsequently. It is therefore
necessary to identify a possible nearby appropriate surface water source and take
up construction activities so as to extract the required additional quantity of water
from this source and supply it to the community after necessary treatment and
disinfection.
River Bhargavi/Kanchi has been identified by the Water Resources Department
(WRD) of the Government of Orissa as the additional surface source. The WRD, at
the request of the state PHEO, has worked out broad details of the surface source
identification, planning and rough cost estimates.
3.4
THE SURFACE WATER SOURCE
As of now, the nearby surface water source available is River Bhargabi (Drawing 2),
which is not perennial. Water is released to this river from Puri Main Canal through
an escape called the Uttara Escape for Rabi irrigation in the ayacut of Gobardhanpur
Barrage. The released water in the River Bhargabi travels to the Barrage site.
River Bhargabi has tributaries like River Kanchi and River Dhaudia. But no water is
available in these tributaries during the summer months. Presently, about 80% of
discharge of River Bhargabi is being divertedthrough Gobakund cut at RD 37.5 km
and relesed to the sea. The River Kanchi takes off at RD 47 km. This river travels for
about 3 km, after which the tributary, Dhaudia Nalla, offtakes. This Dhaudia Nalla
travels for about 13 km and reaches the Samanga Lake area.
54
The topographical sheets for the areas in and around Puri city shows an area named
as Samaga Lake. But as of now, there is no lake as such. The area, in course of time,
has probably been silted up and converted to cultivable land.
In order to cater to the needs of drinking water for the city, the Water Resources
Department has proposed a scheme as follows:
The scheme21 consists of storage ponds in the Samanga Lake area with inlet and
outlet sluices and different control structures starting from River Bhargabi and
Gobakund Cut.
Control structure No. 1
The first control structure would be constructed to divert water in the River
Bhargabi from Gobakund Cut. This would be such as a barrage of 85m long to be
constructed about 100m downstream of offtaking of Gobakund Cut from River
Bhargabi. This structure will have vertical lift gates, which will divert the nonmonsson flow to River Bhargabi. During monsoon, the flood water will be released
through the entire waterway of the cut.
A second control structure would be constructed in the River Bhargabi to divert the
flow to River Kanchi. This structure will be about 60m long along River Bhargabi at
about 70m down stream of the offtaking of River Kanchi.
A third control structure would be constructedin the River Kanchi to divert the the
flow to the Dhaudia Nalla. This structure will be about 30m long to be located at
30m downstream of offtaking of Dhaudia Nalla.
The fourth control structure would be constructed near the Samanga Lake with inlet
sluices to store the flow through Dhaudia Nall in the Samanga Lake area. This
structure will be about 30m long on Dhaudia Nalla at about 11.5 km downstream of
its offtaking point. During monsoon period and Rabi Irrigation period, there would
be sufficient water available in the Samanga Lake area to supply the required
quantity of drinking water in the ultimate stage. When Puri main canal will be
closed after Rabi irrigation, flow in the River Bhargabi would be reduced
21 Sourcing of 75 MLD Drinking Water for Puri Township and Samuka Beach Project,
Executive Engineer, Puri Irrigation Division, Puri, 28-04-2008
55
drastically. As discussed subsequently, the estimated surface water requirement for

the city in 2041 would be of the order of 40 mld. This is in addition to the groud
water availability of 18 mld. Since a dam or a barrage for such purposes is usually
designed for 50 years, it is proposed to construct the control structures for 75 mld to
cater to the needs of population at 50 years hence. The proposed storage pond to be
created in the Samang Lake area would however be done in two phases, one pond
for the availability of 40 mld by 2041 for the city supply alone during the above
canal closure period, when there will be scanty or no flow in the River Bhargabi;
and the second thereafter.
The area available for the pond on one side of the Dhaudia Nalla is sufficient for a
reserve for 2041, but it has been proposed to have areas reserved for two ponds on
both sides of the Dhaudia Nalla to take care of the city in the long future. In order
not to allow the silt in entering into the ponds as well as eliminating the
embankments to breach, flood water will not be allowed into the pond(s). There will
be an inlet structure for each pond, to feed water to the proposed pond. Similarly,
there will be an outlet structure for each pond, with gate to release excess water or
clean the pond as and when required.
3.4.1
The Storage Pond
The canal closure will be for about 60 days.

Thus required volume of storage = 40 x 106 x 60 = 24,00,000 cum
Add seepage losses @ 15% = 3,60,000 cum
Total = 27,60,000 cum
Assume depth = 3m
Add for evaporation during May and June = 0.432m
Total depth = 3.432m
Add for dead storage = 0.3m
Total depth = 3.732m, say 4m.
Provide for 3m depth of water below NSL and 1m above NSL.
Provide one storage ponds of size 1400m x 700m = 98 Ha, say 100 Ha.
Pond area = 100Ha.
Net volume = 30,00,000 cum.
With pond area of 100Ha, water depth of 3m, deadstorage of 0.3m, 15% seepage loss
and 0.432m evaporation loss, volume of water stored would be adequate for city
supply much beyond 2041.
The pond embankment would have a 6m top width with 1.5:1 slope on both sides.
The cutting slope would be 1:1. The berm for the embankment would be 6m wide.
To minimize seepage in the tank, it has been proposed to line the tank with laterite
stone. Turfing would be provided to protect the embankment. The pond needs to be
protected against entry of animals, for which barbed wire fencing is provided.
56
The location of the proposed control structures and the ponds has been shown in
Drawing 2. A schematic diagram indicating the high flood discharges in different
rivers is given in Fig. 3.2.
Fig. 3.2: Schematic Diagram indicating High Flood Discharge in Different

Rivers22
Sourcing of 75 MLD Drinking Water for Puri Township and Samuka Beach Project,
22
57
The tentative plan and typical section of the pond and embankment are shown in
Figs. 3.3 and 3.4 respectively.
Note: Only one pond (out of the two

shown here) to be constructed under
this Project.
Fig. 3.3: Tentative Plan of Proposed Ponds at Dhaudia Nalla23

Some of this land, required for construction of the storage pond, appears to be
private land, which may have to be acquired.
Sourcing of 75 MLD Drinking Water for Puri Township and Samuka Beach Project,
23
58
Fig. 3.4: Typical Section of Pond and Embankment
59
A tentative cross section of the Dhaudia Nalla is given in Fig. 3.5. The proposed
pond area with village boundaries is shown in Drawing 3.
Fig. 3.5: Tentative Cross Section of Dhaudia Nalla
60
3.5
24/7 WATER SUPPLY
24/7 Water means water supply system, in which water is available in the tap
round the clock on all tays on a continuous basis as in case of electric supply. In a
continuous supply, the distribution system remains continuously pressurized so
that no contamination can come into the water pipelines even when there are small
leaks in the system. It also means water with sufficient pressure so that it can flow
automatically up to the third floor of the houses without need of any in-home
storage or pumping. And, most importantly, it means water, free from
contamination that can be drunk right from the tap without fear of illness.
Figure 3.6 below shows the effect of a leaky water line in close proximity to a sewer
during the non-supply hours.
Stage 1: There is pressure inside the water supply line
Stage 2: The water supply has been stopped and there is no pressure inside the
water supply line. As a result, sewage finds its entry into the water pipeline.
Fig. 3.6: Contamination through Leaky Water Pipeline
In an intermittent supply, when the water supply is stopped, pressure in the
pipelines is turned off, and there is a great risk of raw sewage being sucked directly
into the water lines due to the negative pressure developed inside. Only continuous
positive pressure in the water lines can protect the system from contamination.
In order to maintain a continuously pressurized 24/7 system, it is important that
leakages be minimized and that consumers exercise Demand Management
through metering and tariffs, appropriate to promote conservation and recover
costs while still protecting the poor.
61
In a 24/7 Water, the resources should be so effectively managed that the water lines
are extended even into poor neighborhoods and that everyone has access to safe,
sustainable and affordable 24/7 Water.
The proposed water supply for Puri city therefore has been designed for a 24/7
Water.
3.5.1 Supply through Public Standposts

With the introduction of 24/7 water in the city, supply through public stand post
will have to discourage and discontinued. The beneficiaries from the public stand
posts, usually the urban poor and slum dwellers, could be encouraged to take house
service connections to their households. Government may consider flexibility in
procedures and concessions in the initial connection fees as well as the water tax
made for the urban poor to enable them to avail of the facility.
3.6
COVERAGE
Though current figures on the number of existing households in Puri city is not
readily available, a rough estimate based on the present estimated population
indicates the present household number as 34,500 approximately. This is based on
an estimated present population of 186,000 with the average family size as 5.4 as per
last census of India figures. The 2001 census of India indicates a total number of
29,218 residential houses in the city.
As of now, there are only 7,603 house service connections from the PHEO city water
services, which is about 22 percent of the total households. Due to the availability of
groundwater at very shallow depths, many households have shallow well hand
pumps installed within the house premises to extract water for drinking purposes,
notwithstanding the dangers of adverse health implications. This is possibly one of
the major causes of lesser demand for city water house service connections, and
hence the low coverage.
It is proposed that after augmentation of the present sources of supply, distribution
pipelines will be laid along all roads as shown in Drawing 4 to enable all citizens of
the city including the urban poor to avail of the facility through house service
connections. In other words, it would be the endevour to cover all household with a
service connection so that the coverage is nearest to cent percent. This may however
be rather difficult as there would always be some people who may not want to be
connected with the city service system due to reasons described above. In any case
the percent coverage should not be less than 90 percent.
62
3.7
RATE OF SUPPLY
Provision of piped water supplies for communities should be adequate for the
following:
Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing of
toilets, gardening and individual air conditioning
Institutional needs
Public purposes such as street washing or street watering, flushing of
sewers, watering of public parks
Industrial and commercial uses including central air conditioning
Fire fighting
Requirement for livestock and
Minimum permissible UFW
The factors that affect consumption of water include
Size of city: The larger the size, the more is the consumption.
Characteristics of population and standard of living: In the high value
residential area of the city or in a suburban community, per capita
consumption is high.
Industries and commerce: The type and number of different industries also
affect consumption.
Climatic conditions: In hot weather, the consumption of water is more
caomared to that during cold weather
Metering: The consumption of water when supply is metered is less
compared to that when the water charges are on flat rate basic.
As per the Manual on Water Supply and Treatment24 by CPHEEO, Government of
India, the recommended rate of drinking water supply for domestic and nondomestic purposes for cities with piped water supply, where a sewerage system
exists or is contemplated, is 135 liters per capita per day. This includes requirements
for commercial, institutional and minor industries. This is exclusive of the
unaccounted for water (UFW), which should be limited to 15%. Bulk supplies to
commercial, institutional and industrial establishments are however to be assessed
separately.
For Puri city, there are no such big establishments envisaged. However, from the
point of view of the importance of the city, it is proposed to consider a bulk
requirement of water for commercial, institutional and industrial establishments at
10% of the total domestic and non-domestic needs.
24
Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, CPHEEO, Government of India, May 1999
63
3.7.1
Pressure Requirements
The Manual recommends piped water supplies to be designed on continuous 24

hours basis to distribute water to consumers at adequate pressure at all points. A
detailed discussion on this has been done in the subsequent paragraphs. For Puri
city, where one and two-storeyed buildings are common, the minimum residual
pressure at ferrule points for areas with one-storeyed buildings should be 7m and
for areas with two-storeyed buildings should be 12m.
3.8
WATER QUALITY
The objective of water works management is to ensure supply of water that is free
from pathogenic organisms, clear, palatable, and free fromundesirable taste and
odour, of reasonable temperature, not corrosive or scale forming and free from
minerals which could produce undesirable physiological effects.
The Bureau of Indian Standards specifies standards for physical, chemical and
bacteriological qualities of water and stipulates two limits for each:
Acceptable limits, upto which water is generally acceptable to the
consumers
Cause for rejection limits, upto the water can still be tolerated which are in
excess of the acceptable limits in absence of an alternative and better source.
3.8.1
Physical and Chemical Parameters
The details of standards are as in Table 3.7 below.

Table 3.7: Recommended Guidelines for Physical and Chemical Parameters
Sl No.
Characteristics
Turbidity (NTU)
Colour (Units on platinum Cobalt scale)
Taste and Odour
pH
*Acceptable
**Cause for Rejection
10
25
Unobjectionable
Objectionable
7.0to8.5
<6.5 OR >9.2
Total dissolved solids (mg/l)
500
2000
Total hardness (as Ca Co3)(mg/l)
200
600
Chlorides (as CL)(mg/l)
200
1000
1.5
Sulphates (as So3)
Fluorides (as F) (mg/l)
1.0
10
Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l)
45
45
11
Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l)
75
200
12
Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)***
.30
150
13
Iron (as Fe) (mg/l)
0.1
1.0
14
Managanese (as Mn) (mg/l)
0.05
0.5
15
Copper (as Cu) (mg/l)
0.05
1.5
64
Sl No.
Characteristics
*Acceptable
**Cause for Rejection
16
Aluminium (as Al) (mg/l)
0.03
0.2
17
Alkalinity (mg/l)
200
600
18
Residual Chlorine (mg/l)
0.2
>1.0
19
Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l)
20
Phenolic compounds (as Phenol) (mg/l)
5.0
15.0
0.001
0.002
21
Anionic detergents (mg/l) (as MBAS)
0.2
1.0
22
Mineral Oil (mg/l)
0.01
0.03
Arsenic (as As) (mg/l)
0.01
0.05
24
Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
25
Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) (mg/l)
0.05
0.05
26
Cyanides (as CN) (mg/l)
0.05
0.05
27
Lead (as Pb)(mg/l)
0.05
0.05
28
Selenium (as Se) (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
29
Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l)
0.001
0.001
30
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
0.2
0.2
Absent
Ref WHO Guidelines

for Drinking Water
Quality, Vol I-1993
Toxic Materials
23
(PAH) (ug/l)
31
Pesticides (total,mg/l)
Radio Activity+
32
Gross Alpha activity (Bq/l)
0.1
0.1
33
Gross Beta activity (Bq/l)
1.0
1.0
*The figures indicated under the column Acceptable are the limits upto which water is
generally acceptable to the consumers.
**Figures in excess of those mentioned under Acceptable render the water not acceptable,
but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative and better source but upto the
limits indicated under column Cause for Rejection, above which the sources will have to be
rejected.
*** If there are 250 mg/l of sulphates, Mg content can be increased to a maximum of 125
mg/l with the reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every 2.5 units of sulphates.
3.8.2
Bacteriological Quality
The details of standards are as in Table 3.8 below.

Table 3.8: Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water
Organisms
Guideline Value
All water intended for drinking
E.coli or thremotolerant coliform
Must not be detectable in any 100-ml
bacteria b,c
sample
Treated water entering the distribution system
bacteria b
sample
65
Organisms
Total coliform bacteria
Guideline Value
sample
Treated water in the distribution system

sample
bacteria b
Total coliform bacteria
sample.
a Immediately
investigative action must be taken if either E.Coli or total coliform bacteria are
detected. The minimum action in the case of total coli form bacteria is repeat sampling; if
these bacteia are detected in the repeat sample, the cause must be determined by immediate
further investigation.
Although E.Coli is the more precise indicator of faecal pollution, the count of thermo
tolerant coliform bacteria is an acceptable alternative. If necessary, proper confirmatory test
must be carried out. Total coli form bacteria are not acceptable indicators of the sanitary
quality of rural water supplies, particularly in tropical areas where many bacteria of no
sanitary significance occur in almost all untreated supplies.
b
It is recognized that, in the great majority of rural water supplies in developing countries,
faecal contamination is widespread. Under these conditions, the national surveillance
agency should set medium term targets for progressive improvement of water supplies.
c
3.8.3
Virological Quality
Drinking water must essentially be free of human enter viruses to ensure negligible
risk of transmitting viral infection. Any drinking-water supply subject to faecal
contamination presents a risk of a viral disease to consumers. Two approaches can
be used to ensure that the risk of viral infection is kept to a minimum: providing
drinking water from a source verified free of faecal contamination, or adequately
treating faecally contaminated water to reduce enter viruss toa negligible level.
Ground water obtained from a protected source and documented to be free from
faecal contamination from its zone of influence, the well, pumps, and delivery
system can be assumed to be virus-free. However, when such water is distributed, it
is desirable that it is disinfected, and that a residual level of disinfectant is
maintained in the distribution system to guard against contamination.
3.8.4 Water Quality Testing

A laboratory with adequate testing facilities and manned by qualified personnel is
essential for the water utility service for inspection and evaluation of the suitability
of the water supplies for the community. The present facilities are grossly
inadequate and need to be fully strengthened. This is more relevant due to the
induction of surface water sources for the service. A fully equipped laboratory
66
managed by suitable personnel can ensure the conformation of the water supply
with recommended drinking water standards and thus can ensure potability of the
water.
The various tests conducted in the laboratory would enable
Assessing the quality of raw water
Determining the need and extent of treatment
Checking that water has been properly prepared for each phase of treatment
in the treatment process
Ensuring that each phase of treatment proceeds as predetermined
Examining the finished water
Ascertaining that the finished water conforms to the desired standards
Controlling plant operation and
Improving plant performance.
The standard tests recommended to be conducted are as below:
Physical
o Turbidity
o Colour
o Odour
Chemical
o Conductivity
o Alkalinity
o Residual chlorine
o pH
o Iron
o Chloride
o Hardness
o Nitrites
o Fluorides27
o Metals other than iron
o Jar test for determination of alum dose
o Chlorine demand
Bacteriological
o Presumptive coliforms
o Confirmed test, BGB
For Puri city , the population of which is much more than 50,000, samples for
general systematic chemical examination should be collected atleast once in a
quarter. More frequent sampling may be required for control of the water treatment
processes. Samples for bacteriological testing may be collected at suitable intervals
27
Where applicable
67
at locations of pumping stations, treatment plants, reservoirs etc. to enable proper

evaluation of the water quality. As of now, a minimum of one sample for each
10,000 population should be taken per month from the entire distribution system so
that the maximum interval between successive sampling does not exceed one day.
Minimum laboratory equipment needed for physical, chemical and bacteriological
examination of water is given in Table 3.9 below.
Table 3.9: Minimum Equipment Required for Water Quality Tests
Sl. No.
Particulars
1. For Physical and Chemical Examination
1
Comparator test set for residual chlorine or chloroscope
2
pH kit with different discs for pH measurement
3
Mains operated pH meter completed with one calomel electrode and
glass electrode
4
Turbidimeter
5
Dionic water tester or
6
Conductivity meter
7
Photoelectric calorimeter/Spectrophotometer
8
Water bath with 6 to 8 concentric holes and discs, electrically heated
9
Soxhelt extraction unit
10
Kjeldahl digestion unit
11
Hot plates
12
Distilled water plant
13
Demineraliser
14
Refrigerator
15
B.O.D. incubator
16
Muffle furnace
17
Electric oven
18
H.P motor
19
Magnetic stirrer
20
Analytical balance with weight box
21
Jar Test apparatus
22
Centrifuge
23
Gas cylinder if gas supply is not available
24
Fume cupboard
25
Common glassware and accessories like breaker, conical flask, burette,
pipette
2. For Bacteriological Examination
1
Hot Air Oven Up to 2000 C
2
Autoclave and Pressure Cooker
3
Incubator 37 0 C or 44 0 (water / Air Jacketed)
4
pH Meter
5
Piptte Box ( Stainless Steel)
6
Wooden Racks / Aluminium Racks
7
Wire Baskets
68
Sl. No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
3.9
Particulars
Cotton / Aluminium Foils
Brown paper
Twine
Burners (Bunsen) With Pilot Lamp
Suction Flasks ( 1 Litre Cap)
Suction Pump
Sampling Bottles (Reagent Bottles of 250ml. capacity)
WATER DEMAND
Based on above, the demand of water for Puri city for future is estimated as below:
Estimated 2008 population = 186,000
Rate of supply = 135 lpcd
Thus demand of water for domestic and non-domestic purposes = 25.11 mld
Add 10% towards demand for tourist population, and institutional, commercial and
industrial needs.
Demand including 10% = 27.62 mld
Assume 15% UFW.
Demand including UFW in 2008 = 31.76 mld, say 32 mld
Similarly demand for 2011 = 198,000*135*1.1*1.15 = 33.81 mld, say 34 mld
Assume maximum drawal of groundwater = 18 mld from Chakratirtha and
Baliapanda wellfields.
Thus balance gross demand to be drawn from surface sources in 2011 = 16 mld
Demand in 2026= 265,000*135*1.1*1.15 = 45.26 mld, say 46 mld
Assuming same maximum drawal of groundwater as 18 mld from Chakratirtha and
Baliapanda wellfields, the balance gross demand to be drawn from surface sources
in 2026 = 28 mld.
Similarly again demand for 2041 = 341,000*135*1.1*1.15 = 58.23 mld, say 58 mld
Assuming same maximum drawal of groundwater as 18 mld from Chakratirtha and
Baliapanda wellfields, the balance gross demand to be drawn from surface sources
in 2041 = 40 mld.
The total demand of water in different years is summarized below (Table 3.10):
Table 3.10: Demand of Drinking Water Supply for Puri city
Year.
Total demand, mld
2011
2026
2041
34
46
58
Groundwater,
mld
18
18
18
69
Surface water,
mld
16
28
40
The distribution of production of water source-wise would be as below (Table 3.11):

Table 3.11: Source-wise Production of Water
Sl. No.
Source
Quantity to be extracted/ produced, mld
1. Groundwater
1
Chakratirtha
2
Baliapanda
Total
2. Surface water
1
Phase 1
2
Phase 2
Total
Grand Total
12
6
18
28
12
40
58
3.9.1 Shamuka Beach Project

The Orissa Tourism Development Corporation (OTDC) has requested the PHEO
during April 2008 for supply of 14 MLD of water for their ensuing Shamuka Beach
Project (SBP). This is one of the largest integrated tourism projects in India spread
over 3000 Ac, proposed to be developed under the advice of
PricewaterhouseCoopers.
The project is proposed to be a selfcontained, high-end, exclusive leisure-cumbusiness destination aimed at providing a one-stop rejuvenation facility for the
mind, body and soul. The overall theme or concept, as envisaged, would lie in
luxury with a distinct Orissa culture flavor.
The proposed project components and facilities include of 4/5 star hotels, resorts
and spa, international convention centre with capacity of 1500 Pax, 18 hole
championship golf course with golf villas, resort and club house, Shamuka cultural
village, craft museum and bazaar, Gurukul, theme gardens, high-end shopping
enclave (Main Street concept), villas, condominiums, service apartments, urban
entertainment cum retail zone, sports facilities like tennis, swimming etc., other
tourist amenities and facilities, onsite infrastructure etc. There would be four
beach-front 4- star, 5 star or higher hotels over approximately 100 acres with at
least 100 rooms in each, one hotel being over 40 acres approximately and three
hotels each over 20 acres approximately. The short listed investors include Ananda
Spa, DLF with Hilton, Emaar MGF with Hyatt and Inter continental Hotels, ITC,
Park Hotels, Taj, Unitech with Starwood (Le Meridien), VM Salgaocar, Zoom
Developers with Kamat Hotels, Shristi Infrastructure with Domina Group of Italy,
Shubh Hotels, USS etc.
The PHEO plans to meet this demand as per the OTDCs requirements. Since the
groundwater in the city is already in shortage, it is proposed that the water
requirements for the SBP be met from the proposed surface water source by
70
construction of additional intake structures and water treatment plants and laying
of conveyance mains. The cost for these components would be borne by OTDC and
is not included in this Project.
3.10 SURFACE WATER EXTRACTION & TREATMENT
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically
safe, aesthetically attractive and palatable, in an economical manner at the point of
consumer use. The method of treatment to be employed depends on the nature of
raw water constituents and the desired standards of water quality. The unit
operation in water treatment includes aeration, flash mixing, flocculation,
clarification, filtration, disinfection etc. The choice of any particular sequence of
treatment unit depends on the qualities of raw water available, the qualities of
treated water desired, and the comparative economics of alternative treatment steps
applicable.
In case of Puri, conventional treatment including aeration, flocculation (rapid and
slow mixing), sedimentation, rapid gravity filtration and post chlorination may
have to be adopted for treating the water drawn from proposed ponds on Dhaudia.
As calculated earlier, the ultimate demand from surface water sources including
losses and UFW is 40 mld. It is proposed to construct water treatment plants (WTPs)
in two phases with capacities as below:
Phase 1 (now): 28 mld
Phase 2 (during 1926): 12 mld.
3.10.1 Raw Water Intake
The water works intake, which is a device or structure to be placed in a surface
water source to facilitate withdrawal of water, should take into account the
following factors into consideration for locating it:
The location where the best quality of water is available
Absence of currents that will threaten the safety of the intake
Fetch of wind and other conditions affecting the waves
Floods
Availability of power and its reliability
Accessibility
Distance from pumping station
Possible damage by moving objects and other hazards.
An Intake Well, either rectangular or circular in shape, will be constructed on the

banks of the storage reservoir at Dhaudia to extract the ultimate demand of 40 mld
including UFW.
71
3.10.2 Raw Water Pumps at Intake

Planning and operation of a pumping station needs the following considerations:
Selection of the pump/s
Intake Design
Piping layout
Providing space, equipment and facilities for

Substation, if needed, for power supply
Auxiliary power unit, generally diesel generators
Control panel
Bays for loading and unloading
Overhauling, repairs and maintenance of pumps and other equipment
Head room and material handling tackle
Ventilation
Lighting
Safety against fire
Railings, ladders and passages for safe, easy and efficient movement
Administrative area
Installation of pumps
Operation of pumps
Maintenance of pumps
Trouble shooting of pumps
Selection of motors
Selection of starters etc.
Vertical Turbine or other suitable raw water pumps would be installed at the Raw
Water Intake to extract 28 mld of raw water by 2026 and pump it to the nearby
WTP. The capacity of the RW pumps would be as below:
Q=
28 mld
Assume static head difference between the LWL and HFL as 10 m.
Add head loss due to friction as 2 m.
Head, H =
12 m
Combined efficiency of pumping sets, =
70 %
KW =
(Qmld*1000000*H*100*24)/(60*60*24*102**Hr)
Or
98 KW
Say
100 KW
Or
134 HP
Provide:
2 running pump of
50 KW each
And 1 standby pump of
50 KW
Total 3 pumps each of 50 KW
150 KW
72
3.10.3 Electrical Substation at Intake

An electrical sub-station of about 440 KVA capacities would be required to be
istalled for taking a running load of 100 KW.
3.10.4 Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
As discussed above, a 28 mld WTP has been included in the present project. The
WTP will be of rapid sand gravity type and will have a ground level clear water
storage reservoir for pumping clear water to the zonal reservoir in addition to an
ESR of suitable capacity to contain back wash water for the WTP.
The WTP complex would ultimately contain two WTPs - one of 28 mld capacity to
be constructed during Phase I now and the other of 12 mld to be constructed during
Phase II in around 1926. The total land requirements for both these WTPs, including
provision for future expansion, would be of the order of 2.5 ha or 6.2 acres. An area
near the villages of Samanga and Sireikona along Puri-Brahmagiri road has been
proposed for siting the WTPs (Drawing 4). The land appears to be mostly private
land, which may have to be acquired.
It is proposed to have a GSR of 2 ml at the WTP site, from where the clear water
would be pumped to various zonal GSRs/ESRs.
3.10.5 Raw Water Rising Mains
The distance of the proposed WTP site from the proposed intake would be around
2km.
Ultimate flow = 40 mld
It is advisable to lay two parallel pipelines to facilitate repairs during a breakdown.
@ Flow per line = 20 mld
Adopt 22 hrs pumping.
Q22 = 21.818 mld
= 21818 kld
Adopt two parallel DI K9 pipelines, each of 600 mm dia to restrict the head loss due
to friction to 2m per km and velocity of flow to less than 1 m/sec.
3.11 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The distribution system conveys water to the consumer at adequate residual
pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient points. It usually accounts for a major
capital cost, from about 40 to 70 percent or more, of the water supply project. As
such, proper design and layout of the system is of great importance. Metering is
recommended for all cities.
73
The requirements for the distribution system are both functional and hydraulic. The
geometrical configuration of pipes, reservoirs, selection and proper location of
valves and specials etc. constitute some of the functional aspects. Adequate residual
pressures at the maximum demand constitute the hydraulic characteristics.
For efficient and equitable distribution of water, a grid pattern, where the different
mains are interconnected keeping dead ends to a minimum, is recommended. The
system facilitates any one point being fed at least from two different directions.
3.11.1 Zoning
Zoning in the distribution system ensures equalization of supply of water
throughout the area. The zoning depends upon
Density of population
Type of locality
Topography
Facility for isolating for assessment waste and leak detection
If there is an average elevation difference of 15 to 25m between zones, then each

zone should be served by a separate system. The neighboring zones may be
interconnected to provide emergency supplies. The valves between the zones,
however, should normally be kept closed and not partially opened. The layout
should be such that the difference in pressure between different areas of the same
zone or same system does not exceed 3 to 5m.
Based on the source of supply, road layout, elevation and the density of population
etc., it is proposed to divide the city water supply service into 10 different zones.
Each zone will have a storage complex with underground and/or elevated service
reservoir(s). The zones would be as below (Table 3.12):
Table 3.12: Details of Proposed Puri City Water Supply Zones
Zone
No.
Source of water
Surface
Ground
Landmark location
WTP
WTP
finally
WTP
WTP
finally
Sri Jagannath
Temple, Swetganga
Heragouri Sahi,
Dattatota, SCS
College
Central School, Govt.
Hospital, Narendra
Tank
Sarvoday Nagar,
Railway Station,
Gundicha Mandir
Chakratirtha
now only
Chakratirtha
now only
74
Area
Sq Km
Approx.
present
population
Estimated
2041
population
0.88
14,320
28,871
1.38
20,534
41,399
1.50
22,317
44,993
1.41
20,911
42,158
Zone
No.
Source of water
Surface
Ground
Chakratirtha
Chakratirtha
Baliapanda
Baliapanda
WTP
10
WTP
Landmark location
area
Talabania,
Indradyumna Tank,
Kumuti Patna
Sunara Gouranga,
Rly. Colony,
Waterworks Rd.
Ayurvedic College,
Circuit House
HB Colny, Sessions
Court, Swargadwar
Lokanath Temple,
Sanskrit
Mahavidyalaya
Mangalaghat,
Matitota,
Markandeswar Tank
Total
Area
Sq Km
Approx.
present
population
Estimated
2041
population
1.74
24,252
48,895
0.98
13,236
26,685
1.50
21,636
43,619
0.87
10,104
20,370
1.71
22,292
44,942
1.41
16,402
33,067
13.38
186,004
375,000
While designing the zones and the distribution network, it has been assumed that
the ultimate population density in the city will not exceed 50,000 persons per sq km.
Besides, it is to be noted that zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10 would be fed from the surface
water source, while zones 5 and 6 would be fed from the groundwater sources at
Chakratirtha and zones 7 and 8 from groundwater sources at Baliapanda. However,
it is suggested that zones 2 and 4 may continue to be fed from the Chakratirtha
source for the present and may be switched over to the surface water source in
aphased manner.
3.11.2 Peak Factors
The per capita rate of water supply indicates only the annual average consumption
of water per day per person. In the design of water supply distribution system, it is
to be recognized that consumption varies with the season, month, day and hour. For
design of distribution systems, it is the hourly variation in consumption that
matters. The fluctuation in consumption is accounted for, by considering the peak
rate of consumption, equal to average rate multiplied by a peak factor, as rate of
flow in the design of distribution system. The variation in the demand will be more
pronounced in the cased of smaller population and will gradually even out with the
increase in population. This is so because in a large population different habits and
customs of several groups tend to minimize the variation in the demand pattern.
For Puri city, a peak factor of 2 has mostly been adopted for various zones.
75
3.11.3 Residual Pressure

As per CPHEEO Manual, distribution system should be designed for the following
minimum residual pressures at ferrule points:
Single Storey building:
7m
Two storey building:
12m
Three story building:
17m
Distribution system should not ordinarily be designed for residual pressured
exceeding 22 m. Multi-storied buildings needing higher pressure should be
provided with boosters. For Puri, the distribution system is designed for a
minimum residual pressure of 12 m at ferrule points.
3.11.4 Minimum Pipe Sizes
Minimum pipe sizes of 100 mm for towns having population up to 50,000 and 150
mm for those above 50,000 are recommended. For dead ends, less than 100 mm are
considered. If it is a grid, less than 100mm has been used in situations where no
further expansion is contemplated.
3.12 STORAGE
Storage is made in two stages: At source and at distribution (Service Reservoirs)
3.12.1 Ground Storage at Source
For groundwater source, the storage is proposed in GSRs as below (Table 3.13). The
storage at source is proposed as one third days supply. For surface water source,
near the WTP in Phase 1 with a capacity of 28 mld, it is proposed to have a GSR of 2
ml, from where the clear water would be pumped to various zonal GSRs/ESRs.
This reservoir may be constructed in combination with the WTP or separately.
Table 3.13: Proposed Ground Storage at Source
Sl.
No.
Location
Total
proposed,
ml
Capacity
existing,
ml
Further
required,
ml
GSRs proposed
1. Groundwater source
1
Chakratirtha
4.00
1.82
2.18
2 nos. x 1.5 ml = 3 ml
Baliapanda
2.00
2.00
1 nos. x 1.5 ml = 1.5 ml
Total
6.00
1.82
4.18
4.5 ml
Dhaudia
2.00
2.00
1 no. x 2 ml = 2 ml
Total
2.00
2.00
2 ml
Grand total
8.00
1.82
6.18
6.5 ml
2. Surface water source

1
76
3.13 ELEVATED SERVICE RESERVOIRS

Each zone is proposed to have a storage complex in the form of an Elevated Service
Reservoir (ESR), a GSR or both, which would be independent of the other zones.
The service reservoirs would provide a suitable reserve of treated water with
minimum interruptions of supply due to failure of mains, pumps etc. They would
also be helpful in reducing the size of the mains, which would otherwise be
necessary to meet the peak rates of demand. They would serve as an alternative to
partial duplication of an existing feeder main as the load on the main would
increase.
3.13.1.1 Capacity of Service Reservoirs
The capacity of the service reservoir to be provided depends upon various options.
A system supplied by pumps with 100% stand by will require less storage capacity
than that with less standby provision. Similarly a system divided into
interconnected zones will require less storage capacity for all the zones except for
the zones at higher elevations. However, the minimum service or balancing capacity
depends on the hours and rate of pumping in a day and the probable variation of
demand or consumption over a day. The service capacity has been considered as
one third a days demand foe each zone.
The storage capacities of the GSRs/ESRs, could be estimated at about one third a
days average demands, of which a third would be contained in the ESR. But in this
case, since the city is proposed to have 24/7 water supply, the zonal storage
capacities have been suggested only to be in the ESRs at less than one third a days
average demand of each zone. The suggested capacities are as under (Table 3.14):
Table 3.14: Suggested Capacities of Proposed Elevated Reservoirs
Zone
Prospective
population
Ultimate
demand,
mld
Intermediate
demand,
mld
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
28,871
41,399
44,993
42,158
48,895
26,685
43,619
20,370
44,942
33,067
375,000
4.47
6.40
6.96
6.52
7.56
4.13
6.75
3.15
6.95
5.12
58
3.55
5.10
5.54
5.19
6.02
3.29
5.37
2.51
5.53
4.07
46
77
Elevated Storage Capacity, ml

Capacity
ESRs
Total
available
proposed
in ESRs
2.64
0.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.9
0.5
0.75
0.5
0.8
0.5
6.7
9.34
3.13.1.2 Location of Service Reservoirs

The location of service reservoirs is of importance for regulation of pressures in the
distributions system as well as for coping up with fluctuating demands. In a zone
fed by a single reservoir, the ideal location is a central place in the distribution
system, which effects maximum economy on pipe sizes. However, availabilty of
public (Government or municipal) land may not be possible inside the core areas of
the city for siting the GSRs/ESRs. It is recommended that these be located in the
corners of various public institutions, office complexes, and school premises etc.
belonging to the Government, Municipality, and Temple Trusts etc.
3.13.1.3 Elevation of Service Reservoir
The elevation of a service reservoir should be such as to maintain the minimum
residual pressure in the distribution system consistent with its cost effectiveness.
The hydraulic gradient in the pipe should normally vary between 1 and 4 per
thousand at peak flow. A suitable combination of pipe sizes and staging height have
been determined for optimization of the system through standard software. The
staging height of service reservoirs has been normally kept as 15 m as far as
practicable. This has been kept so in view of the fact that Puri city is prone to
cyclones, apart from the consideration of economy and other factors.
3.14 RISING MAINS TO ZONAL RESERVOIRS
Transmissions of water accounts for an appreciable part of the capital outlay and
hence careful consideration of the economics are called for, before deciding on the
best mode of conveyance. The following guidelines have been followed for deciding
the transmission mains:
The design velocity should not be less than 0.6m/s in order to avoid
depositions and consequent loss of carrying capacity.
In design of distribution systems, the design velocity should not be less than
0.6 m/s to avoid low velocity conditions which may encourage deposition
and / or corrosion resulting in deterioration in quality. However, where
inevitable due to minimum pipe diameter criteria or other hydraulic
constraints, lower velocities may be adopted with adequate provision for
scouring.
In all hydraulic calculations, the actual diameter of the pipe shall be adopted
after accounting for the thickness of lining, if any, instead of the nominal
diameter or outside diameters (OD).
In providing for head loss due to fittings, specials and other appurtenances,
actual head loss calculations.
78
The details of calculations for rising mains are given in Appendix 1. A summary of
the rising mains is given below (Table 3.15):
Table 3.15: Details of Rising Mains to Zonal Reservoirs
Sl. No.
From
To
Length, m
Diam, mm
Material
WTP
Node 3
Node*
1,660
550
DI K9
Node*
Markand ESR
105
250
DI K9
Node*
Node 4
390
500
DI K9
Node*
Zone 1 ESR
500
300
Existing CI
Node*
Node 7
420
450
DI K9
Node*
Ratha ESR
50
300
Existing CI
Zone 3 ESR
1,250
350
DI K9
Chakratirtha
Zone 2 ESR
2,370
350
Existing CI
1920 m
Proposed
CI-B 450m
Chakratirtha
Node 3
500
500
DI K9
10
Node*
Zone 5 ESR
50
350
DI K9
11
Node*
Zone 4 ESR
955
350
DI K9
12
Chakratirtha
Zone 6
100
Existing CI
350
13
Baliapanda
Zone 7
3,500
300
required
350
14
Baliapanda
Zone 8
1,650
15
WTP
Node 3
1,320
250
required
450
Existing CI
350
DI K9
16
Node*
Zone 9 ESR
790
350
DI K9
17
Node* 3
Zone 10 ESR
240
300
DI K9
3
Total
Existing CI
1500 m
Proposed
CI-B 2000m
15,850
* For Nodes, see sketches under Appendix 1

The total requirement of rising mains to be laid is summarized below (Table 3.16):
Table 3.16: Requirement of Rising Mains
Sl. No.
Item
250 mm dia
Unit
Quantity
DI K9
Quantity
CI B
0
300 mm dia
240
350 mm dia
2450
3045
400 mm dia
450 mm dia
1740
500 mm dia
890
550 mm dia
1660
79
105
Sl. No.
Item
600 mm dia
Unit
m
Quantity
CI B
0
Total
Quantity
DI K9
0
7680
2450
3.15 CLEAR WATER PUMPS AND PUMP HOUSES

3.15.1 Clear Water Pumps
As already discussed elsewhere, planning and operation of a pumping station needs
the following considerations:
Selection of the pump/s
Piping layout
Providing space, equipment and facilities for

Substation, if needed, for power supply
Auxiliary power unit, generally diesel generators
Control panel
Bays for loading and unloading
Overhauling, repairs and maintenance of pumps and other equipment
Head room and material handling tackle
Ventilation
Lighting
Safety against fire
Railings, ladders and passages for safe, easy and efficient movement
Administrative area
Installation of pumps
Operation of pumps
Maintenance of pumps
Trouble shooting of pumps
Selection of motors
Selection of starters etc.
The design of the clear water (CW) pumps that would be required to be installed at
various sources to transmit water from the source to the zonal reaservoirs is given
in Appendix 1. A summary of the CW pumps is furnished in Table 3.17 below.
Table 3.17: Proposed Clear Water Pumps for Rising Mains
Sl. No.
Pump location
For pumping to
Type
Capacity + 50%
standby
KW
HP
1. For groundwater sources

1
Chakratirtha
Zone 2 ESR
Centrifugal
81
107
Chakratirtha
Zone 4 & 5 ESRs
Centrifugal
204
268
Chakratirtha
Zone 6 ESR
Centrifugal
44
57
80
Sl. No.
Pump location
For pumping to
Type
Capacity + 50%
standby
KW
HP
38
50
Baliapanda
Zone 7 ESR
Centrifugal
Baliapanda
Zone 8 ESR
Centrifugal
105
138
2. For surface water source

1
WTP
Zones Markanda,
1, Ratha ESR & 3
Centrifugal
307
404
WTP
Zone 9 & 10 ESRs
Centrifugal
141
185
3.15.2 Pump Houses

Sufficient space should be available in the pump house to locate the pumps, motors,
valves, piping, control panels and cable trays in a rational manner with easy access
and with sufficient space around the equipment for maintenance and repairs. The
following thing should be kept in mind while planning and designing the pump
stations or houses:
The minimum space between two adjoining pumps or motors should be 0.6
m for small and medium units and 1 m for large units.
Space for the control panels should be planned as per the Indian Electricity
(I.E) Rules, which specify that
o A clear space of not less than 915 mm in width shall be provided in
front of the switch board. In case of large panels, draw out space for
the circuit breakers may exceed 915 mm. In such cases the
recommendations of the manufacturers should be followed.
o If there are any attachments or bare connections at the back of the
switch board, the space if any behind the switch-board shall be either
less than 230 mm or more than 750 mm in width measured from the
farthest part of any attachment or conductor.
o If the switch board exceeds 760 mm in width, there shall be a
passage-way from either end of the switch-board clear to a height of
1830 mm.
A service bay should be provided in the station with such space that the
largest equipment can be accommodated there for overhauling and repairs.
A ramp or a loading and unloading bay should be provided. In large

installations the floors should be so planned that all pipings and valves can
be laid on the lower floor and the upper floor should permit free movement.
In the case of horizontal pumps (or vertical pumps with solid shaft motors)
the head room should permit transport of the motor above the other
apparatus with adequate clearance.
81
The mounting level of the lifting tackle should be decided considering the
above needs and the need of the head room for the maintenance and repair
of the lifting tackle itself.
The traverse of the lifting tackle should cover all bays and all apparatus.
The rated capacity of the lifting tackle should be adequate for the maximum
weight to be handled at any time.
The pump house at the WTP will house the clear water pumps to transmit water
from the WTP to the various zonal reservoirs. Its construction will be included in
the package for the construction of the WTP. One or two the existing pump houses
at Chakratirtha and Baliapanda may be used to house the pumps to transmit water
from the GSRs to the zonal reservoirs. But it may not be feasible in view of the
location, size of the pump house and the type of pumps to be installed. Two clear
water pump houses, each of size 15m x 10 m, may have to be constructed at
Chakratirtha and Baliapanda GSRs to enable pumping of clear water to the zonal
reservoirs.
3.16 DISTRIBUTION MAINS
The distribution layout should be such as to facilitate hydraulic isolation of sections,
metering for assessment and control of leakage and wastage. Adequate sluice
valves, air valves, scour valves etc. need be provided in the system.
Sluice valves shall be located on at least three sides of every cross-junction and at
every kilometer on long mains. The size of the sluice valve shall be the same as the
size of the main up to 300 mm diameter and at least two-thirds the size of main for
larger diameters.
Flow dividing valves may have to be provided as may be necessary. These specially
devised and constructed valves are used in distribution and other mains at the
branch point to ensure that the assigned flow in a distribution main is always
maintained. These are based on the principle that the diaphragm or the other
arrangement in valves opens proportionally depending upon the upstream pressure
allowing in the regulation of flow irrespective of the pressure conditions obtained in
the distribution main.
Each zonal network has been analysed and designed by the computer with the help
of Loop Water Distribution Design Program Version 4.0 of the World Bank. CI class
LA pipes are adequate in view of the pressure requirements. Table 3.18 below gives
a summary of the diameters and lengths of pipes to be laid new and to be replaced
in the distribution system.
82
Table 3.18: Summary of Proposed Lengths of Distribution Mains

Sl. Pipe size
No. Zone no.
80
mm
100
mm
150
mm
200
mm
250
mm
300
mm
350
mm
400
mm
3,258
221
189
131
154
7,957
1,916
1,636
466
170
11
103
10
10,729
2,685
1,971
89
185
35
7,896
1,826
1,319
748
257
183
701
16,864
2,043
2,341
718
73
10
10,334
3,649
1,116
668
167
13,935
1,670
1,013
449
507
225
10
10,620
2,274
928
398
59
10,937
2,112
2,109
931
336
15
10
10
10,093
3,469
766
369
60
19
664
158
726
146,133
Total
102,623 21,865 13,388
4,967
1,742
Total length of new & replacement distribution mains, m
The existing and the proposed networks with pipes and the ESRs for the 10 zones
are shown in Drawings 5 to 14.
3.17 DISINFECTION
Water Treatment processes such as storage, coagulation, flocculation, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, aeration and water softening are specifically designed to
produce waters that are aesthetically acceptable and economical to use. Though
physico-chemical processes like aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration etc. assist in removal or killing of microorganisms to varying degrees,
these cannot be relied upon fully to provide safe water. Disinfection of water needs
to be done for killing of disease producing organisms for utmost safety of water for
drinking purposes. Bacteria, viruses and amoebic cysts constitute the three main
types of human enteric pathogens and effective disinfection is aimed at destruction
or inactivation of these and other pathogens such as helminthes responsible for
water-borne diseases. The need for disinfection in ensuring protection against
transmission of water-borne diseases cannot be overemphasized and its inclusion as
one of the water treatment process is considered necessary.
Solution feed chlorinators may be installed to apply chlorine to water before it
enters the distribution system to maintain the required amount of free chlorine. It is
recommended to install chlorinators at the storage reservoirs at Chakratirtha,
Baliapanda and Dhaudia as well as at each of the zonal service reservoirs.
83
3.18 WATER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS FOR RATH YATRA

As describe earlier the Car festival or Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath with Brother
Balabhadra and Sister Subhadra is a very big festival at Puri witnessed by more
then ten to fifteen lakhs people in a day. The festival falls usually in the month of
July, when the level of humidity in the air is very high. For 24 hrs on the day of Rath
Yatra, water supply is made continuously round the clock in and around in the
areas of Sri Jagannath Temple, Gundicha Mandira and Bada Danda. About 150
temporary stand posts are erected during this period in this area and other places of
pilgrimage in the city apart from 75 temporary shallow hand pump tube wells.
Besides, more than a dozen of water tankers are deployed during this time at
different places on Bada Danda to serve the pilgrims.
A control room operates round the clock for about 4 days around the Rath Yatra
and three days during the Bahuda. The control room is manned by officers and
employees of PHEO and is facilitated by telephone, VHF and mobile vans.
A complaint room also operates for about 12days covering Rath Yatra and Bahuda
Yatra from morning 6 oclock to 10 oclock at night. This room also is manned by
employees of PHEO to receive complaints and act accordingly immediately.
Mobile teams are kept ready for about a fortnight covering the two festivals to take
up repair and maintenance works immediately after the complaints are received
anywhere in the city.
During the festival period, adequate disinfection through the existing gas
chlorination systems is done at the three reservoirs at Chakratritha, Totagopinath
and Ghoda Bazaar. During the period, the residual chlorine is usually increased to
0.3mg/l from the normal 0.2mg/l. The hand pump tubes well are disinfected by
sodium hypochlorite to the required extent. About nine to ten hand pump
maintenance and repair teams are kept ready round the clock to repair and
maintain the shallow and deep hand pump tube well dumping this period.
The system has been working satisfactorily by now and may continue. To
supplement the source and storage, it is proposed to have an ESR exclusively for the
use of Lord Jagannath Temple and one for its activities in the neighbouring areas
including those like the Rathayatra, Bahuda etc.
3.19 THE PURI SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Once the supply of water to the city is augmented, the waste water production
would also increase proportionately. But Puri city does not have a sewerage system.
The storm water drainage system in the city is also not well planned or organized.
84
As of now the wastewater generated in the city of Puri flows towards the sea
through three major drains and finally meets the sea at a point known as
Bankimuhan situated near the BNR Hotel. They are the Ganamalasahi drain for the
western catchments, the Dhobasahi drain for the eastern catchments and the sea
beach drain for a part of the beach front area. The drains carry the storm run-off
along with wastewater also.
More than a decade back, a tourist moved the Honble Supreme Court of India for
its intervention to check pollution of the sea beach caused due to the discharge of
wastewater from the surface drains near the BNR hotel on the CT road. The PIL
was accepted. As per orders of the Honble Court, a small wastewater treatment
plant (STP) was constructed and commissioned in the year 1996 at Bankimuhan by
PHEO to treat the wastewater flowing through the drains. But this was not very
useful. The Honble Court again passed an order in 1998 to establish a full-fledged
sewerage system for the entire city. Thus came a project named Sewage Collection
and Treatment Systems for Puri, which is now under execution.
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur was
earlier involved with PHEO in the design and consultancy for the Bankimuhan STP.
The State PHEO again engaged NEERI to prepare a DPR for this project.
3.19.1 Objectives of the Project
The objective of the project is to collect the domestic wastewater generated in the
town, to treat it to acceptable National Standards and safely dispose the treated
effluent. Puri being a major tourist destination in the country, the project has its
own significance. The project is intended to achieve the over all goal of better health
for the inhabitants as well as the tourists, protection of the sea beach from pollution
and prevention of pollution of the water sources.
3.19.2 Salient Features
Some salient features of the ongoing project are as below:
Administrative approval and expenditure sanction by NRCD, MoEF, GoI in

August 2002
Administrative approval and expenditure sanction by H&UD, GoO in October
2002
Sanctioned Project Cost: Rs. 48.29 crores
Revised Project Cost: Rs. 84.89 crores
Funding pattern: GoI 70%, GoO 30%
The scheme is designed for the year 2021
About 134,291 meters of lateral, branch, main and trunk sewer line to be laid
85
About 7635 manholes to be constructed

About 11.882 m of pumping mains to be laid
House connection laterals from manholes to the property line of each
household/ building shall be laid
The total length of house laterals to be laid is about 65,800 meters
Ten sewage pumping stations to be constructed
One 15 Million liters per day (mld) capacity sewage treatment plant (an aerated
lagoon in two parallel trains) will be constructed
In the collection network, the area is divided into 8 sewerage zones, depending
on various considerations, which discharge to 8 sewage pumping stations.
The project is designed for the year 2021 AD.
The wastewater generation is assessed to be 28 Million liters per day (MLD) in
2021.
The revision of the Project is now vetted by the Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur
The flow sheet for the system is shown below (Fig. 3.7).
2
10
1- Inlet chamber, 2- Screen chambers, 3- Grit chambers, 4- Parshal flumes, 5Complete mix aerated lagoon, 6,7,8- Falcultative aerated lagoons, 9- chlorination
disinfection chamber, 10- Receiving water body Mangala River)
Fig. 3.7: Process Flow Chart of STP at Mangalaghat

3.19.2.1 Pipe materials for sewer line
The gravity sewer pipe material is RCC non-pressure type. The material for
pumping mains is DI (ductile iron). It is worth being noted here that RCC NP S/S
pipes are used for the first time in the State since revision of IS specification in 2001.
The pipes for the work are ISI marked.
86
3.19.2.2 Design of gravity sewers

The hydraulic design of gravity sewer is governed by the provisions of the
CPHEEO Manual. The following criteria are checked in the design:
The velocity of flow is self-cleansing meaning that adequate velocity is

generated (0.6 m/s or more) to flush the sediments so that there is no
deposition on the sewer line.
The depth of flow to the diameter ratio (d/D) is not more than 0.8. The pipe
does not flow full and flow takes place by gravity.
The minimum sewer diameter laid on the streets is 150mm. In practice, adequate
flow velocity will not be developed in the upper areas and periodical flushing of
sewer line has been recommended in the Manual.
3.19.2.3 Laying sewers on Bada Danda (Grand Road)
The Bada danda (Grand road) is about 2.5 Km long from the Lord Jagannath temple
to the Gundicha temple. It is about 40m to 80m wide. A number of houses, hotels,
Dharmasalas, commercial buildings etc. exist along the roadside. Thousands of
tourists/pilgrims use this road. On both sides of the road, municipal surface drains
exist to carry the storm water. Recently, one closed conduit drain has been
constructed along the Jail road to discharge rainwater to the Musa River. The
OWSSB is laying the sewer line on both sides of the Bada danda adjacent and
parallel to the surface drains.
The sewer lines on the Bada danda are designed in such a way that they slope
towards the Medical Square. A trunk sewer of size 700/800 mm shall carry the flow
to the nearest pumping station at the bank of Musa River. The design depth of the
sewer line along the sides varies from 1m to 3.5m. The design depth of the main
sewer across the Bada danda at Medical Square is about 4.5m.
3.19.3 Execution of the Project
The Orissa Water Supply and Sewerage Board (OWSSB) are executing the project.
The project work has been divided into 11 packages for execution.
The work is in full swing. However, some of the following phenomena are posing a
lot of difficulties in execution of the project:
Narrow Lanes
Underground utilities
Flow of traffic and tourists
High groundwater table

87
Sandy formation and collapsible ground strata
Festivals and social functions
Lack of public awareness etc.
The project is now aimed at being completed by end 2008.
88
4
PROJECT COST
89
PROJECT COST
4.1
ELEMENTS OF COST
4.1.1
Elements of Capital Cost
Based on the interventions proposed for the 24/7 water supply system in the
preceding chapter, the capital cost of the various components has been calculated.
The elements or components, which would involve implications of cost, include the
following:
1. Land acquisition
2. Site development
3. Physical infrastructure
(a) Ground water source
1) Sinking of new and replacement production wells
2) Installation of submersible pumps of suitable capacity in the above
production wells including electrical installations
3) Replacement of submersible pumps including electrical installations
4) Electrical sub-station for submersible pumps
(b) Surface water source:
1) Construction of control structures over Bhargabi river system, storage
pond along Dhaudia nalla etc.
2) Intake Well
3) Raw water pumps with electrical installations
4) Electrical sub-station for raw water pumps
(c) Raw water transmission mains
(d) Water treatment plant
(e) Clear water reservoir at WTP
(f) Clear water pumps
(g) Clear water transmission mains
(h) Distribution network
1) Pipes
2) Ground level Service reservoirs
3) Elevated service Reservoirs
(i) Water quality testing laboratory and facilities
(j) Meters
1) Bulk meters
2) Individual meters
(k) Disinfection arrangements
(l) Administrative/ Section office at WTP
(m) Staff Quartes
4. Environmental compliance
90
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
4.1.2
Rehabilitation and resettlement

Surveys and investigation
Consultancy services for
a. Project preparation
b. Design
c. Supervision
d. Quality assurance
Statutory compliance costs
Finance/ interest during construction
Recreational/ income generating activity facilities
Water quality monitoring
Awareness campaign
Contingencies.
Land acquisition
Preliminary survey of the system indicates that government/ municipality/ temple

trust land is mostly available for implementation of the works inside the city.
However, this needs to be rechecked with the revenue authorities to ensure that the
land belongs to an authority, from whom it can be availed of at no cost. The zonal
GSRs/ ESRs have been proposed to be constructed over land belonging to
government and municipal institutions like schools, police stations, jail, panthnivas
etc. But in a few cases, if this may not be possible, first an alternate government/
municipal/ temple trust land may have to be tried. If this is still not possible,
private land may have to be acquired.
Regarding the surface source, the storage reservoirs along with the WTP may have
to be located over private land, as Government/ municipal land may not be fully
available. Accordingly, provision has been made in this estimate towards cost of
land.
4.1.3
Unit Rates for Construction Activities
Though standard Schedule of Rates and Analysis of Rates are available for many of
the items and activities suggested for the proposed works, market rates have been
mostly adopted in the estimate for Project Cost. The unit rates adopted for each of
the works/ activities are listed in relevant tables given below.
4.2
ESTIMATED PROJECT COST
Based on the above, the estimated total cost of the project is arrived at as given in
Table 4.1 next page.
91
Table 4.1: ABSTRACT OF PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

Sl. No.
Activity
Construction of control structures over Bhargabi river

system and storage pond along Dhaudia nalla etc.
Intake Well at Dhaudia
4.38
Raw water VT pumps at Dhaudia
0.12
Raw Water Transmission/ Rising main
4.38
Water treatment plant 28 mld capacity
8.46
Clear water transmission mains/ Rising mains
6.88
Ground Storage Reservoirs
2.78
Clear water centrifugal pumps
2.63
Clear Water Pump Houses at Chakrtirtha and

Baliapanda
0.26
10
8.30
11
Distribution network pipes
16.94
12
Water quality testing laboratory and facilities
0.54
13
Metering
2.84
14
Electrical sub-stations at Intake Well, WTP,

Chakratirtha, Baliapanda and zonal reservoirs
0.51
15
Disinfection arrangements
0.69
16
Staff Quartes
0.21
17
0.50
18
Survey and Investigation
0.25
Cost (Rs. cr)
Sub-total
100.57
161.24
19
Contingencies @ 3% of above
4.83
20
Administrative charges @ 0.5%
0.83
Total
166.90
Say
Rs. 167 cr
Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala,

Director,
Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance and Infrastructure Development,
Admistrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
92
Table 4.2: Detailed Estimate for Control Structures and Ponds near Dhaudia
Sl. Item
No.
1
Control Structure across Gobkund
cut at chainage 37.5 Km of
Bhargabi river
2
Control Structure across Bhargabi
River at chainage 47.0 Km.
3
Control Structure across Kanchi
River at 3 Km. D/s of its offtake
near offtake point of Dhaudia
Nalla.
4
Control Structure across Dhaudia
Nalla at offtake point
5
Inlet Sluice 2 Nos to the storage
pond
6
Outlet Sluice 2 Nos. from storage
pond to Dhaudia Nalla
7
Excavation of Pond area
24.015 lakh Cum
8
Sectioning and removal of
deposits from River Kanchi
0 to 3 Km
9
Sectioning and removal of
deposits from Dhaudia Nalla
0. to 13 Km
10
Construction of embankment at
left bank of Dhaudia Nalla
11
Laterite linning for 1m height in
filling section of the pond
12
Provision for turfing work of
pond embankment.
13
Provision for development of
embankments as road
14
Fencing of the pond area and
plantation around its periphery.
15
Syphone for inter connection of
both the ponds
16
Provision for construction of
approach road to the pond
Total
Unit
Quantity
85
Rate
(Rs.)
35 lakhs
Amount
(Rs. lakhs)
2975
60
35 lakhs
2100
30
35 lakhs
1050
30
35 lakhs
1050
No.
25 lakhs
25
No.
25 lakhs
25
Cum
24,01,500
100
2401.5
13,000
3000
13,000
3000
39
Cum
2,05,000
125
256.25
Cum
1454.5
2000
29.09
Sqm
117,000
20
23.40
Km
10.4
5 lakhs
4040
300
52
12.12
LS
LS
2.5
10056.86
Say
Rs. 100.57 cr
93
Table 4.3: Detailed Estimate for Intake Well

Sl. Item
No.
1
Construction of Intake Well
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
800,000
Amount
(Rs.)
32,000,000
mld
40
Pond/ River protection works
sqm
1,000
500
500,000
Approach road
5,000
1,200
6,000,000
Compound wall
1,040
2,000
2,080,000
Foot bridge
16
200,000
3,200,000
Total
43,780,000
Say
Rs. 4.38 cr
Table 4.4: Detailed Estimate for Raw Water VT Pumps

Sl. Item
No.
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
KW
150
7,825
1,173,750
Installtion of Raw Water VT Pumps 3

nos. each of 50 KW capacity
Say
Rs. 0.12 cr
Table 4.5: Detailed Estimate for Raw Water Transmission/ Rising Mains
Sl. Item
No.
1
DI K9 Raw Water Transmission /

Rising Mains each 600 mm dia and 2
km long in parallel (cost of pipe only)
Laying of DI K9 Raw Water
Transmission / Rising Mains each 600
mm dia and 2 km long in parallel
including cost of valves, specials and
appurtenances
Total
Say
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
4000
8,420
33,680,000
4000
2,526
10,104,000
43,784,000
Rs. 4.38 cr
94
Table 4.6: Detailed Estimate for Water Treatment Plant

Sl.
Item
No.
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
Construction of Treatment Plant
mld
28
2,950,000
82,600,000
Approach road
70
1,200
84,000
Compound wall
960
2,000
1,920,000
Total
84,604,000
Say
Rs. 8.46 cr
Table 4.7: Detailed Estimate for Clear Water Rising Mains

Sl. No. Item
Unit
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
DI K9
1
250 mm dia
105
3124
328,020
300 mm dia
240
3967
952,080
350 mm dia
3045
4941
15,045,345
400 mm dia
5960
450 mm dia
1740
7138
12,420,120
500 mm dia
890
8303
7,389,670
550 mm dia
600 mm dia
1660
Total
0
10946
7680
18,170,360
54,305,595
CI B
1
250 mm dia
3,637
300 mm dia
4,716
350 mm dia
2450
5,903
14,462,350
400 mm dia
7,206
450 mm dia
500 mm dia
550 mm dia
600 mm dia
Total
Total
2450
Say
14462350
68,767,945
Rs. 6.88 cr
95
Table 4.8: Detailed Estimate for Ground Storage Reservoirs

Sl.
Item
No.
Unit
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
At WTP
lit
2,000,000
4.00
8,000,000
lit
3,000,000
4.00
12,000,000
1it
1,500,000
4.00
6,000,000
At Chakratirtha, 2 nos. each 1.5

ml capacity
At Baliapanda,1 nos. 1.5 ml
capacity
Approach roads
100
1,200
120,000
Compound walls
850
2,000
1,700,000
Total
27,820,000
Say
Rs. 2.78 cr
Table 4.9: Detailed Estimate for Clear Water Centrifugal Pumps

Sl.
Item
No.
1
At WTP for Zones Markand, 1,
Ratha ESR and 3
At WTP for Zones 9 and 10
2
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
KW
306
9,000
2,754,000
KW
140
9,000
1,260,000
At Chakratirtha for Zones 2
KW
82
9,000
738,000
At Chakratirtha for Zones 4 &5
KW
204
9,000
1,836,000
At Chakratirtha for Zones 6
KW
44
9,000
396,000
At Baliapanda for Zone 7
KW
105
9,000
945,000
At Baliapanda for Zone 8
KW
39
9,000
351,000
920
9,000
8,280,000
9,000
248,400
Total KW
Add 3% for rounding off KW
KW
28
Total KW
Piping with fittings, specials,
valves etc.
Total
KW
948
8,528,400
LS
1,000,000
26,336,800
Say
Rs. 2.63 cr
96
Table 4.10: Detailed Estimate for Clear Water Pump Houses

Sl.
Item
No.
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
Pump House at Chakratirtha

15m x 10m size and 4m high
sqm
150
8,000
1,200,000
Pump House at Baliapanda 15m

x 10m size and 4m high
sqm
150
8,000
1,200,000
Approach road
100
1,200
120,000
Compound wall
60
2,000
120,000
Pump House at WTP included

in WTP
Total
sqm
8,000
0
2,640,000
Say
Rs. 0.26 cr
Table 4.11: Detailed Estimate for Elevated Storage Reservoirs

Sl.
Item
No.
1
ESR at Zone 1
Unit
Quantity
lit
500,000
Rate
(Rs.)
12
Amount (Rs.)
6,000,000
ESR at Zone 2
lit
750,000
12
9,000,000
ESR at Zone 3
lit
750,000
12
9,000,000
ESR at Zone 4
lit
750,000
12
9,000,000
ESR at Zone 5
lit
900,000
12
10,800,000
ESR at Zone 6
lit
500,000
12
6,000,000
ESR at Zone 7
lit
750,000
12
9,000,000
ESR at Zone 8
lit
500,000
12
6,000,000
ESR at Zone 9
lit
800,000
12
9,600,000
ESR at Zone 10
lit
500,000
12
6,000,000
Compound wall @ 80m for each
800
2,000
1,600,000
Piping with fittings, specials,

valves etc.
Total
m
set
10
100,000
1,000,000
83,000,000
Say
Rs. 8.30 cr
97
Table 4.12: Detailed Estimate for Distribution Mains

Zone
No.
1
Pipe size, mm
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Length, m
3,258
221
189
131
154
Basic cost/m
737
896
1,207
1,763
2,375
3,063
3,860
4,698
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
3,121,557
257,584
295,979
299,368
476,062
Length, m
7,957
1,916
1,636
466
170
11
103
10
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
7,623,860
2,231,873
2,567,048
1,068,025
524,875
44,398
518,309
61,074
Length, m
10,729
2,685
1,971
89
185
35
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
10,279,455
3,127,488
3,092,696
203,979
571,188
175,630
Length, m
7,896
1,826
1,319
748
257
183
701
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
7,565,158
2,126,925
2,069,643
1,714,341
793,488
728,688
4,281,287
Length, m
16,864
2,043
2,341
718
73
10
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
16,157,293
2,379,686
3,673,263
1,645,584
225,388
50,180
Length, m
10,334
3,649
1,116
668
167
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
9,901,005
4,250,355
1,751,116
1,530,989
664,977
Length, m
13,935
1,670
1,013
449
507
225
10
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
13,351,124
1,945,216
1,589,498
1,029,063
1,565,363
895,928
50,180
98
Zone
No.
8
Pipe size, mm
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Length, m
10,620
2,274
928
398
59
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
10,175,022
2,648,755
1,456,125
912,176
234,932
Length, m
10,937
2,112
2,109
931
336
15
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
10,478,740
2,460,058
3,309,232
2,133,759
1,037,400
91,611
Length, m
10,093
3,469
766
369
60
19
Laid cost/m
958
1,165
1,569
2,292
3,088
3,982
5,018
6,107
Total
9,670,103
4,040,691
1,201,931
845,711
185,250
75,656
Total all Zones
98,323,317
25,468,632
21,006,530
11,382,996
5,379,012
2,644,579
794,299
4,433,972
10
Grand total of Cost, Rupees
169,433,337
Say
Rs. 16.94 cr
Total length
102,623
21,865
13,388
Grand Total Length, m
4,967
1,742
664
158
726
146,133
99
Table 4.13: Detailed Estimate for Laboratory and Equipment

Sl.
Item
No.
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
Laboratory Building 20m x 15m

size and 3m high
sqm
300
8,000
2,400,000
Laboratory Equipment
Furniture
Approach road
50
1,200
60,000
Compound wall
Total
60
2,000
120,000
2,500,000
300,000
5,380,000
Say
Rs. 0.54 cr
Table 4.14: Detailed Estimate for Installation of Meters

Sl.
Item
No.
1a
Bulk flow Meters, TurbineType,
500 dia 1 no. at Chakratirtha and 1
at WTP
1b
Do., 400 dia 1 no. at WTP
1c
1d
Rate
(Rs.)
758,700
Amount
(Rs.)
1,517,400
Each
665,000
1,995,000
Do., 300 dia 2 nos, at Baliapanda

and 1 at Chakratirtha
Each
258,000
774,000
Do. 300 dia 12 nos. at 12 ESR sites,

6 nos. at Institutions, 8 nos. at
commercial and industrial units=
total 24 nos.
Individual flow meters - Phase 1
Each
14
258,000
3,612,000
Each
10,000
2,000
20,000,000
sqm
150
6,000
300,000
Meter Testing Laboratory 15m x

10m size and 3m high
Approach road
50
1,200
60,000
Compound wall
50
2,000
100,000
WS & S/I
2
3
Unit
Quantity
Each
20,000
Total
28,378,400
100
Table 4.15: Detailed Estimate for Power Supply

Sl. Item
No.
1
Cost of transformer at
Chakratirtha
2
Cost of transformer at Baliapanda
3
Cost of transformer at Dhaudia
Extension of HT Line at
Chakratirtha
Extension of HT Line at
Baliapanda
Extension of HT Line at Dhaudia
5
6
Unit
Quantity
324
Rate
(Rs.)
2,000
Amount
(Rs.)
648,000
KVA
KVA
141
2,000
281,600
KVA
439
2,000
877,000
km
300,000
600,000
km
300,000
600,000
km
300,000
2,100,000
Total
5,107,600
Say
Rs. 0.51 cr
Table 4.16: Detailed Estimate for Disinfection Arrangements
Sl. Item
No.
1
Solution feed chlorinators at
each GW Sources including
chlorine room, installation and
accessories
(Chlorinators for WTP
included in WTP cost)
2
Solution feed chlorinators at
each zonal reservoir including
chlorine room, installation and
accessories
3
Chlorine room and store at
GW sources and each zone
12 nos @ 20 sqm each
Total
Unit
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
no.
5,00,000
Amount
(Rs.)
1,000,000
no.
10
400,000
4,000,000
Sqm.
240
8000
1,920,000
6,920,000
Say
Rs. 0.69 cr
Table 4.17: Detailed Estimate for Staff Quarters
Sl. Item
No.
1
For JE
Unit
Quantity
Rate (Rs.)
Amount (Rs.)
no.
675,000
675,000
240,000
960,000
For staff
no.
Compound walls
200
2,000
400,000
Approach roads
75
1,200
90,000
Total
2,125,000
Say
Rs. 0.21 cr
101
5
102
5.1
5.1.1
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF STATE PHEO

The Early Arrangements
Till 1958, the Public Works Organization looked after the works of Roads & Buildings,
Irrigation, Flood Control & Drainage, and Public Health Engineering (PHE) under the
administrative control of the Works Department, Orissa headed by a Chief Engineer,
Public Works, Orissa. The cadre of technical staff for PHE wing was different from
others, but that of the clerical staff was common.
The Ministry of Health, Govt. of India, constituted the National Water Supply and
Sanitation Committee on the 28th April 1960 to make a critical review of the progress
made under the National Water Supply and Sanitation Program, then under
implementation, to project the requirements of water supply and sanitation in future
and to suggest ways and means for financing such programs. The Committee furnished
its report in 1962, which indicated that in urban areas of the state by 1961, of the total 64
towns having a population of 11.11 lacs then, only 9 towns had adequate water supply,
while in 24 others the same was inadequate. Only two towns had sewerage systems.
As a consequence, the state government created on the 5th February 1960 a permanent
cadre of PHE wing with the existing Superintending Engineer (called PH Engineer), 4
Executive Engineers, 14 Assistant Engineers (including 2 Leave Reserve Assistant
Engineers), and 63 Overseers and Estimators (including 2 Leave Reserve Overseers &
Estimators). Subsequently, on 21st November 1961, the government created a temporary
post of Chief Engineer, PH in the state.
5.2
TRANSFER OF PHEO FROM WORKS TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT
During 1966, the State Government took a decision to transfer the PHEO to the control
of the then Urban Development Department. The organization continued to be under
the Works Department, but the portfolio remained with the Minister, UD, who was
different from the Minister, Works. This went on for about 3 years, which caused a lot of
difficulties in the disposal of administrative and executive decisions.
The Central Council of Local Self Government stressed for transfer of the PHEDs in the
Constituent States to the control of Local Self Government Departments. The
Government of India in the Ministry of Health, Family Welfare and Urban Development
however recommended that PHEOs should form an integral part of Health and Urban
Development Departments in the states. The State Cabinet decided in 1969 that tube
wells and Rural Piped Water Supply Schemes in villages with population of more than
3500 be done by UD Dept.
103
In 1970, it was decided to transfer the PHEO from Works to Urban Development
Department. It was also decided to retain 2 PH Divisions under the Works Department
to look after the internal water supply and sanitary installation works of the
Government buildings in the state. The Rules of Business were amended accordingly by
the erstwhile Political and Services Department on the 9th June 1970. The PHEO, then
consisting of one Chief Engineer, two Superintending Engineers, 13 Executive
Engineers, 55 Assistant Engineers, 231 Sectional Officers and the supporting financial
and clerical staff were transformed to the UD Department except for two Executive
Engineers, 8 Assistant Engineers and 34 Section Officers, who were retained by the
Works Department to look after the internal water supply and sanitary installation
works.
5.3
PHEO in 1970s
By November 1977, the State PHEO comprised of one Chief Engineer, 3 Superintending
Engineers, 26 Executive Engineers, 98 Assistant Engineers and 391 Junior Engineers and
Sub-Assistant Engineers. PHEO was further expanded in January 1978 with the creation
of few more Divisions and appointment of three Executive Engineers under the three
PH Circles against Accelerated Urban water Supply Program (AUWSP) and other
programs with an Officer-on-Special Duty (in the rank of an Executive Engineer) in
office of the Chief Engineer, PH against AUWSP.
In order to quicken the finalisation of various AUWSP and other schemes and related
designs, the Govt created a post of Superintending Engineer, Designs in the office of the
Chief Engineer, PH in 1979. The PH Mechanical Division, Bhubaneswar, which was
under the PH Circle, Bhubaneswar was transferred to the control of Chief Engineer, PH,
Orissa during the same year 1979. The 3 Investigation Units attached to the 3 PH Circles
were converted into full-fledged PH Investigation Divisions at the same places under
the same Circles.
5.4
PHEO in 1980s
A DANIDA Project Directorate was created during 1982 for implementation of Rural
Water Supply Schemes in the saline areas of the State. It comprised of a Project Director
( in the rank of an SE, PH), 2 Executive Engineers, PH, 3 Assistant Engineers, PH, one
Junior Statistician and 5 Junior Engineers etc. One Socio-Economist, one Hydrogeologist (EE, PH) and a Training & Maintenance Specialist (EE, Mech.) joined the
above team.
The activities of the PHEO grew very fast during the 1980s in the wake of the
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and other Bilateral
Assistance Programs. To cope with the constantly increasing work load, the Chief
Engineers office was strengthened with the creation of the posts of one Superintending
104
Engineer, PH (Planning), one Superintending Engineer, PH (Monitoring), one Executive

Engineer (Tube Well Planning), one Executive Engineer (Monitoring Cell II, to
supplement the existing Monitoring Cell I), and four Assistant Engineers. The post of
Personal Assistant (Non-Technical) sanctioned earlier (on the 18th December 1979) to
help the Chief Engineer, PH in matters, especially personnel and establishment, was
upgraded to that of an Establishment Officer in Class II service.
With the increasing workload, the state government augmented the PHEO with a
second Chief Engineer, PH from the 27th July 1987 along with ancillary staff. The
distribution of works between the two heads was made as below (Table 5.1):
Table 5.1: Distribution of works among Chief Engineers, PH in 1987
Chief Engineer, PH I
Chief Engineer, PH II
Establishment and Administrative
Urban Water Supply- Urban Piped WS
Control
and Urban Tube Wells
Rural Water Supply- Tube Wells and
Urban Sewerage and Drainage
Rural Piped Water Supply

Rural sanitation
Decade Programme (Rural Sector)
Letter of Credit (Rural Sector)
Machinery and Equipment
UNICEF Assistance
Case matters relating to
Establishment and works on RWS&S
Supervision of works of Technology
Mission
Deposit works (Rural Area)
Co-ordination with Danida Project
Ancillary matters related to the above
Schemes
External PH works to Govt. Buildings

of different Departments
Decade Programme (Urban Sector)

Works relating to Development
Authorities, Improvement Trusts,

Boards, Corporations and Urban Local
Bodies
Letter of Credit (Urban)
Bio-gas plants
PH Schedule of Rates
Water Tariff Rules
Case matters relating to works on
Urban WS, Sewerage, Drainage and
Building Projects
Departmental Buildings
Deposit works (Urban Area)
Ancillary matters related to the above
In 1989, the Government further augmented the PHEO with the induction of a 3rd Chief
Engineer, PH in the state by upgrading the post of Chief Construction Engineer-cum
Project Director, Danida. The post was re-designated as Chief Engineer, PH Design,
Research, Quality Control -cum- Project Director, Danida and was commonly known as
Chief Engineer, PH III. He looked into the design, research and quality control of all PH
works in the state along with the works under the DANIDA project and was assisted by
an Assistant to Chief Engineer, PH (in the rank of Executive Engineer, PH) with related
ancillary posts.
105
5.5
PHEO in the 1990s
In the early nineties, the Union Government at the centre felt that the rural works
needed focused attention to make the benefits of the various programs reach the people
more effectively. It separated the rural works from a combined structure by creating a
separate Ministry for Rural Development with a separate Department for Rural Water
Supply and Sanitation (RWSS). Consequently, the state government also created a
H & UD Department
RD Department
SE, SVP
PHEO
Chief Engineer, PH, Urban
SE, PH, Planning

SE, PH, Monitoring
PH Circle, Bhubaneswar
PH Circle, Cuttack
PH Constn . Division, Bhubaneswar
PH Maint . Division I, Bhubaneswar
PH Maint . Division II, Bhubaneswar
PH Division, Puri
PH Division I, Cuttack
PH Division III, Cuttack
PH Division, Bhadrak
PH Division, Berhampur
PH Division, Baripada
PH Division, Rayagada
PH Division, Chhatrapur
PH Division, Sambalpur
Mech. PH Division, Bhubaneswar
Mech. PH Division, Sambalpur
RWSSO
Chief Engineer, DRQC

SE, PH, Designs
PHI Circle, Bhubaneswar

PHI Division, Bhubaneswar
PHI Division, Cuttack
PHI Division, Sambalpur
PHI Division, Berhampur
Mech. PH Divn, Bhubaneswar
Mech. PH Divn, Sambalpur
Chief Engineer, RWSS
RWSS Circle, Berhampur

RWSS Circle, Sambalpur
RWSSI Circle, Bhubaneswar
ED, WTM, Koraput
ED, WTM, Phulbani
ED, WTM, Baripada
RWSS Division, Cuttack
RWSS Division, Balasore
RWSS Division, Bhanjanagar
RWSS Division, Phulbani
RWSS Division, Koraput
RWSS Division, Bhawanipatna
RWSS Division, Burla
RWSS Division, Talcher
RWSS Division, Bolangir
RWSS Division, Rourkela
RWSS Division, Keojhar
RWSS Division, Bhubaneswar
RWSS Division, Puri
RWSS Division, Cuttack
RWSSI Division, Bhubaneswar
RWSSI Division, Cuttack
RWSSI Division, Berhampur
RWSSI Division, Sambalpur
Fig. 5.1: PHEO in 1990s

Rural Development (RD) Department in 1990 with a view to placing the rural
components of the major construction departments under one department in order to
give the required amount of thrust on rural development. It separated the RWSS
services from the urban WSS services of PHEO and handed over the same to a newly
created RWSS Organization under the administrative control of the newly created Rural
Development Department. The distribution of the circles and divisions etc. between the
two organizations was as shown in Fig. 5.1.
In addition, new posts were also created for both the organizations. On 25th March 1991,
the Rural Development Department created posts in the RWSSO for 2 Superintending
106
Engineers, 3 Executive Engineers, 2 Assistant Executive Engineers, 22 Assistant

Engineers, 76 Junior Engineers, and other ancillary staff. Similarly, the Housing and
Urban Development Department also created posts from time to time in keeping with
the actual requirements.
During 1991, the Government of Orissa further stressed on the rapid development and
proper regulation of water and sewerage services in the state. It therefore decided for
the establishment of a Water Supply & Sewerage Board in the state to supplement the
efforts of the PHEO. Accordingly, the Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board Act, 1991
was enacted in the state legislature and notified on the 3rd June 1991. . The Board is the
primary developer of infrastructure relating to water supply and sewerage in urban
areas. Consequent to setting up of the OWSSB, the responsibility of PHEO has been
limited to operations and maintenance including revenue collection.
5.6
PHEO in 2000s
Government ofOrissa
Housing and Urban Development Department
Minister, Urban Development and Chairman,
OrissaWater Supply & sewerage Board
Vic -Chairman, OWSSB

e
Secretary, Housing & Urban Development

Public Health EngineeringOrganisation
OrissaWater Supply & Sewerage Board
Chief Engineer, PH, Urban
Chief Engineercum- Member Secretary
SE, Planning
& Monitoring
SE, Designs
Asst. CE, PH
Asst. CE, P&D
Accounts Officer
(Finance)
Estt. Officer
(Human Resources)
PH Circle,Bhubaneswar
Project Director, HQ
Project Director,Cuttack
PE, Puri I & II
PH Circle,Cuttack
PE, Cuttack
PH Circle,Sambalpur
3 Project Engineers
Project Director,Angul
PE, Bhub I & II
PE, Angul
PH Circle,Berhampur
PH Division I,
Bhubaneswar
PH Division I,
Cuttach
PH Division,
Sambalpur
PH Division,
Berhampur
PH Division II,
Bhubaneswar
PH Division II,
Bhanjanagar
PH Division,
Bolangir
PH Division,
Bhanjanagar
PH Division III,
Bhubaneswar
PH Division,
Baripada
PH Division,
Rourkela
PH Division,
Koraput
PH Division,
Puri
Fig. 5.2: PHEO today
107
In the 21st century, Orissa has been experiencing an environment of rapid development,
technical advancements, changed management, increased investments and enhanced
service in the water and sanitation sector in keeping with the pace and requirements of
a rapidly developing country. Huge investments are being done and are expected in
future from various sources, which include State Plan, Centrally Sponsored Plans (CSP),
Calamity (drought, flood and cyclone) Relief Funds, Accelerated Urban Water Supply
Schemes (AUWSP), Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP), Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) in addition to deposit works by
various agencies.
In mid 2000, a major re-organization was again made in the PHEO mainly with a view
to providing the presence of a PHEO unit in each block of the state. Divisions, SubDivisions and Sections were shifted from the more concentrated areas to the scarce ones.
There is workforce of 269 engineers, many of them highly qualified, 659 ministerial
assistants, 3359 permanent workers supplemented by another 2993 temporary workers
at the field level scattered through all ULBs in 4 Circles, 13 Divisions, 53 Sub-Divisions
and 198 Sections for implementation, operation and maintenance of the water supply
and sewerage systems in the state. An organogram of the present PHEO is shown in
Fig. 5.2 above.
5.7
PURI PH DIVISION
The following table (Table 5.2) provides an insight into water supply related
responsibilities and functions of various government departments/institutions in Puri
Town.
Table 5.2: Responsibilities and functions of Water Service Authorities
Sl.
No
Department /
Institution
Public Health
Engineering
Organisation
(PHEO), GoO
Responsibilities and Functions

Planning water and sewerage services
Construction of minor capital works of water and sewerage
services
Operation, maintenance and management of the services
which includes water supply schemes, maintenance of hand
pumps, billing and collection of water charge, maintenance
of water and sanitation facilities in government buildings
Monitoring and quality control
Implementation of capital outlay water supply schemes in
the state under AUWSP, RLTAP, PMGY, PMNRF grant
program, SRC grant etc.
108
Sl.
No
Department /
Institution
Orissa Water
Supply and
Sewerage Board
(OWSSB), GoO
Responsibilities and Functions

Preparation of draft state plans
Construction of major capital works of water and sewerage
services on behalf of PHEO and local bodies at their cost and
on payment of centage charges
Review and fixing of water tariff
Establishment of state standards on water supply and
sewerage services
Appraisal of water supply and sewerage schemes in the
state
Assessment of man power and training in the state
5.7.1 Staff Position in Puri PH Division

The present staff position of Puri PH Division, which includes staff in Division, Subdivisions and Section offices, is detailed below in Table 5.3 below. The Organogram for
Puri PH Division is shown in Fig. 5.3.
Table 5.3: Present staff position of Puri PH Division
Sl. No
Category
A. Regular Establishment
Officers
1
EE
2
DAO
3
AE
4
JE
Non-Officers
5
HC
6
Sr. Clerk
7
Junior Clerk
8
Draftsman
9
Steno
10
Peon
11
NWM
12
Khalasi
13
Mechanic
Total
B. Wages Establishment
Non-Officers
1
Junior Clerk
2
Khalasi
3
Electrician
4
PD
5
FM
6
B Clerk
109
Level
Number of Staff
A
B
B
C
1
1
2
4
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
C
1
1
6
1
1
6
2
1
27
C
D
C
C
C
C
1
20
1
65
24
2
Sl. No
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Category
Meter Reader
Mason
HVD
LVD
Choukidar
Sweeper Khalasi
Cleaner
Mechanic
Total
Level
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
C
Number of Staff
1
1
3
3
8
2
3
134
5.7.2 The Indo-US support

The Indo-US FIRE (D-III) project is supporting the State Government in pursuing a
multi-track program of technical assistance in improving the management and delivery
of urban services and in enhancing the financial management and sustainability of the
ULBs. One of the areas of support identified is drawing up a State-level Roadmap for
Urban Water Sector Reform. The main objectives of this reform are to:
Enable the State to devolve responsibility for water services to the ULBs in tune
with the 74th Amendment of the Constitution.
Reorganize PHEO from being a State Department to a commercialized service
provider. This corporatised operating entity (COE) shall provide water and
sewage services to the cities of Bhubaneswar, Cuttack and Puri through a
contractual arrangement between the COE and the respective municipal
authorities.
Improve the performance of the water and sewerage systems through incentivebased operating contracts. Over the long term, make the water system
sustainable and free up financial resources for development of other social
infrastructure.
Replicate the model in other municipalities in Orissa, based on the lessons learnt
from the three pilot cities.
A Strategic Roadmap for Institutional Restructuring of the Urban Water and Sewerage
Services in Orissa was prepared under the project in November 2006. Five options for
possible restructuring of PHEO and the water sector were presented in the roadmap.
After a series of consultations, the State Government feels that reorganizing PHEO into
Regional Water Corporations as Corporatised Operating Entities (COEs) is the option to
be adopted. To help assist the State Government to transfer the business of water supply
and sewerage services, the FIRE (D-III) Project did an institutional and financial due
diligence study and has come up with a Baseline Report and Corporatisation Plan28.
28 Baseline Report and Corporatisation Plan for Bhubaneswar City Water Services, Indo-USAID
FIRE(D) Project, 2007
110
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, PH DIVISION, PURI

Takes input from Assistant Engineers for planning of works and
report to the Circle office. Approve projects less than Rs. 50 Lacs.
Monitor the progress of works. Issue check for work done.
Assistant
Engineer, PH
Sub-Division,
Puri
Responsible for
Area: Puri
Municipality Area
Role: Planning,
designing &
execution of capital
works under 4215,
4216, 4059, 2215,
2216, 2059 budget
heads, O&M under
2215, 2216 & 2059
Assistant
Engineer, PH
Sub-Division,
Nimapara
Responsible for
water supply and
sewerage in
Nimapara, Konark
and Pipili NAC
Role: Same as AE,
PH Sub-division,
Puri
Assistant
Engineer
Estimator
Divisional
Accountants
Officer
Estimation of new
and maintenance
project as per the
findings from field on
basis of CSR
Keeping track
of financial
position of
project under
division
1 Junior Clerks
2 Junior Clerks
Head Clerk
Establishment
Record, salary of
office staff
3 Junior Clerks
and 1 Senior
Clerk
Cash Branch
Disbursement
of cash in office
and subdivision
Correspondence
Branch
Type out official
letters and
documents and
dispatch
Draftsman
4 Junior Clerks
4 Junior Clerks
Jr. Steno
Assistant Engineer,
PH Sub-Division,
Nayagarh
Responsible for water
supply and sewerage
in Nayagarh NAC &
Khandapara NAC
Role: : Same as AE,
PH Sub-division, Puri
Fig. 5.3 Existing Organogram of Puri PH Division
111

The report focuses on services to Bhubaneswar. The institutional restructuring
recommended in this report will help State Government to give effect to the policy of
decentralisation to local government, and improve the service levels of water and
sewerage in Bhubaneswar and later in other cities.
As per the agreed reform agenda under JNNURM, the State Government plans to
transfer the State WS&SS undertaking (assets, liabilities, rights, claims, proceeding etc.)
to the Municipal Bodies Bhubaneswar to start with under an operating contract
mutually agreed between the State Government and the ULB.
The Baseline Report and Corporatisation Plan for Bhubaneswar City Water Services
under the Indo-US Fire (D-III) project is awaiting acceptance of the State Government. A
similar approach can be adopted for Puri.
5.8
STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR PURI WATER SUPPLY
Based on the analysis and experiences of other water utilities in India and elsewhere,
the key issue for Orissa state specifically to Puri town would be the separation of the
roles for policy, regulation, planning, implementation and management of water
resources. The accountability and extent of functional autonomy coupled with full cost
recovery and financial sustainability of services are critical for achieving the objective of
improving the services.
In tune of this, the State Government and PHEO, in consultation with the Puri
Municipality needs to immediately initiate institutional reforms in the urban water
sector. This is to improve service to the citizens and also ensure compliance with the
principles of decentralisation of governance as per the 74th CA, and the mandatory
reforms prescribed under JnNURM.
Significant preparatory work is required in improving the capacity of municipal
governance so that Puri Municipality gets financial and professional expertise for taking
over water service provision from the present state level agencies. Long-term vision for
the municipality to totally integrate service provision into their respective functions
needs to be explored.
Puri Municipality should be responsible for all functions of water and sewerage
services, including planning, finance, construction, management, operations and
maintenance. The bill collector or revenue inspector would be responsible for billing
and collection. Bills may be paid directly at the municipal office or collected through
local post offices or banks. All accounts and funds pertaining to water services are ringfenced and separately maintained, and in effect a small water department is managed
within the municipal governance structure. All technical staff and administrative staff
112

who are involved in water services would report to the concern engineer as per the
requirement of the city. The chief of water services would directly report to the
commissioner. The proposed structure can be as given in the Fig 5.4.
PHEO would need to depute its operating staff to the municipality and OWSSB would
continue to be the capital asset developer. The financial arrangement would be that the
ULB would get capital grants or operating subsidies directly from the state and also
borrow funds from Financial Institutions.
Housing & Urban

Development
Department
(HoUD)
Public Health
Engineering
Organisation
(PHEO)
Staff
Policy,
Subsidy,
Regulation
Orissa Water
Supply and
Sewerage Board
(OWSSB)
Fee
Puri
Municipality
Assets / Bulk
Dedicated
Water
Department
User Charges
Water Services
Consumers
Fig. 5.4: Proposed Institutional Structure for Puri WSS
This arrangement ensures managerial control with the commissioner thus lowering
administration budget. Consumers can place all responsibility with one agency, the
municipality, essentially the municipal commissioner and can approach easily for
service and complaints. Ring-fenced budgets facilitate accountability and improves
operational and management control of staff.
5.9
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The Water Supply authority of Puri should have independent sections/departments to

take care of all functions like granting and installing new connections, meter reading,
113

billing and recovery, meter repairing facilities, pumping stations and filter operations
etc.
The major responsibilities of these sections are listed below.
5.9.1
Meter Reading Section
This would be headed by the Divisional Accounts Officer. The section would be
responsible to
Ensure 100% metering
Establish effective meter functioning
Visit sites for meter reading
Record meter readings in the demand registers
Feed data to computer agency for processing the bills
Deliver the bills to consumers
5.9.2
Bill Collection Section
This would also be headed by the Divisional Accounts Officer. The section would be
responsible to
Operate collection window for collecting payments against water supply bills
and other miscellaneous charges
Maintain scrolls of the receipts and reconcile the daily collection
Prepare challans of the amounts collected in Collection Section and also amount
collected by the Bank
Deposit cash in the Head Office
Hand over counterfoils of the challans to computer agency for data entry of
collection
5.9.3
Filter Section
This would be headed by an Engineer and would be responsible to

Operate the filters
Monitor chemical dosing
Test the quality of raw and treated water
Carry out maintenance work of filters
5.9.4
Pumping Section
This would also be headed by an Engineer and would be responsible to

Operate pumping stations
Maintain logbooks of pumps and other records
Prepare duty list and daily morning reports
Carry out routine and break-down maintenance activities
114
5.9.5
Pipe Inspection section
This would also be headed by an Engineer and would be responsible to

Receive and check the applications for new water supply connections
Visit sites and prepare site maps for working out cost estimates
Install connections after receiving deposit receipts, NOC, meter testing reports
and other compliance
Send details of new connection to meter reading section for entry in Demand
Register
On advice from Meter Reading Section, undertake work of
disconnection/reconnection
Record and attend to the complaints received from customers
Maintain and update records of connections
5.9.6
Materials Management Section
This would be headed by an Engineer or the Divisional Accounts Officer and would be
responsible to
Receive demands from different sections for material and arrange for the
procurement
Received cost estimates from water Works Engineer
Receive quotations from vendors and prepare comparative statements
Receive material in store or at site
Keep records of purchase of material
5.9.7
Meter Repairing Section
There will be a section exclusively to manage the meter repairs and will work under an
Assistant Engineer to
Test the meters for new connection and issue test certificate
Repair faulty meters and test the same before installation
5.9.8
Finance Section
This section would be headed by a Divisional Accounts Officer and will be responsible
for the healthy financial management and upkeep of the service. It will
5.9.9
Implement accrual-based double entry accounting system for the service and
Audit the accounts related to the service
Administration and Human Resources Section
The main works of this section would be

115
Training and Development

Performance Measurement and
Performance Incentive
5.9.10 Customer Relations Section

This cell shall be responsible for
Customer complaints and Redressal
Business Promotion and
Public Relations
5.9.11 Quality Assurance Section
This section would ensure
Quality of water supplied
Quality of materials including chemicals
5.9.12 Management Information Cell
This cell is very important and is responsible for
Registry of assets
Complete Customer Database
Grievance Redressal Records
Meter readings
Performance Measurement
A schematic organogram of the Water Wing of the Municipality is shown in Fig. 5.5.
116
Municipal Commissioner/ Chief

Executive Officer
Water Works Engineer
Meter Reading
Section
(DAO)
Meter
Readers
Senior Clerks
Junior Clerks
Peon/Khalasi
Filter Section
(AE/ JE)
Pipe Inspection
Section
(AE/ JE)
Filter Operators
Filter
Attendants
Meter
Repairing
Section
(Asst
Engineer)
Pipe Inspectors
Filter laborers
Bill Collection
Section
(DAO)
Pumping
Section
(AE/ JE)
Junior Clerks
Peon
Pump
Operators
Filter laborers
Finance
Section
(DAO)
Senior Clerks
Junior Clerks
Peon
Meter
Repairers
Laborers
Materials
management
Section
(DA/ AE/ JE)
Clerks
Laborers
Customer
Relation
Section
(AE/ JE)
Clerk
Peon
Fig. 5.5 Proposed Water Wing in Puri Municipality
117
Admin &
Human
Resources
Section
(AE/ JE)
Quality
Assurance
Section
(AE/ JE)
Clerks
Peon
Clerks
Peon
Management
Information
Cell
(AE/ JE)
Clerks
Peon
Water Supply to Puri City
5.10 SYSTEMS, PROCEDURES AND RECORDS

Analysis of the current operating practices and broad workflow of the Water Supply at
Puri was carried out to study the present status of the systems, procedures and records.
Based on the review of the records, discussions with the managerial, supervisory and
operating staff, following systems and procedures are suggested to improve the
efficiency of the municipality.
5.10.1 Computerization
Most of the records maintained in water supply department are in the form of registers.
These registers are written manually. There is a scope for computerization of systems
and procedures in water supply department. Billing and demand register, database of
properties connected with water supply connections can be developed on computer to
monitor the service levels and revenues effectively. Total computerization of PHE sector
should be taken up. In this all the PH field offices and Head offices should be connected
with Local Area Network (LAN) / Wide Area Network (WAN). Different formats of
data reporting should be prepared. On commissioning the same the overall efficiency of
PH sector will be substantially increased.
5.10.2 Procedure for Giving New Water Supply Connections
To minimize the delays, eliminate the mediators, discourage speed money phenomenon
and gain customer loyalty, the
Single Window Cell enables
municipality should launch Single
Faster Transactions
Window Cell (SWC) for giving new
Simplified Procedures
water supply connection.
Multiple Services
Fully Computerized
Setting up of SWC eliminates the bother
Comfortable, Centrally located
ation of the customers to go around
sections, divisions and contact different levels of officials. Nor do they have to take any
help from middlemen or any unauthorized persons.
5.11 SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) should be introduced on a pilot
basis for effective data collection and control. It brings effective control on distribution,
water accounting and early stage detection of breakdowns / leakages. Based on the
experience of this, SCADA can be introduced to the entire system.
5.11.1 Customer Grievances and Compliant Redressal
The municipality has to set up an exclusive customer grievance redressal cell to deal
with customer complaints. A toll free help line facility has to be introduced with an
- 118 -
interactive voice response system (IVRS) connected to the computers for automatic
registration and issuing of token numbers. Centralized data collection, monitoring and
compliant redressal system should be manned by operators 24 hours a day and
throughout the year. No documentation, written applications would be necessary for
lodging a complaint.
5.11.2 Periodic Reports
It is observed in the municipality that there is no formal management information
system in operation at the Executive Engineers level. In order to have proper control on
operations, it is essential to have periodical feedback on the important issues related to
the operations and management of the water supply systems. The feedback should be in
a form of a formal report generated at various sections and should include, among other
the details like:
Performance monitoring of pumping stations, treatment plants, distribution
network
Functioning of various equipment / gadgets
Chemical dosing, water quality test reports
Service levels water produced, water sold, losses
New connections, disconnections, reconnections etc.
Billing and collection performance
Report on physical progress of the schemes under execution if any
Staff related matters like category-wise staff deployment, leave, absenteeism etc.
5.11.3 Meter Repairing
Puri municipality should have an independent meter repairing workshops for testing
the old and new meters. For a new connection, a good quality water meter should be
provided to the consumer by the municipality by including the meter charges in the
connection costs. In case of faulty meters, the consumers are required to get them
repaired from the meter-repairing workshop. The details like date of receipt, job
number, brief description of the work to be done and the receipt number of meter
testing fees should be entered in the inward register. After repairs and testing of the
repaired meters, entries should be again made in the outward register. Meters should
then be tested and if found to be in order, certificate to that effect should be prepared in
a pre-designed format.
Since there is no incentive for the consumers to keep their meters in working condition,
the current water charges per month for non-working meters / un-metered connections
should be reasonably higher than metered tariff. It is also suggested to initiate action
against the consumers without meters and also who have faulty meters. This is critical
as efficiency gains would be tested based on the meter readings.
- 119 -
5.12 OTHER RECORDS

Details of pumping operations of the water supply pumping such as time of starting
and shut off, meter reading, power factor, head etc. should be recorded in the register of
pump operation. Weekly duty list of the employees, register of chlorine tests, log sheet
of treatment plants, details of pumping operations, stock statement of daily use of alum
should be maintained.
5.12.1 Records on Stores
There are stores in the municipality for the material required by the civil and
mechanical sections. These stores do not carry large inventories but are primarily used
to stock the frequently required miscellaneous consumable items such as pipe fittings,
grease, oil, bearings, electrical spares etc. Normally, material required for any repair or
maintenance work is purchased as and when required and stock registers should be
maintained for this. Similarly, repairs registers should be maintained to record the
details of repairs done to pipelines or other facilities like pumping stations. There
should be a system of audit and valuation of inventory. There should also be a formal
system of reconciliation of stock as per the stock book and actual quantity.
5.12.2 Records of Revenue and Capital Expenditure
The bills pertaining to the revenue expenditure such as electricity bill, bills of suppliers
of material etc. should be recorded in the bill registers before they are forwarded to the
accounts department for further processing. Expenditure incurred on capital works
such as purchase of pumps, pipe lines, contractors bills etc. should be recorded in
budget control register. This facilitates monitoring of the budget provisions and the
balance of the budget available against a particular budget head is worked out after
each expenditure.
5.12.3 Employee Records and Other Administrative Work Records
The employee related records should be maintained which includes attendance sheets,
leave records and monthly salary sheets. Other administrative works such as
miscellaneous correspondence with the government, maintenance of stock registers,
inward / outward work etc. should also be recorded properly.
- 120 -
6
- 121 -
6.1
COST SHARING
The total estimated cost of the project is given in Chapter 4. As per JNNURM norms, the
cost sharing would be as below (Table 6.1):
Table 6.1: Cost Sharing of the Project
Sl. No.
Agency
% of cost
Amount (Rs. cr)
Government of India
80
133.60
10
16.70
Puri Municipality
10
16.70
Total
6.2
167.00
YEAR-WISE INVESTMENTS
The year-wise investments of funds for the project are proposed as below (Table 6.2):
Table 6.2: Year-wise Investments
Sl. No.
Year
Proposed Investment (Rs. cr)
Per cent of Total
2008-09
41.75
25.00
2009-10
83.50
50.00
2010-11
33.40
20.00
2011-12
8.35
5.00
167.00
100.00
Total
6.3
SOURCE-WISE INVESTMENTS
The source-wise investments of funds for the project are proposed as below (Table 6.3):
Table 6.3: Source-wise Investments
Sl.
No.
Year
2008-09
Propsed
Investment
(Rs. cr)
41.75
Government
of India
(Rs. cr)
33.40
Government
of Orissa
(Rs. cr)
4.18
Puri
Municipality
(Rs. cr)
4.18
1
2
2009-10
83.50
66.80
8.35
8.35
2010-11
33.40
26.72
3.34
3.34
2011-12
8.35
6.68
0.84
0.84
167.00
133.60
16.70
16.70
Total
- 122 -
7
PROJECT PHASING
- 123 -
PROJECT PHASING
7.1
APPROACH TO THE PROJECT
The approach for achieving continuous and sustainable water supply for citizens of Puri
consists of four broad processes (as shown in Fig. 7.1):
Assess current status of the municipality/PHEO with reference to all major

aspects including
Technical
Financial
Institutional
Citizen relations and orientation
Organizational capacity and
Service delivery to the poor.
Assess employees and stakeholders perception regarding the continuous water

supply initiative through citizens surveys and consultation workshops
Formulate a road map and strategic action plan, in a consultative manner, to

realize the vision of 24/7.
Provide senior water sector officials in the municipality/PHEO with an

enhanced perspective on impending change and strengthen their understanding
of best practices for managing that change.
Services to Poor
Institutional
Technical
Step 1
Assessment of Current
status of water supply
Customer
Relations
Org. Capacity
Surveys
Financial
Step 2
Perception of Employees
and Stakeholders
Step 3
Strategic Action Plan for

24x7 water supply
Step 4
Capacity Enhancement
to the staff
Workshops
Fig. 7.1: Approach for the Implementation of the Project
- 124 -
7.2
IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS WATER SUPPLY
The concept of 24-hour water supply, seven days a week (24/7), year round, has
become so alien to our mindset, that even new supply systems are designed for less
than a continuous supply. Achieving continuous water supply is the culmination of
combined efforts of various strategies adopted for improving the system. To convert the
areas to continuous supply requires the following:
Sound Network Knowledge Use of GIS

Metering Strategy
Creation of DMAs and Sub-DMAs
System Upgradation
Confirming and implementing the strategy
7.2.1
Sound Network Knowledge Use of GIS
When studying a water supply system (WSS), one needs to consider significant amount
of information in order to understand the WSS, hydraulic performance or to determine
how to manage the existing resources of the WSS efficiency, leakages, creation of
District Metered Areas (DMA), reduction in NRW - all these functions requires sound
knowledge of water supply system. Credible data on bulk supply and distribution
infrastructure and accurate customer needs to be collected. This information can be
created and maintained by using Geographic Information System (GIS).
The pipe network in Puri can be traced using GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar), EPL
(Electronic Pipe Locator) and exposing some of the pipe networks in the area. A detailed
GIS map should be prepared with pipe networks, valves and property demarcations.
This GIS map can then be used for network knowledge, creation of DMAs and can
decide metering locations.
7.2.2
Metering Strategy
Metering is a pre-requisite for proper management of water supply network. Metering

is required for understanding the flow and pressure at different strategic points in the
system. It can solve major drawbacks related to water management in the city apart
from potential generation of the revenue from the consumers. In case of Puri, majority
of the consumer connections are un-metered.
Metering in Puri can be done in three phases:
1. The first phase metering involves installation of electromagnetic bulk water meters
at various locations including all production well pump houses, the proposed water
treatment plant for surface water source, the existing and proposed community
storage reservoirs and the existing institutional service storage reservoirs. These
- 125 -
meters would assess instantaneous flow, pressure, velocity and cumulative flow.
The data should be stored at every 15 minute interval in the data logger, which
should be downloaded periodically.
2. Similarly, in the second phase electromagnetic flow meters should be installed at the
outlet of the reservoirs to distribution network. Each outlet feeds to a discrete area,
which is further maintained and assessed for NRW. Further few bulk mechanical
meters are installed at strategic locations to monitor flow and reduce losses in the
system.
3. Third phase metering involves metering at consumer end. Currently, the domestic
meter connection in Puri is almost zero. All domestic connections should be metered
by 2009.
7.2.3
Creation of DMAs and Sub DMAs
Since the network design has always been for an intermittent supply regime, the process
of converting to a continuous supply situation is indeed a major task in civil
engineering, including complete hydraulic redesign. The challenge becomes even more
difficult because over time, even the original hydraulic design has undergone
considerable change due to increased pressures of population, particularly in a
metropolitan area. The conversion process requires re-zoning, changes in pumping
DMA
Zone
Boundary
Bulk meter
DMA
Fig. 7.2: Approach for the Implementation of the Project

capacities and also major network changes. Currently, water supply zones are more in
the nature of administrative zones rather than being hydraulically discrete zones. So a
first step involves creation of hydraulically discrete zones defined on the basis of service
reservoirs, main or booster pumping stations, pressure zones or other operational
zones. Thereafter, it is imperative to create District Metered Areas (DMA) within the
zones, with each DMA covering around 2000-3000 customer connections. Each DMA
would have a flow and pressure control at the inlet and each customer connection
- 126 -
would be metered. Dividing the zones into small building blocks, with accurate data of
consumption and supplies helps in a more responsive leakage management.
In this arrangement, the service area gets sub divided into manageable and
hydraulically discrete zones, with a bulk meter at the inlet. The DMAs within the zone
normally have a single point of entry and there is a bulk meter at the inlet. Pressure
loggers are installed at 3-5 places within each DMA to capture the pressures at various
altitudes within the DMA. The data captured through the flow and pressure
measurement becomes an input for the hydraulic network model, and leakage detection
becomes a scientific exercise. Setting up the DMAs is followed by replacement of all
leaking pipes and customer connections. From the customer end, the open flow
situation is simultaneously regulated and all overhead storages are fitted with ball
cocks. Once established, the DMA provides full operational control to the water utility
as the water input to the DMA and usage within the zone is known. It is proposed that
the entire distribution in Puri town be converted into 10 DMAs, which would be the
same as the proposed zones.
7.2.4
System Upgradation
Leakage from within the DMA must be brought down to tolerable levels through a mix
of measures, which include management of system pressure, repair of the backlog of
pipe bursts, replacement and rehabilitation of the affected parts of the distribution
network, and replacement of property connections. An appropriate mix can be derived
through usage of modern leak management software.
Although less service reservoir capacity is needed in a continuous supply situation than
for intermittent supply, there may be a need for additional reservoirs to ensure an
equitable supply to all zones and DMAs. In cases where the system is fed by pumping
stations, rather than from service reservoirs, the pumps may need to be modified for
24/7 supply as supply should match the demand pattern. This may necessitate the
introduction of variable speed motors or the provision of pumps with a range of
pumping capacities.
7.2.5
Rolling out the strategy
Once the pilot DMA is created, it is converted to 24/7 supply and is operated for at least
few months in a sustainable way. Using this pilot trail data, designs and strategy is
refined. Key decisions in the strategy are revisited and full scale 24/7 conversion
program is rolled out.
- 127 -
Preparing/Adopting the
strategy
Confirming the strategy
Decision on key
issues
3
Input to
decision
Pilot areas
Roll out zone by

zone
Benefits
- Social
- Economic
- Environmental
Implementing the strategy
Fig. 7.2: Strategy for achieving continuous water supply
7.3
SUSTAINING 24/7 SUPPLY
Sustaining and monitoring DMAs having continuous supply is a major challenge. It is

important for a utility to monitor all components of water management such as water
production, customer satisfaction index, complaint management system, water meter
coverage and water service coverage. This needs to be done on the daily basis and
reports generated on a monthly basis. This involves continuous monitoring of the
system for losses, revenue generation and volume of water supplied to the area. The
following practices should be initiated for monitoring continuous water supply:
7.3.1
Effective Non Revenue Water and Leakage Management
Non revenue water (NRW) in rising and distribution mains is calculated based on the
meter readings at the WTP outlet, pump house outlets, reservoir inlets, various branch
meters and the consumptions of sample meters installed across all categories of
holdings and the meters installed in the commercial and institutional connections. NRW
reduction program should also focus on disconnections, legalizing the illegal
connections and laying out new areas.
7.3.2
Consumer Meter Policy and Water Management
A metering policy for domestic connections has to be introduced which aims to pay the
real value of the services received by each customer of Puri City. The existing public
stand posts should be either metered or disconnected. Policy decisions should be taken
and accordingly no additional public taps should be released. Inspection teams should
be set up to stop and regularize the illegal water connections. Incentives should be
given to the informers of illegal connections and heavy fine to be slapped on those
found to be using illegal connections.
- 128 -
7.3.3
Obligations for serving the poor
Currently people living in slums, accounting for roughly at least 25-30% of the total
population, are entitled only to water supply through public stand posts. Clearly any
service delivery program, which excludes such a large group of people, would be
potentially disastrous. A policy level decision should be taken to lower the connection
costs of the poor. Incentives should be given to the poor who cannot pay connection
charges at one go by allowing them to pay the charges on installment basis. With this,
majority of them get connected to the system and the residents get assured supplies and
they start paying for what they use.
7.3.4
Volumetric Tariff Policy
It needs to be clearly understood that 24/7 supply is not just about rapid technical
interventions, and large-scale pipe replacements or metering alone. Effective leakage
control, flow and pressure controls reflect the supply side management of the program.
However, there is an equally important demand side to achieving continuous supply.
Under no circumstance do cities in India have enough water to meet unregulated and
unrestricted demand. A rational incremental block tariff structure, based on volumetric
consumption is an essential ingredient of the program. The tariff structure should
discourage wasteful consumption of water. The cross subsidy design has to be based on
a proper demand assessment and willingness to pay. A massive public outreach
program for water conservation, timely bill payments etc. should accompany this.
7.3.5
Designing an Effective Customer Strategy
In the Indian development paradigm, well-intentioned Government initiatives are often

not communicated effectively with all stakeholders, leading to misapprehensions about
the objectives of the project itself. An effective communication strategy design is
essential for transparency, and sustainable reform initiative. In a water utility reform
project, a communication strategy design has to be calibrated at two different levels - for
policy makers and opinion makers.
The policy makers (politicians and state government) and opinion makers (media,
NGOs and RWAs) indirectly and directly influence the customer, who is the primary
stakeholder of any change initiative. At the outset, it is important that the politicians are
taken into confidence for any change initiative, because lack of political support can
sound a death knell for any reform program. Politicians need to know clearly how the
proposed changes are impacting the service delivery for their constituents, what would
be the timeframe of the change program, in what manner is it impacting the tariffs, etc.
At the same time, it is important that the state government is fully behind the initiative
of the utility.
- 129 -
Among the opinion makers, media plays the most crucial role in moulding opinions of
the citizens. With increasing means of communication and awareness, the role of media
has become more important than ever before. It is important to have a clear media
policy, clearly defined media spokespersons who are credible, authoritative, media
savvy and accessible. Apart from general awareness workshops for all media persons at
a common platform, it is useful to have an exclusive relationship with key journalists,
sharing key information in a timely fashion. It is also useful to brief the senior editors
about the reform initiative so that they can do a quality check on the content of the story
being carried by their newspapers.
7.3.6
Capacity enhancement of staff
Any change process, which would potentially be perceived to impinge on service

matters, would be opposed by the employees. To tackle this matter, senior management
should engage a dialogue with the managers, staff members, and labour unions directly
on a one to one basis. It is important that the managers working in the project area are
fully convinced of the rationale and direction of reform. All the senior engineers
working in the project team and in the project area should be trained in modern
operational techniques, for example, leak detection and pressure management. If
required the senior team may be sent on exposure visits to cities with similar initiatives.
7.4
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS
Urban water reform takes some time to show results and the utility turnaround process
has to be carefully planned and managed. The following are perhaps among the most
critical success factors for sustained reform initiative.
7.5
Adequate and sustained political support
Appropriate capacities within the utility and the government for

conceputalizing a strategic long term framework
Effective communications strategy, with the right level of communications.
Successful quick wins on ground in the first phase.
Stability of the reform implementation team.
ACTIVITY-TIME SCHEDULES
Based on the project components, a detailed activity time schedule for the completion of
all the project advice area activities is worked out and presented. The activity schedule
includes key milestones and project deliverables. The overall Activity-time schedule is
presented in Table 7.1 below.
- 130 -
Q1
Activities
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10 Q11 Q12*
Review of current status of the

municipality/PHEO
Implementation of survey for
stakeholders perception
Discussions with employees thr
Meetings
Preparing hydraulic model
Costing of a prioritized roll-out
plan
Customer awareness and
information program
Staff Capacity enhancement
Preparing tariff transition plan
Creating pilot DMAs and
legitimizing unauthorized
connections
Convert to 24/7 supply and operate
in one DMA
Roll out full-scale 24/7 conversion
program
* Additional Quarters to be introduced as per requirement
Table 7.1: Overall Activity- Time schedule
7.6
SCHEDULE FOR STATE AND ULB LEVEL INTERVENTIONS
JNNURM is a reform-driven programme of Government of India, which envisages

delegation of powers and functions to the ULBs to access central funds with an objective
to improve Urban Governance, enhance quality of service delivery to its citizens.
In the Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India eighteen matters have been listed
which can be entrusted to the ULBs for performance of those functions. As a part of the
mandatory reforms at the State Level, these functions are to be entrusted to ULBs in a
phased manner, during the Mission Period.
The entrustment of the functions to ULBs as required under Article 243W of the
Constitution would entail transfer of powers and functions of departments of
Government to the control and management of ULBs along with deputation of
personnel. Their entitlements, including salary would continue to be borne by State
Government in respective Departments.
The State Government and the ULB are required to execute a Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA) with Government of India indicating the commitment and timeframe for implementation of both mandatory and Optional Reforms along with City
Development Plan (CDP) and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs).
- 131 -
In keeping with the above, the aforesaid reform programmes has been approved by the
State Cabinet of Orissa, which has been communicated in Parliamentary Affairs
Department Memo No. 7409, dated the 21st September, 2006. Accordingly, the State
Government in Housing & Urban Development Department Resolution No.
25566/HUD dated the 3rd November 2006 has commited to undertake the reforms
within the Mission period as indicated below:
7.6.1
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
Mandatory Reforms
Decision of State Government on Reforms to
be Undertaken
Transfer of Urban Planning including Town
Planning function along with requisite personnel
Transfer of Regulation of Land Use and
Construction of Buildings
Planning for economic and social development:
ULBs will continue to discharge this function.
Trasfer of Roads & Bridges along with personnel
on deputation.
Transfer of Operation and Maintenance of
Water Supply System alongwith personel on
deputation basis and including collection of
water tariff.
Public Health, Sanitation, Conservancy and Solid
Waste Management.
Transfer of Fire Services: ULBs will continue to
discharge these functions - The District Fire
Officer will also report to ULBs within the
jurisdiction.
Urban Forestry, protection of the environment
and promotion of ecological aspects: Forest and
Environment Department would transfer these
functions to the ULBs alongwith personnel on
deputation basis.
Safeguarding the interest of weaker section of
society, including the handicapped and mentally
retarded: The DSWO will report to the
concerned ULB; For programmes under ICDS in
ULB area, the field staff would be deputed to
ULBs by W & CD Department.
Rationalization of Stamp Duty: To be reduced to
5%.
Public Disclosure Law Enactment: Public
Disclosure of income and expenditure (ward
wise) would be put to place after receiving the
guideline of Government of India..
Community Participation Enactment Law: No
formal mechanism exists. This can be done as
per the guidelines of Govt. of India.
Associating elected ULBs with City Planning
function: Full transfer of such functions.
- 132 -
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
7.6.2
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Optional Reforms
Decision of State Government on Reforms to
be Undertaken
Revision of bye-laws to streamline the building
approval process.
Simplification of legal and procedural
frameworks for conversion of agriculture land
for non-agriculture purpose.
Introduction of property Title Certification
System in ULBs.
Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed
land in all housing projects (both Public and
Private Agencies) for EWS/LIG category with a
system of cross subsidizatin.
Introduction of computerized process of
registration of land and property.
Revision of bye-laws to make rain water
harvesting mandatory in all buildings and
adoption of water conservation measures.
Bye-laws on reuse of recycled water.
Administrative Reform i.e. reduction in
establishment by bringing out voluntary
retirement schemes, non-filling up of posts
falling vacant due to retirement etc., and
achieving specified milestones in this regard.
Structural reforms.
Encouraging Public Private Partnership (PPP).
- 133 -
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
8
- 134 -
8.1
8.1.1
INCREASING COST RECOVERY

Current Water Balance
The cost of production of water is around Rs. 5/kl. However, the cost of water billed is
Rs. 22.5/kl which indicates a high amount of non revenue water. Table 8.1 below gives
the current water supply scenario in Puri.
Table 8.1: Status Quo Service Categories
Status Quo Service Categories
Service Category
BPL using
PSP
BPL using
HHC
APL using
HHC
(unmetered)
APL using
HHC
(metered)
NonResidential
(metered)
Rate of Supply, lpcd
30
100
150
4,740
Household Size
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
1.0
1,047
7,466
137
Number of Connections
Households per
Connection
Rate for first 3 Kl
Rate for additional Kl
18
105
0
0
0
50
0
1
2.5
3
8.4
Collection Efficiency
100%
80%
80%
80%
80%
Based on the data available, the water balance for Puri has been worked out as given in
the Fig. 8.1 below. Of the total 22 mld water produced, the percentage of non revenue
water is around 68% (15 mld). In addition to that, revenue for over 73% (16 mld) of the
water produced is not collected.
Fig. 8.2 below indicates that the Puri PH Division is unable to recover the cost of
production of water through the existing tariff structure. The revenues from public
stand posts, domestic and non-domestic connections per month are around Rs. 4,84,788
where as the actual cost of production of water per month is Rs. 56,93,314. The subsidies
given to the below poverty line consumers and above poverty line consumers including
the commercial consumers are very high.
- 135 -
PuriStatus Quo WaterBalance

Billed&Metered
1
100%
90%
80%
AuthorizedConsumption
10
Billed&Authorized
Billed&Unmetered,6
7
RevenueWater
7
Collected
6
70%
UnbilledAuthorized,3
60%
50%
Theft,1
DataErrors,0
StorageLeakage,0
TransmissionMainLeakage
2
NonRevenueWater
15
ApparentLosses,1
WaterProduced
22
40%
30%
PSP,3
UFWLosses
12
20%
RealLosses
11
UnCollected
16
ServiceConnectionLeakage
9
10%
0%
Fig. 8.1: Puri Status Quo Water Balance (Current Status)
Thousands
StatusQuo:Total PaymentandSubsidy perMonth

Rs6,000
Rs5,000
NonResidential(metered)
Subsidy
APLusingHHC(metered)
Subsidy
BPLusingPSPSubsidy
Rs4,000
Rs3,000
Payment
Rs2,000
CostofProduction
Rs1,000
Rs0
BPLusingPSP BPLusing
HHC
APLusing APLusing
Non
TotalSubsidy CrossSubsidy TotalCostof
HHC
HHC
Residential
Production
(metered) (unmetered) (metered)
Fig. 8.2: Total Payment and Subsidy per Month (Current Status)
- 136 -
8.2
OPTIONS TO INCREASE COST RECOVERY
Different options have been worked out to reduce non revenue water and improve the
revenue of the Puri PH Division. The following are the three scenarios given to increase
the cost recovery of the department.
8.2.1
Scenario 1
Assume that
50% of consumers using PSPs are given individual water supply connections with
water meters
All consumer individual connections are metered and
Separate telescopic tariff is introduced for the consumers BPL, APL and industrial/
commercial users.
Scenario 1: Service Categories
Service Category
BPL using
PSP
BPL using
HHC
APL using
HHC
(metered)
NonResidential
(metered)
30
100
150
4,740
Household Size
5.4
5.4
5.4
1.0
524
9,423
7,466
137
Households per
Connection
18
100%
80%
80%
80%
Then the scenario would be as follows (Table 8.2):

Table 8.2: Scenario 1 - Telescoping Tariff
Telescoping Tariff (Option 1) 2008 Price level
Service Category
Break 0 (KLs)
Rate for Category 0
Break 1 (KLs)
Rate for Category 1
Break 2 (KLs)
Rate for Category 2
BPL using
PSP
0
0
0
0
0
0
BPL using APL using

NonHHC
HHC
Residential
(metered) (metered)
0-6
4
6-12
7
>12
10
0-6
7
6-12
10
>12
15
0-6
10
6-12
15
>12
20
By converting 50% of the households depending on public stand posts to individual

connections, the percentage non revenue water will come down from 68% (15 mld) to
45% (10 mld) and revenues against the water produced will increase from 27% to 41%
(Fig. 8.3).
- 137 -
PuriScenario1:WaterBalance
Billed&Metered
1
100%
90%
Collected
9
80%
Billed&Authorized
RevenueWater
Billed&Unmetered,11
12
12
13
70%
60%
50%
WaterProduced
22
40%
30%
UFWLosses
9
20%
10%
PSP,2
Theft,1
ApparentLosses,1
DataErrors,0
StorageLeakage,0
1
NonRevenueWater
10
RealLosses
8
6
UnCollected
13
0%
Fig. 8.3: Scenario 1 Water Balance

There is slight increase in the revenue of the PH Division, Puri, but it is not able to
recover the costs due to high subsidies to the consumers belonging to below poverty
level (BPL). The cross subsidy from residential and commercial is unable to compensate
the subsidy part (Fig. 8.4).
Fig. 8.4: Scenario 1 Total Payment and Subsidy per Month
Thousands
PuriScenario1:Total PaymentandSubsidy perMonth
Rs6,000
Subsidy
Rs5,000
APLusingHHC(metered)Subsidy
Rs4,000
BPLusingHHCSubsidy
Rs3,000
BPLusingPSPSubsidy
Rs2,000
Payment
Rs1,000
CostofProduction
Rs0
BPLusing
PSP
8.2.2
BPLusing
HHC
APLusing APLusing
Non
TotalSubsidy
HHC
HHC
Residential
Cross
Subsidy
TotalCostof
Production
Scenario 2
Assume that
With the same 50% of consumers using PSPs are given individual water supply
connections with water meters
Increasing bill collection efficiency by 5%
- 138 -
All consumer individual connections are metered and

Slight increase in telescopic tariff is introduced for the consumers BPL, APL and
Industrial/commercial users.
Scenario 2: Service Categories
Service Category
BPL using
PSP
BPL using
HHC
APL using
HHC
(metered)
NonResidential
(metered)
30
100
150
4,740
Household Size
5.4
5.4
5.4
1.0
524
18
9,423
1
7,466
1
137
1
100%
85%
85%
85%
Households per
Connection
Then the scenario would be as follows:

Service Category
BPL using BPL using APL using
NonPSP
HHC
HHC
Residential
(metered) (metered)
Break 0 (KLs)
Rate for Category 0
Break 1 (KLs)
Rate for Category 1
Break 2 (KLs)
Rate for Category 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-6
5
6-12
8
>12
14
0-6
8
6-12
12
>12
16
0-6
12
6-12
18
>12
24

Billed&Metered
1
100%
90%
80%
RevenueWater
Billed&Authorized
Billed&Unmetered,11
12
12
13
70%
Collected
10
60%
50%
WaterProduced
22
40%
30%
20%
10%
UFWLosses
9
PSP,2
Theft,1
ApparentLosses,1
DataErrors,0
StorageLeakage,0
1
NonRevenueWater
10
RealLosses
8
6
0%
- 139 -
UnCollected
12
Thousands
Rs6,000
Rs5,000
NonResidential
(metered)Subsidy
Subsidy
BPLusingHHCSubsidy
Rs4,000
Rs3,000
BPLusingPSPSubsidy
Payment
Rs2,000
CostofProduction
Rs1,000
Rs0
BPLusing
PSP
BPLusing
HHC
APLusing APLusing
Non
TotalSubsidy
HHC
HHC
Residential
Cross
Subsidy
TotalCostof
Production

By adopting simple strategies to improve the bill collection efficiency by 5%, the
revenues against the water produced increases from 41% to 45% (Fig. 8.5).
With slight increase in tariff among all the categories, the department is able to recover
major portion of the cost of production of water from the domestic and non-domestic
consumers. There is reasonably good increase in the revenues of the PH department,
Puri. However, the cross subsidies from residential and commercial consumers are not
able to compensate the subsidies given to the below poverty line consumers (Fig. 8.6).
8.2.3
Scenario 3
Assume that
The collection efficiency is increased by 5% (90%);

75% of consumers using PSPs are given individual water supply connections with
meters and
Slight increase in tariff is introduced for the consumers BPL, APL and
industrial/commercial users.
Then the scenario would be as follows (Table 8.4):
- 140 -

Service Category
BPL using BPL using APL using
NonPSP
HHC
HHC
Residential
(metered) (metered)
Break 0 (KLs)
Rate for Category 0
Break 1 (KLs)
Rate for Category 1
Break 2 (KLs)
Rate for Category 2
0-6
0-6
0-6
0
0
0
0
0
5
6-12
8
>12
14
10
6-12
14
>12
18
15
6-12
20
>12
25
Billed&Metered
1
100%
90%
80%
70%
RevenueWater
AuthorizedConsumptionBilled&Authorized
Billed&Unmetered,14
14
14
15
60%
50%
Collected
13
WaterProduced
22
40%
30%
20%
10%
UFWLosses
7
PSP,1
Theft,0
ApparentLosses,1
DataErrors,0
StorageLeakage,0
1
NonRevenueWater
RealLosses
8
6
5
UnCollected
9
0%

By converting 75% of the households depending on public stand posts to individual
connections, increasing the bill collection efficiency from 85% to 90% by adopting
simple strategies and increasing the tariffs slightly, the revenues against the water
produced can be increased from 45% to 59% (Fig. 8.7).
The department will be able to recover full costs from the domestic and non-domestic
consumers. The cross subsidies from residential and commercial will be on higher side
and be able compensate the subsidies provided (Fig. 8.8).
- 141 -
Thousands
Rs6,000
Subsidy
Subsidy
BPLusingHHCSubsidy
Rs5,000
Rs4,000
Rs3,000
BPLusingPSPSubsidy
Payment
Rs2,000
CostofProduction
Rs1,000
Rs0
BPLusing
PSP
BPLusing
HHC
APLusing APLusing
Non
TotalSubsidy
HHC
HHC
Residential
Cross
Subsidy
TotalCostof
Production

The telescopic tariff revisions indicated in scenarios 1, 2 and 3 are suggested as per the
2008 price level and should be implemented in the years 2010, 2012 and 2014
respectively. As such, they will need to be revised upward to keep pace with inflation in
upcoming years.
- 142 -
9
PROJECT FINANCIAL VIABILITY & SUSTAINABILITY
- 143 -
9
9.1
FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

THE NEED FOR FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
To improve living conditions of citizens of Puri by an increased water supply service in

an environmentally, socially and financially sustainable manner, Puri PH department has
embarked to provide continuous water supply for all by augmenting an additional
source. Once the project has been planned, designed and constructed, it shall commence
management and operation of the constructed works. However, this can only be
achieved by first creating a viable revenue stream which will financially sustain the new
project by providing funding for cost recovery. Without a viable, functioning and
politically acceptable revenue stream, the newly formed project will simply become yet
another subsidy-dependent project of the State.
The new project must be established with a viable revenue stream to facilitate financial
sustainability. Financial sustainability creates economic viability and autonomy in
operating the water supply systems. Financial viability and sustainability can be achieved
through creation of viable revenue policy. The attainment of financial sustainability,
through full cost recovery, will allow the new project the freedom to determine the future
of its budgetary and spending policy.
9.2
PLANNING FOR A VIABLE REVENUE STREAM
Planning for financial sustainability must begin early, as developing a strong consensus
for such politically sensitive actions such as fee assessment will prove to be time
consuming. The project will achieve its current goals only through continuing productive
discussion and consensus-building with local relevant authorities.
In terms of financial planning, it is important to first clearly determine the budgetary
requirements of the new project for the first few years of operation. Operation and
maintenance costs should be estimated.
For this project, it is estimated that the operating budget for the next 6 years would be to a
tune of Rs. 442.9 lakhs as per the 2008 price level (without taking inflation into
consideration). This estimate specifically excludes depreciation of fixed assets, as the full
depreciation costs of all fixed assets can place an unreasonable strain on the budget. This
estimate also assumes that the Puri PH department can maintain diligent cost control to
prevent real increases in the operating budget.
Once a budget is established, it is necessary to identify appropriate sources of revenue,
sources which can be readily identified by the benefits they receive from the Project. The
Project serves two major basic public needs. First, it augments the present ground water
- 144 -
sources with new surface water source to increase the quantity of supply to cater the
requirements of all city residents of Puri. Second, it enables continuous water supply in
the city.
Based upon numerous meetings with local authorities and a financial evaluation
performed by specialist consultants, it was agreed that the revenue should be derived
from water bill charged as per consumption.
All water supply system users would be charged a bill based on their consumption.
Currently 7603 customers are connected to the water supply system. The current tariff for
metered consumers is Rs. 2.67/kl for domestic consumers and Rs. 8.82/kl for nondomestic consumers. However, majority of the domestic connections are unmetered and
pay a flat rate of Rs. 53 per first 2 taps and Rs. 17.76 per each additional tap per month. In
addition to that, majority of population below poverty line are dependent on public stand
posts for which Rs. 110 is charged per month from ULB. However, currently the local
body is not making payments to the Puri PH Division towards supply through public
stand posts. Various options have been worked out in earlier chapters to recover the
operation and maintenance costs of the project.
The projected revenue streams for the existing and new water supply project are shown in
Table 9.1, for years 2009 to 2015. Since the project was aimed to recover 100% operation
and maintenance costs and not focused on the recovering the capital costs also, there is a
deficit in the net revenue in the initial five years of project implementation. But by the
year 2014, the project is covering both its planned capital investment as well as its O&M
costs. While the FIRR remains negative for the first seven years of the project, it does
achieve its goal of operational cost recovery. Additionally, while it does not cover its
upfront capital costs, by 2014, it is generating a surplus which can be saved for future
capital investment.
- 145 -
Table 9.1: Projected Budgets and Revenues of the New Project

Financial Internal Rate of Return (Rs. in lakhs) 2008 Price level
Year
Financial Cost
Capital
O&M
2009
1800
442.9
2010
4800
2011
Revenue
Net Revenue
Capital
O&M
63.8
-2,179.1
-379.09
442.9
339.3
-4,903.7
-103.65
13100
442.9
339.3
-13,203.7
-103.65
2012
6000
442.9
418.9
-6,024.0
-24.00
2013
442.9
418.9
-24.0
-24.00
2014
442.9
554.7
111.8
111.81
2015
442.9
554.7
111.8
111.81
NPV
(22,740.7)
(420.2)
FIRR
-76%
-20%
* NPV: Net Present Value
9.3
CONSTRAINTS TO FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Constraints to financial sustainability can originate from two sources. First, there may
exist resistance to implementation of revenue policy from the customers to be served. No
one enjoys paying increased fees for public utilities and public authorities often resist
taking responsibility to impose such fees due to the unpopularity of such action. This
resistance can only be overcome by a long-term program of education and awareness of all
parties regarding the benefits of Project and through a realization of ownership and
financial responsibility by the beneficiaries.
Second, there may exist in central government certain regulations, which actually constrain
the development of sound financial policy. Such restrictions can lead to perpetual subsidy by
local government, thus placing in jeopardy the opportunity for financial sustainability (and
independence) of the new project. But under JnNURM, Central government has established
a policy to recover 100% operation and maintenance costs through user fees. The amount
of the fees should be determined by the operating authority, based upon the actual
operation and maintenance costs. It is only then that an appropriate revenue stream can
be developed to facilitate full cost recovery, allowing the project to become financially
sustainable.
9.4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Financial sustainability of the new project can be achieved only through implementation
of viable revenue policy. The above revenue policy shall result in a positive cash flow by
the year 2014. Subsequent fiscal surpluses shall be utilized for increased investment in the
sewerage and drainage system and for the creation of an emergency reserve fund. It is
- 146 -
hoped that through careful planning of appropriate revenue policy, the new water supply
scheme will achieve financial sustainability. The autonomy created by such financial
sustainability will allow the new scheme to determine its budgetary and spending policy
and future.
- 147 -
10
PROJECT BENEFITS ASSESSMENT
- 148 -
10 PROJECT BENEFITS ASSESSMENT

10.1 FACTORS EFFECTING SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY
At one time many communities and several cities in India had continuous water supply.
In fact, many people still remember 24/7 water in their own neighborhoods. Looking
back on that history provides a good understanding of the problems of today and the
solutions of the future: While it is common to blame water supply problems on lack of
water, lack of money, or lack of technology; in fact, in most cases it was none of these.
The important and complex factors that contribute to the provision of sustainable water
supply in the developing countries are technical, financial, institutional, managerial,
social and political.
The best measure of good water supply service in a city is 24-hour piped supply to the
residents as continuous piped supply is linked to water quality and quantity, as well as
to price, reliability, and convenience.
10.2 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
A number of benefits would accrue to the consumers, the service providers, and to the
environment as a whole after the project is put in place. A continuous and high quality
water supply system achieves significantly better health outcomes (by reducing
contamination of piped water by groundwater), permits better system and demand
management (through effective metering and active leakage management), and can
generate greater consumer satisfaction and a willingness to pay for improved services.
10.2.1 Benefits to the Consumer
The consumers in Puri would be directly benefited by the project in a number of ways
as below:
10.2.1.1 Health Benefits
24/7 water supply leads to reduction in illness because:
a. Major reduction in water borne disease by preventing raw sewage from
being sucked into the water mains during distribution from the treatment
plant to the home
b. Ability to drink water right out of the tap without any further treatment
- 149 -
10.2.1.2 Economic Benefits

24/7 water supply leads to lower total costs because there is:
a. No need for pumping equipment or electricity for most buildings of 3 stories
and below
b. No need for in-house storage tanks, in-house treatment and in-house
maintenance
10.2.2 Benefits for the Poor
24/7 water supply is important for the poor because:
a. The poor have limited storage capacity and providing continuous reliable
supply is even more important for them than for the rich
b. The poor have no funds for water treatment and experience higher rates of
water borne disease, it is particularly important that water provided by the
municipality be drinkable right out of the tap
c. With the economic savings, targeted cross subsidies can be provided to
assure household connections for the poor.
d. With connections inside the house, the women and children, who otherwise
normally spend lot of time in fetching water, can save the same. While the
womenfolk can utilize this time more fruitfully for better earning, the
children can attend school for education.
10.2.2.1 Benefits of coverage
This project is intended to cover the whole city with continuous piped water supply and
would benefit those who have no water supply in their areas and have been demanding
it.
10.3 BENEFITS TO THE WATER UTILITY
10.3.1 Economic Benefits
24/7 water supply benefits the Utility because of the following:
a. Providing service over 24 hours rather than only 1 to 4 hours means that
smaller pipes can be used and still deliver the same quantity of water per
day
b. Providing continuous pressure over 24 hours means that there will be few
sudden jerks (water hammer effects) on the pipe lines and thus the pipes,
joints, and valves will last longer
c. Providing better service to the customer creates better willingness to pay and
higher revenues
- 150 -
d. 24/7 supply makes it easier to detect leaks and thus reduce water losses and
Non-Revenue Water (NRW)
e. Completion of the transmission mains linking the water treatment plants
improves the distribution and reliability of the water supply around the city.
The distribution system provides access to piped water to many urban poor
families at reasonably low cost. Access to affordable and reliable water
means more water available for personal use, leading to health and hygiene
benefits.
10.3.2 Environmental Benefits
24/7 water benefits the environment in many ways:
a. Providing continuously pressurized piped water reduces the need for inhome booster pumps and thus reduces energy consumption and global
warming. In some cases carbon credits may be available.
b. Improved leak detection and repair combined with demand management
can lead to the same or possibly even more water provided to the consumer
with little or no increase in resources.
Ironically, when one adds up all these costs of coping with the supposedly cheaper
intermittent service, the true cost of such inadequate service typically exceeds what it
would cost to provide safe good quality continuous service.
10.4 NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Adverse environmental impacts during project implementation would be minor and
temporary. Traffic rerouting, dust and noise disturbances around the construction areas
may cause some inconvenience. The construction of the pumping station and
improvement of the main canals may require the resettlement of families.
10.5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Economic analysis was carried out based on the total costs and benefits of the
rehabilitation program. The without project scenario was rebuilt based on historical
records, discussions with the PH department and field visits and the survey. Due to the
aging of and poor maintenance of the system, the without project scenario assumed that
(i) water production capacity will decline and (ii) unaccounted for water (UFW) will
increase. The with project scenario increases water production capacity and reduces
UFW significantly.
10.5.1 Costs
The capital costs and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs with 2008 price level were
considered. The unit O&M costs for without and with project scenarios were estimated
- 151 -
using the O&M costs before and after the project. All costs are expressed in constant 2008
prices.
10.5.2 Benefits
The rehabilitation and augmentation of new water supply source will increase Puris
water production capacity and reduces UFW. As a result, Puri PH department will
provide additional water to domestic and non-domestic users. The major economic
benefits of the water supply component of the project considered in the economic analysis
would be cost savings and benefits associated with the improved water supply, and
reductions in energy consumption and maintenance expenditures.
Moreover, the socioeconomic survey by the team showed that households without piped
connections and dependent on public stand posts were equipped with water storage
facilities, such as water tanks and jars. Those households had to spend about 11/2 hours a
day fetching water from other sources. The opportunity costs of such households are
calculated based on their daily wages (Rs. 150/day). The around-the-clock stable water
supply service provided by the project enables households to get rid of water storage
facilities and save time once spent to fetch water. Due to this new project, with improved
water supply services, the land values may increase significantly.
10.5.3 Results of the Economic Analysis
The results of the economic analysis are summarized in Table 10.1. The calculated
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) for price level 2008 is 39%. While there is a
negative EIRR for the first years seven years of the project as shown below, if you extend
the expected economic benefits, the EIRR becomes positive within fifteen years of the first
capital investment. Further, by 2013, the economic and financial benefits greatly
outweigh the costs. While the Puri PH department may not be able to recover its capital
costs, it achieves significant benefits for the community. Finally, this calculation of
economic benefits only includes the direct coping and opportunity costs of an intermittent
water supply. The additional social and health benefits which will result are not captured
in this analysis.
- 152 -
Table 10.1: Economic Internal Rate of return (Rs. in lakhs) 2008 Price level
Year
Economic Cost
Gross Economic Benefits
Capital
O&M
Water
Substituting Incremental
Collecting
NonWater
& storing incremental
Supply
cost savings
Water
Supply
2009
1800
442.9
2,681.6
63.8
2010
4800
442.9
1,714.3
241.6
2011
13100
442.9
1,714.3
2012
6000
442.9
2013
2014
Net Economic
Benefits
Total
Capital
O&M
2,745.4
502.5
2,302.5
97.7
2,053.6
-3,189.4
1,610.6
241.6
97.7
2,053.6
-11,489.4
1,610.6
1,714.3
287.4
131.5
2,133.2
-4,309.7
1,690.3
442.9
1,714.3
287.4
131.5
2,133.2
1,690.3
1,690.3
442.9
1,230.6
345.9
208.8
1,785.4
1,342.4
1,342.4
2015
442.9
1,230.6
345.9
208.8
1,785.4
1,342.4
1,342.4
NPV
12,604.6
9,715.9
EIRR
-39%
* NPV: Net Present Value
10.5.4 Recommendations
The accountability and autonomy of the department, together with its strong
leadership, are critical to the success of the project.
During project preparation, consultants should carefully assess conditions in

project areas that are likely to be encountered during construction to achieve
more realistic time schedules and durations.
Consultants must monitor closely the performance of contractors, and advise the
department early if corrective measures are needed to prevent construction
delays.
The track records of consultants and contractors should be evaluated and

checked carefully to verify their availability to mobilize qualified staff and
sufficient equipment and other resources to undertake contracted works well
and within the specified duration.
Staff assigned to the project should be trained before implementation to

familiarize them with the procedures for project implementation.
The lines of authority and responsibilities of concerned agencies in project

implementation must be clearly defined.
- 153 -
Appendix 1
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FOR
RISING MAINS TO ZONAL RESERVOIRS
AND
CLEAR WATER PUMPS
- 154 -
PURI MUNICIPALITY
PURI

Puri Vol I

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PURI MUNICIPALITY

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

24/7 PIPED WATER SUPPLY

Chief Engineer, Public Health

Administrative Staff College of India

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

24/7 PIPED WATER SUPPLY

Chief Engineer, Public Health

Administrative Staff College of India

CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF PROJECT

Institutional Framework of State PHEO

Approach to the Project

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLANNING

Increasing Cost Recovery

FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

The Need for Financial Sustainability

PROJECT BENEFITS ASSESSMENT

Factors Effecting Sustainable Water Supply

Appendix-1 : Design Calculations for Rising Mains to Zonal

VOLUME II: DRAWINGS

Existing Drinking Water Supply System in Puri City

Dr. Srinivas Chary Vedala,

Administrative Staff College of India

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand

Capital Investment Plan

Chemical Oxygen Demand

City Development Plan

City development Plan

Detailed Project Report

Financial Institutions Reforms and Expansion

Financial Operating Plan

Gross Domestic Product

Housing and Urban Development Department

Internal Rate of Return

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Mean Sea Level

Ministry of Urban Development

Net Present Value

Notified Area Council

Operation and Maintenance

Public Health Engineering Organisation

Public Private Partnership

Rural Water Supply & Sanitation

Spatial Planning and Analysis Research Centre (P) Ltd.

Total Dissolved Solids

United States Agency for International Development

Urban Local Body

Water Resources Department

Salient Features of the Existing and the Proposed Schemes for

2001 census: 1,57,610

2008: 32 mld all

Storage Pond for Raw

Raw Water Intake

Raw water pumps

Water Treatment Plant

135 lpcd domestic and nondomestic + 10 percent for

Raw water rising mains

1 clear water GSR of 2 ml

Clear water rising mains

Clear Water Pumps in

Clear Water Pumps for

Unaccounted for Water